NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 1
11
An
Ove
rvie
w a
nd
An
Ove
rvie
w a
nd
Un
derv
iew
of
the
Un
derv
iew
of
the
Sem
anti
c W
ebSe
man
tic
Web
Tim
Fin
inTi
m F
inin
Un
iver
sity
of
Mar
ylan
d U
niv
ersi
ty o
f M
aryl
and
Bal
tim
ore
Cou
nty
Bal
tim
ore
Cou
nty
Sem
antic
Web
for
Sci
ence
Wor
ksho
pN
ewar
k N
J, O
ctob
er 2
002
http
://u
mbc
.edu
/~fin
in/t
alks
/sw
sw02
/
reco
mm
end
tell
regi
ster
tell
regi
ster
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
22
Ove
rvie
wO
verv
iew
The
Prob
lem
: bu
ildin
g in
telli
gent
Th
e Pr
oble
m:
build
ing
inte
llige
nt
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
The
Sem
antic
web
as
part
of
the
The
Sem
antic
web
as
part
of
the
solu
tion
solu
tion
Back
grou
nd o
n th
e se
man
tic w
ebBa
ckgr
ound
on
the
sem
antic
web
Com
men
ts a
nd C
oncl
usio
nCo
mm
ents
and
Con
clus
ion ss
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
33
The
prob
lem
The
prob
lem
I’ve
been
eng
aged
in r
esea
rch
aim
ed a
t I’v
e be
en e
ngag
ed in
res
earc
h ai
med
at
deve
lopi
ng in
telli
gent
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
for
deve
lopi
ng in
telli
gent
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
for
thirt
y ye
ars.
thirt
y ye
ars.
The
prob
lem
is h
ard,
pro
gres
s is
slo
w, b
ut t
he
The
prob
lem
is h
ard,
pro
gres
s is
slo
w, b
ut t
he
incr
emen
tal r
esul
ts a
re w
orth
it.
incr
emen
tal r
esul
ts a
re w
orth
it.
It’s
a t
ask
for
man
y ge
nera
tions
to
com
e.It
’s a
tas
k fo
r m
any
gene
ratio
ns t
o co
me.
Toda
y’s
envi
ronm
ent
is v
ery
diff
eren
t th
an t
hat
in
Toda
y’s
envi
ronm
ent
is v
ery
diff
eren
t th
an t
hat
in
1972
.19
72.
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
44
They
way
we
wer
e…Th
ey w
ay w
e w
ere…
AN I
BM 3
60 c
irca
1972
AN I
BM 3
60 c
irca
1972
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 2
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
55
They
way
we
will
be…
They
way
we
will
be…
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
66
Wh
at’s
new
?W
hat
’s n
ew?
Inte
rnet
.In
tern
et.
Virt
ually
of
the
com
pute
rs in
the
wor
ld
Virt
ually
of
the
com
pute
rs in
the
wor
ld
have
bee
n co
nnec
ted.
have
bee
n co
nnec
ted.
Scal
e.Sc
ale.
Ever
y da
y m
any
mor
e co
mpu
ting
and
Ever
y da
y m
any
mor
e co
mpu
ting
and
com
mun
icat
ion
devi
ces
are
join
ing.
com
mun
icat
ion
devi
ces
are
join
ing.
Pow
er.
Pow
er.
Raw
com
putin
g po
wer
con
tinue
s to
clim
b.Raw
com
putin
g po
wer
con
tinue
s to
clim
b.W
irel
ess.
Wir
eles
s.N
ew t
echn
olog
ies
(GSM
, 802
.11,
N
ew t
echn
olog
ies
(GSM
, 802
.11,
Bl
ueto
oth,
UW
B?, IR
, etc
) ar
e cr
eatin
g a
perv
asiv
e,
Blue
toot
h, U
WB?
, IR
, etc
) ar
e cr
eatin
g a
perv
asiv
e,
ubiq
uito
us c
ompu
ting
envi
ronm
ent
ubiq
uito
us c
ompu
ting
envi
ronm
ent
Web
.W
eb.
