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The Second War for Independence & the Upsurge of Nationalism
1812 – 1824
Mr. Love
“Mr. Madison’s War” War of 1812
– June 1812 – declaration of war• Opposed by Federalists & Middle Atlantic states• West & Southern states supported
War of 1812 One of America’s worst – fought wars
– People divided/ apathetic– Militarily unprepared– Canadian strategy poorly conceived– Economic life was crippled
Indian Resistance Battle of the Thames – 1813
– Tecumseh killed by William Henry Harrison’s forces
Battle of Horseshoe Bend - 1814– Creek Indians defeated by Andrew Jackson
Canadian Strategy 3 pronged invasion of 1812 Troops sent from Detroit, Niagara, & Lake
Champlain All were beaten back shortly after they crossed
the Canadian border. Some militia would not cross state lines. Made it hard to engage enemy!
British & Canadians Displayed energy from the outset Captured Fort Michilimackinac (SAY IT 3
TIMES FAST)– Commanded the upper Great Lakes & Indian-
inhabited area to the south & west– British General Isaac Brock
1813- Americans began to look for successes on water after land invasions were hurled back
Oliver Hazard Perry Captured British fleet on the shores of Lake
Erie “We have met the enemy & they are ours.” Retreating redcoats were overtaken by
General Harrison’s army & beaten at the Battle of the Thames – Oct. 1813
Problems for America 1814 – Americans were grimly defending their
own soil against the invading British Napoleon was exiled from France to the
island of Elba leaving America to fight alone
Battle of Plattsburgh 1814 British prepared to attack NY
– Forced to bring supplies over Lake Champlain
Challenged by Thomas Macdonough – British were forced to retreat (BIG WIN)– Saved upper NY from conquest
Washington Burned Aug. 1814 – 4000 British landed in
Chesapeake Bay & advanced to Washington– “Bladensburg Races” – 6000 panicky militia ran
British entered & burned capital – set fire to most of the public buildings including the
capitol & the White House
British moved on to Baltimore– Beaten off by defenders of Fort McHenry– Francis Scott Key – “The Star-Spangled Banner”
Battle of New Orleans 1815 Andrew Jackson & his hodgepodge forces
defeat British; fight behind bales of hay. Jackson becomes the hero of the west and a
national celebrity. Most devastating defeat of the entire war Peace Treaty had been signed 2 weeks earlier
– Naive citizens believed British signed treaty because of battle
The Treaty of Ghent 1814 Tsar Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation.
Why is he getting in on this? 5 American peacemakers met in Ghent
– John Quincy Adams & Henry Clay
British demands:1.Neutralized Indian buffer state in Great Lakes region
2.Control of Great Lakes
3.Substantial part of Maine
Treaty of Ghent 12-24-1814 basically an armistice Agreement
– Both sides agreed to stop fighting – Restore conquered territory
American Grievances were not addressed– Indian menace, search & seizure, Orders of
Council, impressment, confiscations – Clear that America had not managed to defeat
the British – virtual draw
Hartford Convention 1814
States involved – MA, CT, RI, NH, VT --
26 delegates total– Met in complete secrecy
for 3 weeks
Purpose – to discuss grievances & seek redress for wrongs
Final Report– Financial assistance from
Washington to compensate for lost trade
– Constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 vote in Congress for embargo, new states admitted, or war declared – except in case of invasion
Arrived in Washington after Ghent
Death of Federalist Party
Results of War of 1812 6000 Americans killed or
wounded Republic had shown that
it would resist what it regarded as grievous wrongs
Nations developed a new respect for America
Federalist Party died
War heroes emerged – Jackson & Harrison
Manufacturing prospered – industries less dependent on Europe
Canadian patriotism & nationalism – Rush-Bagot agreement –
limited naval armament on lakes
Nationalism Nationalism increased after the War of 1812 Washington Irving & James Fenimore Cooper
– Nation’s 1st writers to use American scenes & themes
North American Review 1815
Nationalistic Spirit 1816 Congress revived Bank of the US National capital began to rise from the ashes
of Washington Army was expanded to 10,000 men 1815 – Naval victory in North Africa
– Stephen Decatur – naval hero of War of 1812 & of the Barbary coast expeditions
Tariff of 1816 Factories had mushroomed British began to dump their bulging ware-
houses on the US – Cutting their prices below cost to hurt American war-
baby factories
Nationalist Congress responds– 1st protective tariff in American history– Instituted primarily for protection, not revenue
• Started a trend for more protective tariffs
American System Henry Clay’s plan for developing a profitable
home market 3 main parts
1. Strong banking system – provide easy & abundant credit
2. Protective tariff – eastern manufacturing would flourish
3. Network of roads & canals – knit country together economically & politically
Internal Improvements 1817 Congress voted to distribute $1.5 million
