THE SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTION

FOUNDATIONS

natural philosophy of the classical writers, in particular, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid. Aristotelian view of the universe (with medieval adaptations): motionless earth at the center of the universe surrounded by ten transparent, crystal spheres kept moving by angels in perfect circles. Four elements: air, fire, earth, water.

FOUNDATIONS

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): anatomy, circulation of the blood, movement of the earth around the sun, designs for subs and airplanes, ideas of parachutes and poison gas. But, his work was unknown during his time and not until the discovery of his private journals, two of the most important of which were not found until 1965.

FOUNDATIONS

Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592): French essayist who epitomizes the growing skepticism among educated people. This attitude included a frame of mind which doubted that certain knowledge is possible for human beings and that all beliefs are essentially customs which vary from civilization to civilization - an early form of relativism. Applied to science this tolerance resulted in no distinctions between alchemy and chemistry, astrology and astronomy

FOUNDATIONS Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543): Polish,

presented heliocentric theory in his On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs, published in 1543 after his death. Few knew of his theory until many years later, but it was destined to set the accepted beliefs on end.. His theory destroyed long-held beliefs including

1) THE STARS DIDN'T MOVE – THE EARTH DID, HENCE, NO NEED FOR CRYSTAL SPHERES;

2) THE UNIVERSE WAS A LOT BIGGER THAN ORIGINALLY BELIEVED;

3) THE LOCATION OF HEAVEN WAS NO LONGER KNOWN.

FOUNDATIONS

Heliocentric Models

FOUNDATIONS

Martin Luther THOUGHT HE WAS A FOOL; CALVIN CONDEMNED HIM; THE CATHOLIC CHURCH DIDN'T RESPOND UNTIL 1616 WHEN IT OFFICIALLY DECLARED HIS THEORY FALSE

CENTURY OF GENIUS

17th. century birth of modern science Natural Philosophy becomes Individual Sciences Botany: relied on collection of specimens, which was broadened with overseas explorations Medicine: new herbs spurred formulation of new drugs

1. Anatomy: the ideas of Galen (2nd. century) were re-examined and often contradicted.

2. Physiology: use of laboratory experiments to study the function rather than the structure of living bodies.

3. Astronomy: Ptolemaic concept of the universe overturned

SCIENTIFIC GIANTS

1. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564): Flemish, published On the Fabric of the Human Body in 1543. ''Father on Anatomy'' Vesalius was physician to the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and to Philip II, king of Spain.

SCIENTIFIC GIANTS

2. William Harvey (1578-1657): English doctor who published On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in 1628 in which he described circulation of the blood. He was the founder of modern physiology

SCIENTIFIC GIANTS

3. Leewenhoek: Dutch, used the microscope and was the first to see blood corpuscles and bacteria

SCIENTIFIC GIANTS

4. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601): his astronomical data obtained at his observatory was the basis for the work of Kepler. He did not totally accept the work of Copernicus.

SCIENTIFIC GIANTS

5. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630): German, accepted the Copernican theory and used Brahe's observations and his own mathematical genius to prove it. His Laws of Planetary motion include:

1) PLANETARY ORBITS AROUND THE SUN ARE ELLIPTICAL;

2) PLANETS DO NOT MOVE AT A UNIFORM SPEED;

3) TIME IT TAKES TO ORBIT DIRECTLY RELATED TO ITS DISTANCE FROM THE SUN

SCIENTIFIC GIANTS

6. Galileo (1|64-1642): Italian, 1609 built a telescope, observed phases of the moon and postulated moon's reflection of light, saw sun spots, moons of Jupiter, material of each similar to that of the earth. These findings shook the world and its separation of the heavens and the earth. Galileo was condemned and forced to recant. Also did work in dynamics, the study of the motion of bodies. Developed concept of inertia

MATHEMATICS

use of decimals to express fractions, algebraic symbols improved and standardized 1. John Napier: Scot, 1614 invented logarithms 2. Rene Descartes; French inventor of coordinate geometry 3. Pascal: French, theory of probabilities 4. Newton (English), Leibniz (German): simultaneously invented calculus

ISAAC NEWTON

ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727): brought together Kepler and Galileo by showing that Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion and Galileo's laws of terrestrial motion were two aspects of the same laws.

A. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)-Principia

Same mathematical formulas could be applied to all motion. Law of universal gravitation: all matter moved as if every particle attracted every other particle with a force proportional to the product of the two masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

B. Modern Exceptions: It does not hold true in the world of subatomic structure or in the macrocosm of the whole physical universe as now conceived.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

A. Scientific community: The scientific community became organized with the sharing of ideas and the funding of new research. Gresham College, London became the center of scientific activity in England. The Royal Society of London was founded in 1662 and the Royal Academy of Sciences in France was founded in 1666, both chartered to pursue scientific interests.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

B. POPULARITY: Science becomes ''popularized'' with more people attempting to apply scientific principles to problems of man and society.

Define the question Gather information and resources (observe) Form hypothesis Perform experiment and collect data Analyze data Interpret data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypothesis Publish results Retest (frequently done by other scientists)

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

C. CHANGE: Science changed ideas of religion and notions of God and man .

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

D. LITTLE ECONOMIC IMPACT: did not translate into new technology except in navigation; it was an intellectual revolution. But eventually, science and invention will come together to become the main force in the advancement of civilization and the promotion of progress. Science will revolutionize health, business, war, populations, the use of raw materials, transportation, communication, etc.

Thought Question

What aspects of the Scientific Revolution can be traced back to the Renaissance?to the Reformation?

Renaissance Reformation