Ch. 26 (pp. 742 – 755)
The “Second Industrial Revolution”
Political and Social Effects of Industrialization
Germany quickly became the world leader in chemicals & explosivesGovernment-
funded researchCooperation b/t
universities & industries
Science and the Government
Populations rose in industrial nationsLargely due to
European and Chinese migrations
Urbanization led to sanitation problems
Upper-Class men & women lived in “Separate Spheres”
Social Changes
In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve:Working conditionsHoursWages
Labor unions fought to defend workers’ interests in negotiations with employers
Labor Movements
Socialism was an ideology that advocated government protection of workers from the exploitation of property owners
Karl Marx (1818 – 1883)Best-known socialistCoauthored the Communist
Manifesto and Das KapitalSaw history as a series of clashes b/t
classes (bourgeoisie vs. proletariat)Disapproved of unregulated industrial
capitalism
Marx and Socialism
In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, some governments mitigated the negative effects of industrialization by promoting various types of reformsEx. Expansion of suffrage in Britain, public
education, etc.
Political Reponses to Industrialization
“Second Industrial Revolution”ca. 1850 – 1900Led to new methods in production of:
SteelChemicalsElectricityPrecision machinery
Introduction
SteelHard & elastic form of
ironPreviously produced in
small quantities by blacksmiths
New inventions meant large quantities at a low cost
Chemicals could now also be mass producedSynthetic dyes & new
organic chemicals
Steel and Chemical Industries
By the late 19th century, industrial nations were expanding their railroad lines and using steel tracks
Railroads
Railroads in the United States (ca. 1890)
In the non-industrialized world, railroads were built (often by foreign interests) for business & governmentEconomic ImperialismEx. the British and the United States
investing heavily in Latin America
Railroads
Consumed huge amounts of land & timberOpened new lands to
AgricultureMiningHuman exploitation of natural resources
Railroads
1850, developments in shipbuilding increased average size & speedIron (later steel) hullsPropellersMore efficient engines
Steamships and Telegraph Cables
1870s, inventors created generators that turned mechanical energy into electricity
Alleviated urban pollution
Created a huge demand for copperEx. from Chile &
Southern Africa
Electricity