Anyo
ne c
an p
ublis
h co
nten
t an
d pr
ovid
e An
yone
can
pub
lish
cont
ent
and
prov
ide
serv
ices
, pow
erfu
l sea
rch
engi
nes
supp
ort
disc
over
y,
serv
ices
, pow
erfu
l sea
rch
engi
nes
supp
ort
disc
over
y,
evol
ving
sta
ndar
ds e
nhan
ce in
tero
pera
bilit
yev
olvi
ng s
tand
ards
enh
ance
inte
rope
rabi
lity
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
77
The
way
we
will
be…
The
way
we
will
be…
Peo
ple,
age
nts
, dev
ices
, & s
ervi
ces
nee
d to
Peo
ple,
age
nts
, dev
ices
, & s
ervi
ces
nee
d to
Find
oth
ers
in t
heir
envi
ronm
ent
Find
oth
ers
in t
heir
envi
ronm
ent
Des
crib
e th
e se
rvic
es t
hey
offe
r an
d se
ekD
escr
ibe
the
serv
ices
the
y of
fer
and
seek
Exch
ange
API
sEx
chan
ge A
PIs
Neg
otia
te f
or s
ervi
ces,
per
mis
sion
s, p
rivac
y, p
aym
ent,
…
Neg
otia
te f
or s
ervi
ces,
per
mis
sion
s, p
rivac
y, p
aym
ent,
…
Rea
son
abou
t se
rvic
es t
o cr
eate
com
posi
te s
ervi
ces
Rea
son
abou
t se
rvic
es t
o cr
eate
com
posi
te s
ervi
ces
Coor
dina
te a
nd c
oope
rate
as
need
edCo
ordi
nate
and
coo
pera
te a
s ne
eded
Sens
e th
eir
cont
ext
and
the
activ
ities
of
hum
ans
Sens
e th
eir
cont
ext
and
the
activ
ities
of
hum
ans
Dea
l with
new
ent
ities
nev
er b
efor
e en
coun
tere
dD
eal w
ith n
ew e
ntiti
es n
ever
bef
ore
enco
unte
red
An
d to
do
this
dyn
amic
ally
An
d to
do
this
dyn
amic
ally
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
88
Info
rmat
ion
an
d D
ata
Man
agem
ent
Ch
alle
nge
sIn
form
atio
n a
nd
Dat
a M
anag
emen
t C
hal
len
ges
The
envi
ronm
ent
mak
es n
ew d
eman
ds a
nd o
ffer
s Th
e en
viro
nmen
t m
akes
new
dem
ands
and
off
ers
new
cha
lleng
es, e
noug
h to
kee
p al
l of
us b
usy,
e.g
.:ne
w c
halle
nges
, eno
ugh
to k
eep
all o
f us
bus
y, e
.g.:
Very
ope
n en
viro
nmen
tsVe
ry o
pen
envi
ronm
ents
Larg
e an
d di
vers
e co
mm
unity
of
serv
ice
and
Larg
e an
d di
vers
e co
mm
unity
of
serv
ice
and
cont
ent
prov
ider
sco
nten
t pr
ovid
ers
Lots
of
rela
tive
auto
nom
yLo
ts o
f re
lativ
e au
tono
my
Dyn
amic
ad
hoc
netw
orks
Dyn
amic
ad
hoc
netw
orks
Syst
ems
with
wid
ely
vary
ing
reso
urce
s Sy
stem
s w
ith w
idel
y va
ryin
g re
sour
ces
----ba
ndw
idth
, con
nect
ivity
, cpu
, mem
ory,
dis
k,
band
wid
th, c
onne
ctiv
ity, c
pu, m
emor
y, d
isk,
po
wer
, sof
twar
e, k
now
ledg
e, in
telli
genc
e, e
tc.
pow
er, s
oftw
are,
kno
wle
dge,
inte
llige
nce,
etc
.
