THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE AND THE UPSURGE OF NATIONALISM
(1812-1824)
Period 4 (1800-1848)
Key Concept 4.1 The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a
new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change
their socitey and institutions to match them.
CHPTRS 12 and 14: Economic Nationalism1
CHPTRS 12 and 14: Economic Nationalism2
WAR OF 1812: LEGACY
Opened the door to western expansion
Lead the rise of US as a military force.
Ushered in an era of nationalism – and a belief in ourselves as a new, special and
unique American culture and republican government – man’s “greatest experiment”
Established European respect: our right to exist
Increased economic opportunities: new trades, skills, private businesses
CHPTRS 12 and 14: Economic Nationalism
3
POLITICAL NATIONALISM (1814-1820s)
“ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”
End of the Federalist Party; no organized opposition party.
Pres JMon elected by new, younger generation; an era
of “unlimited prosperity.”
President James Monroe(1817-1825)
Democrat-Republican
Growing Nationalism: acquired Florida; agreed to
Missouri Compromise; adopted Monroe Doctrine.
On the Surface…
But Underneath…
sectional issues debated; tariffs, national bank, slavery,
public land sales…
CHPTRS 12 and 14: Economic Nationalism
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POLITICAL NATIONALISM1816 Election
1820 Election
states begin eliminating suffrage land ownership prerequisite for white landowners
GROWTH IN DEMOCRACY
“Republican Motherhood”
prestigious role women had as the keepers of the nation's conscience;
a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.
Investing in education: academies for women
Increased awareness that citizenship in a republic requires privileges AND
obligations (duties)
Increase interest in politics…and obligation of voting
the nurturers of the next generation of Am heroes and leaders
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“Republican Motherhood”
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CULTURAL NATIONALISM
Increased mobility, interaction and communication
SHARED EXPERIENCES
schools, art, books to promote/exploit
Am culture, history, republicanism.
George Washington PortraitGilbert Stuart
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Horace Mann(1796-1859)
“Father of Education”
EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATION
CULTURAL NATIONALISM
Education reformer of Massachusetts
Lead Common School Movement – universal education
paid by local taxes
Education brings social, political harmony; a strong republic.
Created teacher schools; women as teachers.
Noah Webster’s American Dictionary and blue-backed speller
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CULTURAL NATIONALISM
Horace Mann(1796-1859)
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NATIONALISM: FOREIGN POLICY
a statement of policy mentioned in Pres Monroe’s State of
the Union Address
MONROE DOCTRINE
Warning to limit Europe’s interference in colonization of Latin
Am republics.
Short Term: no one paid attention
Long Term:
increased US intervention in Latin Am in 20th Century
matched our new attitude
that we can compete on
the world stage with
Europe
could we enforce it?
BUT…
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CHPTRS 12 and 14: Economic Nationalism 11
Hudson River School Art
Genre Painting
George Caleb Bingham
Common Ams doing Am activities
CULTURAL NATIONALISM
Romanticism: heroic beauty of Am landscapes;
interest in nature
Am’s first artistic fraternity; New York City-based
landscape painters under influence of
Thomas Cole (1801–1848)
The Jolly Flatboatmen
Family Life on the Frontier
County Election
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Free enterprise:BELIEF IN CAPITALISM
Smith’s “Invisible Hand”
Adam Smith(1723-1790)Philosopher, Political Scientist
private ownership competition
profit limited government
The natural force that guides free market (capitalism) through
competition. In a free market, participants try to maximize self-
interest in the exchange of goods and services – and it encourages
excellence of each participant than when simply producing for
himself. In a free market, no government regulation is needed to
ensure that the mutually beneficial exchange of goods and services
took place, since this "invisible hand" would guide market
participants to trade in the most mutually beneficial manner. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
ECONOMIC NATIONALISM
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Switching from “putting-out” and bartering system to efficient,