to states for internal improvements– Vetoed by measure as unconstitutional
States were forced to move ahead with their own programs– Erie Canal – New York/ 1825
New England strongly opposed federally constructed roads & canals– Would drain away population & create competing
states beyond the mountains
Era of Good Feelings James Monroe – became president in 1817
– Part of the Virginia dynasty
Period of one-party rule Monroe
– 1817 – inspection of military defenses
Boston newspaper coined the term “Era of Good Feelings”– Somewhat misleading
Problems during the Era of Good Feelings
Tariff Bank Internal
improvements
Sale of public lands Sectionalism Conflict over slavery
Panic of 1819 Paralyzing economic panic Results:
– deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, & overcrowded pesthouses
West was especially hit hard– Foreclosures were common – bank became the
financial devil– Imprisonment of debtors
Growing Pains of the West9 frontier states joined the union
Vermont - 1791 Kentucky - 1792 Tennessee – 1796 Ohio – 1803 Louisiana - 1812
Indiana – 1816 Mississippi – 1817 Illinois – 1818 Alabama - 1819
Westward Expansion Cheap land European immigrants Land exhaustion in tobacco states Speculators accepted small down payments making it
easier to buy new holdings Economic distress during embargo years Defeat of Indian resistance opened virgin land Building of highways improved land routes
– Cumberland Road – 1811 – ran westward from Maryland to Illinois
– Steamboat – 1811
Land Act of 1820 West demanded:
1. Cheap acreage • Land Act of 1820 - Authorized a buyer to purchase 80
virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash
2. Cheap transportation
3. Cheap money & fought the powerful Bank of US to attain its goal (Read p. 246 – 247)
Slavery & Sectional Balance 1819 – Missouri applies for statehood Tallmadge amendment passed
– No new slaves & gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents in Missouri
– Viewed as a threat to sectional balance by South – Defeated in Congress
Sectional Problems– 1788 – South & North equal in population & wealth– 1819 – North was becoming more populated &
wealthier
Issue of Balance
11 slave states & 11 free states – map p. 247
Missouri – 1st state from Louisiana Territory– Would set a precedent for the rest of the area
Issue was political & economic balance
Missouri Compromise 1820 – Henry Clay played major role in
compromise Missouri Compromise
– Missouri – slave state– Maine – free state– Slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the
Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 36°30’ (the southern boundary of Missouri)
Satisfied? Both North & South yielded something, both
gained something Missouri Compromise
– lasted 30 years– Preserved the shaky compact of the states
Ducked the question of slavery – it did not resolve it
James Monroe Reelected in 1820 – received every electoral
vote except one Only president in American history to be
reelected after a term in which a major financial panic began
John Marshall Shaped the Constitution in the direction of a
more potent central government at the expense of state’s rights
McCullouch v. Maryland (1819)– Denied the right of Maryland to tax Bank of the US
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)– Right of the Supreme Court to review
the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal gov’t
Marshall conti.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)– Constitution conferred on Congress alone the
control of interstate commerce
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)– Legislative land grant was a contract & the
Constitution forbids state laws “impairing” contracts– Protected property rights
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)– Safe guarded business enterprise from domination
by the state’s governments • Daniel Webster
Treaty of 1818 Treaty with Britain
– Permitted America to share the coveted Newfoundland fisheries with Canada
– Fixed northern limits of Louisiana - 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods (Minnesota) to the Rocky Mountains (p. 250)
– 10 year joint occupation of Oregon country –no surrender of rights or claims
Florida General Andrew Jackson – 1817
– Sent to Florida to punish outlaws– Hanged 2 Indians, executed 2 British subjects, &
seized two Spanish posts: St. Marks & Pensacola
Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 (Adams – Onis Treaty)– Spain ceded Florida as well as claims to Oregon– America – abandon claims to Texas
Monroe Doctrine Concern over Russian expansion in Alaska, Oregon,
and even California Monroe Doctrine 1823 proposed by Sec Adams
– Era of colonization in America had ended– No more European intervention in the affairs of the
Western Hemisphere Expressed an increasing American sense of
isolationism from world affairs & nationalism No contemporary significance because
the US could not enforce it “Self Defense Doctrine”
Russo-American Treaty of 1824 Fixed the southern most limits at the line of
54°40’ – the present southern tip of the Alaska panhandle
Settled before the Monroe Doctrine was issued