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 3
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
99
Res
earc
h to
pics
Res
earc
h to
pics
Con
cept
s ad
dres
sin
g th
ese
chal
len
ges
incl
ude
:C
once
pts
addr
essi
ng
thes
e ch
alle
nge
s in
clu
de:
Mul
tiage
nt s
yste
ms
Mul
tiage
nt s
yste
ms
Info
rmat
ion
and
know
ledg
e sh
arin
g th
roug
h co
mm
on
Info
rmat
ion
and
know
ledg
e sh
arin
g th
roug
h co
mm
on
repr
esen
tatio
n la
ngua
ges,
ont
olog
ies
and
prot
ocol
sre
pres
enta
tion
lang
uage
s, o
ntol
ogie
s an
d pr
otoc
ols
Auto
mat
ic s
ervi
ce d
escr
iptio
n, d
isco
very
, com
posi
tion
Auto
mat
ic s
ervi
ce d
escr
iptio
n, d
isco
very
, com
posi
tion
Neg
otia
tion
for
serv
ices
and
info
rmat
ion
Neg
otia
tion
for
serv
ices
and
info
rmat
ion
Trus
t ba
sed
mod
els
for
auth
oriz
atio
n, c
redi
bilit
y an
d se
curit
yTr
ust
base
d m
odel
s fo
r au
thor
izat
ion,
cre
dibi
lity
and
secu
rity
Soci
al a
nd n
orm
gov
erne
d be
havi
or
Soci
al a
nd n
orm
gov
erne
d be
havi
or
Del
egat
ion
and
degr
ees
of a
uton
omy
Del
egat
ion
and
degr
ees
of a
uton
omy
Coor
dina
tion
and
team
wor
k m
odel
sCo
ordi
natio
n an
d te
amw
ork
mod
els
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
1010
Sem
anti
c W
ebSe
man
tic
Web
I’ll a
rgue
tha
t th
e se
man
tic w
eb p
rovi
des
a go
od
I’ll a
rgue
tha
t th
e se
man
tic w
eb p
rovi
des
a go
od
appr
oach
, lan
guag
e an
d to
ols
to s
uppo
rt t
he
appr
oach
, lan
guag
e an
d to
ols
to s
uppo
rt t
he
deve
lopm
ent
of in
telli
gent
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
in
deve
lopm
ent
of in
telli
gent
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
in
this
env
ironm
ent.
this
env
ironm
ent.
This
isn’
t ob
viou
s, s
ince
the
SW
see
ms
grou
nded
Th
is is
n’t
obvi
ous,
sin
ce t
he S
W s
eem
s gr
ound
ed
in t
he “
trad
ition
al”
hype
rtex
t on
the
wire
d w
eb.
in t
he “
trad
ition
al”
hype
rtex
t on
the
wire
d w
eb.
But,
the
prin
cipl
es w
hich
driv
e it
are
the
right
Bu
t, t
he p
rinci
ples
whi
ch d
rive
it ar
e th
e rig
ht
ones
for
age
nts
as w
ell a
s pe
rvas
ive
com
putin
g.on
es f
or a
gent
s as
wel
l as
perv
asiv
e co
mpu
ting.
And,
by
grou
ndin
g ag
ents
in w
eb t
echn
olog
y,
And,
by
grou
ndin
g ag
ents
in w
eb t
echn
olog
y,
they
may
mak
e it
out
of t
he la
b.th
ey m
ay m
ake
it ou
t of
the
lab.
Nex
t: o
verv
iew
of
Sem
antic
Web
Nex
t: o
verv
iew
of
Sem
antic
Web
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
1111
W3
C’s
Sem
anti
c W
eb G
oals
W3
C’s
Sem
anti
c W
eb G
oals
Focu
s on
mac
hin
e co
nsu
mpt
ion
:Fo
cus
on m
ach
ine
con
sum
ptio
n:
"The
Sem
antic
Web
is a
n ex
tens
ion
of th
e cu
rren
t web
in
whi
ch in
form
atio
n is
giv
en w
ell-d
efin
ed m
eani
ng, b
ette
r en
ablin
g co
mpu
ters
and
peo
ple
to w
ork
in c
oope
ratio
n."
----Be
rner
sBe
rner
s --Le
e, H
endl
er a
nd L
assi
la, T
he S
eman
tic W
eb,
Lee,
Hen
dler
and
Las
sila
, The
Sem
antic
Web
, Sc
ient
ific
Amer
ican
, 200
1Sc
ient
ific
Amer
ican
, 200
1
Wh
erea
s th
e W
eb h
as m
ade
peop
le s
mar
ter,
W
her
eas
the
Web
has
mad
e pe
ople
sm
arte
r,
the
SW w
ill m
ake
mac
hin
es s
mar
ter.
the
SW w
ill m
ake
mac
hin
es s
mar
ter.
The
curr
ent
Web
Th
e cu
rren
t W
eb s
tore
sst
ores
thin
gs w
her
eas
the
thin
gs w
her
eas
the
SW e
nab
les
agen
ts w
hic
h
SW e
nab
les
agen
ts w
hic
h d
odoth
ings
.th
ings
.
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
1212
Ori
gin
s of
th
e Se
man
tic
Web
Ori
gin
s of
th
e Se
man
tic
Web
http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
His
tory
/198
9/pr
opos
al.h
tml
Cap
sule
his
tory
Cap
sule
his
tory
Tim
Ber
ners
-Lee
pro
pose
d W
WW
as
a W
eb o
f re
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
g na
med
ob
ject
s (8
9)G
uha
desi
gned
MCF
(~
94)
XML+
MCF
=>
RD
F (~
96)
RDF+
OO
=>
RD
FS (
~99
)RD
FS+
KR=
>D
AML+
OIL
(00
)W
3C’s
SW
act
ivity
(01
)W
3C’s
OW
L (0
2?)