mass production by machinesTHE FACTORY SYSTEM
Marvels in Manufacturing
Creeping Mechanization
Slow to develop until after (1814) ie. mercantilism, embargo
Samuel Slater(1768-1735)
“Father of the Industrial Revolution”
land ownership over factory work/city life
Limited capital/credit in young nation
mechanization and interchangeable parts - made by
machine instead of man (craftsman)
Federal Laws
Encouraging Risk:
Patent Office
Limited Liability:
ECONOMIC NATIONALISM
private ownership rights
private ownership protection rights
CHPTRS 12 and 14: Economic Nationalism
Slater’s MillPawtucket Rhode Island
development of the
“company town”
Remington Arms
Ilion, NY
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“The patent system secured to the inventor for a limited
time exclusive use of his invention, and thereby added
the fuel of interest to the fire of genius in the discovery
and production of new and useful things”
Abraham Lincoln
Entrepreneurship:
a “risk-taker:” a capitalist economy need people
with an idea and sweat
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BUILDING ONE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Whitney’s Cotton Gin Patent (1794) “Mother Necessity”
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BUILDING ONE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Plan to use the influence of the fed govt to create a nurturing
environment to encourage economic growth ($$)THE AMERICAN SYSTEM
3. Infrastructure
to really protect Am Indust; Tariff of 1816
federal monies to invest in national
roads…canals…RRs
2. High TariffsHenry Clay (1777-1852)
House of Representatives
1. Strong National Banking System
Renewal of National Bank 2nd Charter: credit,
currency stability, economic growth
to move people, raw materials and
manufactured goods East
West efficiently.
CONGRESSIONAL ACTION
?Why would Pres JMonroe veto
bills to spend federal funds on
infrastructure?
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PANIC OF 1819A strategy used by the national bank to protect the value of the Am dollar was to
regulate the amount of money in the economy: Encouraging consumer borrowing
(credit) or (loose money supply) or discouraging consumer borrowing (credit)
(tight money supply).
banks closed, unemployed, bankruptcies, foreclosures on western farmland.
Second National Bank: had tight money supply to control inflation
Anti-centralized authority
Capitalist Business Cycle
Political Change
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MANIFEST DESTINY
Reasons for Westward Movement
AmInds chased from Indiana and Florida (General AJacks)
Roads-canals-RRs
Cheap land offered by
speculators; GrLakes, Ohio
Mississ River Valleys
Immigrants
Improved Transportation
Acquisition of American Indians’ Lands
Economic Pressures
NewEnglanders leave for better opportunities
(embargo); Southern plantation owners need
new land to replace exhausted soil.
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Meanwhile…
…migration West
…addition of new states
…new US Senators in
Congress and potential shift
of power: slave v. free states
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MISSOURI COMPROMISE of 1820SLAVERY: CAN WE STAY UNITED?
Keeping the US United;
The Balance of Power in
the Senate Same
Limiting new slaves into Missouri; emancipating
slaves at age 25: REJECTED
Tallmadge Amendment (NY Rep)
Missouri Comp Line
Dividing the nation N/S
Kept Senate Power equal
Cooled tempers…for now
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OPEN DOOR IMMIGRATION
Mostly from NW Europe: English, Irish, Scotch Irish,
German, Dutch, Danish
CULTURAL NATIONALISM
“OLD IMMIGRATION” (1820s-1850s)
Why They Left:
Why They Came:
persecution prosecution Irish Potato Famine
OPPORTUNITY
…what some faced:
J-O-B-S: canal digging, factory work, laying RRs, etc.
land ownership
NATIVISM
= anti-immigration
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THE JOHN MARSHALL COURT
(1801-1835)
Appointed by Federalist Pres Adams as Chief Justice
appointed by president:
ratified by Senate
John Marshall
(1755-1835)
9 justices
Serve for life:
insulated from politics and public opinion
“contract clause”
“supremacy clause”
“interstate commerce clause”“elastic clause”
Powers written into the Constitution at the Const Conv (1789)
to make sure the federal govt could keep the states united…
Interpreted and used by Marshall to validate the
powers of the new Constitution/federal govt
“It is emphatically the province and duty of the
judicial department to say what the law is…”
Chief Justice John Marshall
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
judicial review
established
POLITICAL NATIONALISM (1814-1820s)