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 4
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
1313
Sem
anti
c W
eb
Sem
anti
c W
eb d
oes
does
wh
at?
wh
at?
Con
cept
Con
cept
-- bas
ed s
earc
hba
sed
sear
ch≠≠
keyw
ord
keyw
ord --
base
d se
arch
base
d se
arch
Sem
anti
c n
avig
atio
nSe
man
tic
nav
igat
ion
≠≠lin
klin
k --ba
sed
navi
gatio
nba
sed
navi
gatio
nP
erso
nal
izat
ion
Per
son
aliz
atio
n≠≠
one
size
fits
all
one
size
fits
all
Qu
ery
answ
erin
gQ
uer
y an
swer
ing
≠≠do
cum
ent
retr
ieva
ldo
cum
ent
retr
ieva
lSe
rvic
esSe
rvic
es≠≠
CGI
calls
, but
ser
vice
CGI
calls
, but
ser
vice
-- des
crip
tion
lang
uage
s,
desc
riptio
n la
ngua
ges,
ne
gotia
tion,
ne
gotia
tion,
se
rvic
e co
mpo
sitio
n,
etc
serv
ice
com
posi
tion,
et
c U
MB
CU
MB
Can
Hon
ors
Uni
vers
ity in
Mar
ylan
dan
Hon
ors
Uni
vers
ity in
Mar
ylan
d1414
Wh
y is
thi
s h
ard?
Wh
y is
thi
s h
ard?
afte
r Fr
ank
van
Har
mel
en a
nd J
im H
endl
er
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
1515
Wh
at a
web
pag
e lo
oks
like
to a
mac
hin
e…
And
und
erst
andi
ng
natu
ral l
angu
age
is
easi
er th
an im
ages
!
“Webscraping”
is
mos
tly d
one
by h
and
craf
ted
rule
s or
rule
s ge
nera
ted
by
supe
rvis
ed le
arni
ng
Eith
er w
ay, t
he ru
les
can
brea
k w
hen
the
page
str
uctu
re c
hang
es.
afte
r Fr
ank
van
Har
mel
en a
nd J
im H
endl
erU
MB
CU
MB
Can
Hon
ors
Uni
vers
ity in
Mar
ylan
dan
Hon
ors
Uni
vers
ity in
Mar
ylan
d1616
OK
, so
HTM
L is
not
hel
pfu
lO
K, s
o H
TML
is n
ot h
elpf
ulC
ould
we
tell
the
mac
hine
wha
t the
di
ffere
nt p
arts
of t
he
text
repr
esen
t?
afte
r Fr
ank
van
Har
mel
en a
nd J
im H
endl
er
title
time
spea
ker
loca
tion
abst
ract
bios
ketc
hho
st
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 5
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
1717
XM
L to
th
e re
scu
e?X
ML
to t
he
resc
ue?
XML
fans
pro
pose
cr
eatin
g a
XML
tag
set
to u
se fo
r eac
h ap
plic
atio
n.
For t
alks
, we
can
choo
se <
title
>,
<spe
aker
>, e
tc.
afte
r Fr
ank
van
Har
mel
en a
nd J
im H
endl
er
<tit
le>
<tim
e><
spea
ker>
<lo
catio
n>
<ab
stra
ct>
<bi
oske
tch>
<ho
st>
</h
ost>
</b
iosk
etch
>
</a
bstr
act>
</lo
catio
n>
</t
ime>
</s
peak
er>
</t
itle>
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
1818
XM
L X
ML ≠≠
mac
hin
e ac
cess
ible
mea
nin
gm
ach
ine
acce
ssib
le m
ean
ing B
ut,
to
you
r m
ach
ine,
the
ta
gs s
till
look
lik
e th
is…
.
The
tag
nam
es
carr
y n
o m
ean
ing.
XM
L D
TDs
and
Sch
emas
hav
e lit
tle
or n
o se
man
tics
.
afte
r Fr
ank
van
Har
mel
en a
nd J
im H
endl
er
<τιτλε>
<τιµε>
<σπεακερ>
<λοχατιον>
<αβσ
τραχτ>
<βιοσκ
ετχη
>
<ηοσ
τ></ηο
στ></βιοσ
κετχη>
</αβσ
τραχτ>
</λοχα
τιον>
</τιµε>
</σπ
εακερ>
</τιτλε>
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
1919
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mas
pro
vide
a
XML
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mas
pro
vide
a
sim
ple
mec
hani
sm t
o de
fine
sim
ple
mec
hani
sm t
o de
fine
shar
ed v
ocab
ular
ies.
shar
ed v
ocab
ular
ies.
<τιτλε>
<τιµε>
<σπεακερ>
<λοχατιον>
<αβσ
τραχτ>
<βιοσκετχη>
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</τιτλε>
XML
Sche
ma
file
afte
r Fr
ank
van
Har
mel
en a
nd J
im H
endl
erU
MB
CU
MB
Can
Hon
ors
Uni
vers
ity in
Mar
ylan
dan
Hon
ors
Uni
vers
ity in
Mar
ylan
d2020
Bu
t th
ere
are
man
y sc
hem
asB
ut
ther
e ar
e m
any
sch
emas
<τιτλε>
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</τιτλε>
<title>
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e><spe
aker
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cation
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trac
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t></ho
st>
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stract>
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tion
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a fil
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sche
ma>XM
L Sc
hem
a fil
e 42
afte
r Fr
ank
van
Har
mel
en a
nd J
im H
endl
er
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 6
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
2121
Ther
e’s
no
way
to
rela
te s
chem
aTh
ere’
s n
o w
ay t
o re
late
sch
ema
<τιτλε>
<τιµε>
<σπεακερ>
<λοχατιον>
<αβσ
τραχτ>
<βιοσκετχη>
<ηοσ
τ></ηο
στ>
</βιοσ
κετχη>
</αβσ
τραχτ>
</λοχα
τιον>
</τιµε>
</σπεακερ>
</τιτλε>
<title>
<tim
e><spe
aker
><lo
cation
><abs
trac
t>
<biosk
etch
>
<hos
t></ho
st>
</bios
ketch>
</ab
stract>
</loca
tion
></time>
</sp
eake
r></title>
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sche
ma>XM
L Sc
hem
a fil
e 1
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sche
ma>XM
L Sc
hem
a fil
e 42
Eith
er m
anu
ally
or
auto
mat
ical
ly
Eith
er m
anu
ally
or
auto
mat
ical
ly -
---X
ML
XM
L Sc
hem
a is
ver
y w
eak
on s
eman
tics
Sch
ema
is v
ery
wea
k on
sem
anti
csU
MB
CU
MB
Can
Hon
ors
Uni
vers
ity in
Mar
ylan
dan
Hon
ors
Uni
vers
ity in
Mar
ylan
d2222
On
tolo
gies
can
hel
p …
On
tolo
gies
can
hel
p …
An
on
tolo
gy d
efin
es t
he
term
s u
sed
to d
escr
ibe
An
on
tolo
gy d
efin
es t
he
term
s u
sed
to d
escr
ibe
and
repr
esen
t an
are
a of
kn
owle
dge.
an
d re
pres
ent
an a
rea
of k
now
ledg
e.
Ont
olog
ies
are
used
by
peop
le, d
atab
ases
, and
ap
plic
atio
ns t
hat
need
to
shar
e do
mai
n in
form
atio
n (a
do
mai
n is
just
a s
peci
fic s
ubje
ct a
rea
or a
rea
of
know
ledg
e, li
ke m
edic
ine,
too
l man
ufac
turin
g, r
eal
esta
te, a
utom
obile
rep
air,
fin
anci
al m
anag
emen
t, e
tc.)
. O
ntol
ogie
s in
clud
e co
mpu
ter-
usab
le d
efin
ition
s of
bas
ic
conc
epts
in t
he d
omai
n an
d th
e re
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
g th
em ..
.Th
ey e
nco
de k
now
ledg
e in
a d
omai
n a
nd
also
Th
ey e
nco
de k
now
ledg
e in
a d
omai
n a
nd
also
kn
owle
dge
that
spa
ns
dom
ain
s.
know
ledg
e th
at s
pan
s do
mai
ns.
In
thi
s w
ay, t
hey
mak
e th
at k
now
ledg
e re
usab
le.
Wor
king
Dra
ft, W
eb O
ntol
ogy
Wor
king
Gro
up.
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
2323
On
tolo
gies
can
hel
p …
On
tolo
gies
can
hel
p …
Cat
alog
/ID
Gen
eral
Logi
cal
cons
train
ts
Term
s/gl
ossa
ry
Thes
auri
“nar
row
erte
rm”
rela
tion
Form
alis
-aFr
ames
(pro
perti
es)
Info
rmal
is-a
Form
alin
stan
ceV
alue
R
estri
ctio
n
Dis
join
tnes
s, In
vers
e,pa
rt of
…
Afte
r D
ebor
ah L
. McG
uinn
ess
(Sta
nfor
d)Af
ter
Deb
orah
L. M
cGui
nnes
s (S
tanf
ord)
Sim
ple
Taxo
nom
ies
Expr
essi
veO
nto
logi
es
Wor
dnet
CY
CR
DF
DA
ML
OO
DB
Sch
ema
RD
FSIE
EE
SU
OO
WL
UM
LS
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
2424
An
On
tolo
gy le
vel i
s n
eede
dA
n O
nto
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l is
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ded
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sche
ma>XM
L O
ntol
ogy
42
We
nee
d a
way
to
defi
ne
onto
logi
es in
XM
LW
e n
eed
a w
ay t
o de
fin
e on
tolo
gies
in X
ML
So w
e ca
n re
late
the
mSo
we
can
rela
te t
hem
So m
achi
nes
can
unde
rsta
nd (
to s
ome
degr
ee)
thei
r m
eani
ngSo
mac
hine
s ca
n un
ders
tand
(to
som
e de
gree
) th
eir
mea
ning
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sche
ma>XM
L O
ntol
ogy
256
impo
rts
impo
rts
= <>
On
tolo
gies
add
•St
ruct
ure
•Co
nstr
aint
s•
Map
ping
s•
Shar
ing
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XML
Ont
olog
y51
2
refe
renc
es
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 7
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
2525
On
tolo
gies
var
y…O
nto
logi
es v
ary…
Ont
olog
ies
vary
gre
atly
in t
heir
Ont
olog
ies
vary
gre
atly
in t
heir
Scop
eSc
ope
Com
plex
ityCo
mpl
exity
Leve
l of
deta
ilLe
vel o
f de
tail
Kind
of
know
ledg
e en
code
dKi
nd o
f kn
owle
dge
enco
ded
……
Two
exam
ples
…Tw
o ex
ampl
es…
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
2626
Du
blin
Cor
e D
ubl
in C
ore -
---A
Sim
ple
On
tolo
gyA
Sim
ple
On
tolo
gy
Dev
elop
ed b
y an
OCL
C sp
onso
red
Dev
elop
ed b
y an
OCL
C sp
onso
red
wor
ksho
p in
Dub
lin ~
95 a
s a
wor
ksho
p in
Dub
lin ~
95 a
s a
stan
dard
for
met
adat
a fo
r di
gita
l st
anda
rd f
or m
etad
ata
for
digi
tal
libra
ry r
esou
rces
on
web
libra
ry r
esou
rces
on
web
Cons
ists
of
15 c
ore
attr
ibut
es
Cons
ists
of
15 c
ore
attr
ibut
es
http
://d
ublin
core
.org
/ht
tp:/
/dub
linco
re.o
rg/
Neu
tral
on
how
DC
shou
ld b
e N
eutr
al o
n ho
w D
C sh
ould
be
repr
esen
ted
repr
esen
ted
HTM
L fo
und
to b
e in
adeq
uate
for
H
TML
foun
d to
be
inad
equa
te f
or
repr
esen
ting
com
plex
ities
of
repr
esen
ting
com
plex
ities
of
stru
ctur
ed u
se o
f D
Cst
ruct
ured
use
of
DC
Avai
labl
e as
an
RD
F sc
hem
a.Av
aila
ble
as a
n RD
F sc
hem
a.
15
DC
ele
men
ts1
5 D
C e
lem
ents
Con
ten
t el
emen
tsCo
vera
geCo
vera
geD
escr
iptio
nD
escr
iptio
nRel
atio
nRel
atio
nSo
urce
Sour
ceSu
bjec
tSu
bjec
tTi
tleTi
tleTy
pe
Type
In
telle
ctu
al P
rope
rty
Cont
ribut
orCo
ntrib
utor
Crea
tor
Crea
tor
Publ
ishe
rPu
blis
her
Rig
htRig
htIn
stan
tiat
ion
D
ate
Dat
eFo
rmat
Form
atId
entif
ier
Iden
tifie
rLa
ngua
geLa
ngua
ge
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
2727
Cyc
C
yc ––
a co
mpl
ex o
nto
logy
a co
mpl
ex o
nto
logy
Cyc
is a
larg
e, g
ener
al p
urpo
se o
ntol
ogy
with
Cy
c is
a la
rge,
gen
eral
pur
pose
ont
olog
y w
ith
asso
ciat
ed r
easo
ning
too
ls d
evel
oped
ove
r th
e as
soci
ated
rea
soni
ng t
ools
dev
elop
ed o
ver
the
past
~20
yea
rs b
y M
CC a
nd n
ow C
ycor
ppa
st ~
20 y
ears
by
MCC
and
now
Cyc
orp
Cyc
KB h
as >
100
k te
rms.
Cyc
KB h
as >
100
k te
rms.
Term
s ar
e ax
iom
atiz
ed b
y >
1M
han
dcra
fted
ass
ertio
nsTe
rms
are
axio
mat
ized
by
> 1
M h
andc
raft
ed a
sser
tions
Cyc
infe
renc
e en
gine
has
> 5
00 h
euris
tic le
vel m
odul
esCy
c in
fere
nce
engi
ne h
as >
500
heu
ristic
leve
l mod
ules
Goa
l is
to e
ncod
e kn
owle
dge
for
“com
mon
sen
se
Goa
l is
to e
ncod
e kn
owle
dge
for
“com
mon
sen
se
reas
onin
g” n
eede
d by
app
licat
ions
(e.
g., N
LP)
reas
onin
g” n
eede
d by
app
licat
ions
(e.
g., N
LP)
Avai
labl
e fr
ee in
lim
ited
form
fro
m
Avai
labl
e fr
ee in
lim
ited
form
fro
m
http
://o
penc
yc.o
rg/
http
://o
penc
yc.o
rg/
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
2828
Toda
y an
d to
mor
row
Toda
y an
d to
mor
row
We
are
in a
goo
d po
sitio
n to
use
sim
ple
We
are
in a
goo
d po
sitio
n to
use
sim
ple
onto
logi
es li
ke D
C to
day
onto
logi
es li
ke D
C to
day
This
is h
appe
ning
(e.
g., A
dobe
’s X
MP)
This
is h
appe
ning
(e.
g., A
dobe
’s X
MP)
We
hope
to
be a
ble
to m
ake
effe
ctiv
e us
e W
e ho
pe t
o be
abl
e to
mak
e ef
fect
ive
use
onto
logi
es li
ke C
yc in
the
com
ing
deca
deon
tolo
gies
like
Cyc
in t
he c
omin
g de
cade
Ther
e ar
e sk
eptic
s…Th
ere
are
skep
tics…
It’s
a g
reat
res
earc
h to
pic…
It’s
a g
reat
res
earc
h to
pic…
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 8
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
2929
TB
L’s
sem
antic
web
vis
ion
“The
Sem
antic
Web
w
ill g
loba
lize
KR,
just
as
the
WW
W
glob
aliz
e hy
pert
ext”
--Ti
m B
erne
rs-L
ee
you
are
her
e
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
3030
Sem
anti
c w
eb la
ngu
ages
tod
aySe
man
tic
web
lan
guag
es t
oday
Toda
y th
ere
are,
IM
HO
, tw
o se
man
tic w
eb
Toda
y th
ere
are,
IM
HO
, tw
o se
man
tic w
eb
lang
uage
sla
ngua
ges
DA
ML+
OIL
DA
ML+
OIL
––D
arpa
Age
nt M
arku
p La
ngua
geD
arpa
Age
nt M
arku
p La
ngua
geht
tp:/
/ww
w.d
aml.o
rg/
http
://w
ww
.dam
l.org
/R
DF
RD
F ––
Res
ourc
e D
escr
iptio
n Fr
amew
ork
Res
ourc
e D
escr
iptio
n Fr
amew
ork
http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
RD
F/ht
tp:/
/ww
w.w
3.or
g/RD
F/an
d on
e un
der
deve
lopm
ent
by t
he W
3Can
d on
e un
der
deve
lopm
ent
by t
he W
3CO
WL
OW
L––
Ont
olog
y W
eb L
angu
age
Ont
olog
y W
eb L
angu
age
http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
2001
/sw
/ht
tp:/
/ww
w.w
3.or
g/20
01/s
w/
Topi
c m
aps
Topi
c m
aps
(( htt
p://
topi
cmap
s.or
ght
tp:/
/top
icm
aps.
org /
) ar
e an
othe
r /)
are
ano
ther
br
eed
bree
dw
ith m
ore
to c
ome…
.w
ith m
ore
to c
ome…
.
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
3131
Topi
c M
aps
Topi
c M
aps
A To
pic
Map
is a
col
lect
ion
of t
opic
s an
d A
Topi
c M
ap is
a c
olle
ctio
n of
top
ics
and
(sem
antic
ally
mea
ning
ful)
rela
tions
hips
bet
wee
n (s
eman
tical
ly m
eani
ngfu
l) re
latio
nshi
ps b
etw
een
thes
e to
pics
thes
e to
pics
Topi
c M
aps
link
thes
e to
pics
with
ext
erna
l To
pic
Map
s lin
k th
ese
topi
cs w
ith e
xter
nal
refe
renc
es, s
uch
as r
esou
rces
beh
ind
URIs
refe
renc
es, s
uch
as r
esou
rces
beh
ind
URIs
Topi
c M
aps
are
a “s
uper
impo
sed
sem
antic
laye
r”To
pic
Map
s ar
e a
“sup
erim
pose
d se
man
tic la
yer”
conn
ectio
n be
twee
n to
pics
and
res
ourc
es a
re U
RLs
conn
ectio
n be
twee
n to
pics
and
res
ourc
es a
re U
RLs
Topi
c M
aps
capt
ure
real
Topi
c M
aps
capt
ure
real
-- wor
ld s
ubje
cts/
obje
cts
but
wor
ld s
ubje
cts/
obje
cts
but
also
con
cept
sal
so c
once
pts
thes
e ar
e de
fined
not
abs
olut
e bu
t re
lativ
e to
eac
h ot
her
thes
e ar
e de
fined
not
abs
olut
e bu
t re
lativ
e to
eac
h ot
her
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
3232
RD
F is
th
e fi
rst
SW la
ngu
age
RD
F is
th
e fi
rst
SW la
ngu
age
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ding
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ph
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d Fo
r R
easo
ning
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 9
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
3333
Sim
ple
RD
F Ex
ampl
eSi
mpl
e R
DF
Exam
ple
http
://um
bc.e
du/~
finin
/talk
s/id
m02
/“I
ntel
ligen
t Inf
orm
atio
n Sy
stem
son
the
Web
and
in th
e A
ethe
r”
http
://um
bc.e
du/
dc:T
itle
dc:C
reat
or
bib:
Aff
“Tim
Fin
in”
“fin
in@
umbc
.edu
”
bib:
nam
ebi
b:em
ail
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
3434
XM
L en
codi
ng
for
RD
FX
ML
enco
din
g fo
r R
DF
<rdf
:RD
F xm
lns:
rdf=
"http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
1999
/02/
22-r
df-s
ynta
x-ns
#"xm
lns:
dc="
http
://pu
rl.or
g/dc
/ele
men
ts/1
.1/"
xmln
s:bi
b="h
ttp://
dam
l.um
bc.e
du/o
ntol
ogie
s/bi
b/">
<des
crip
tion
abou
t="h
ttp://
umbc
.edu
/~fin
in/ta
lks/
idm
02/"
><d
c:tit
le> I
ntel
ligen
t Inf
orm
atio
n Sy
stem
s on
the
Web
and
in th
e A
ethe
r</d
c:Ti
tle>
<dc:
crea
tor>
<des
crip
tion>
<bib
:Nam
e>Ti
m F
inin
</bi
b:N
ame>
<bib
:Em
ail>
finin
@um
bc.e
du</
bib:
Emai
l><b
ib:A
ff re
sour
ce="
http
://um
bc.e
du/"
/></
desc
riptio
n>
</dc
:Cre
ator
></
desc
riptio
n></
rdf:R
DF>
“ian
@go
o.or
g”
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
3535
N t
ripl
e re
pres
enta
tion
N t
ripl
e re
pres
enta
tion
RD
F ca
n be
enc
oded
as
a se
t of
RD
F ca
n be
enc
oded
as
a se
t of
trip
les
trip
les .
. <<
subj
ect
subj
ect >
<>
<pr
edic
ate
pred
icat
e > <
> <
obje
ctob
ject
> .
> .
<ht
tp:/
/um
bc.e
du/~
finin
/tal
ks/id
m02
/>
<ht
tp:/
/pur
l.org
/dc/
elem
ents
/1.1
/Titl
e>
"Int
ellig
ent
Info
rmat
ion
Syst
ems
on t
he W
eb a
nd in
the
Aet
her"
._:
j109
49 <
http
://d
aml.u
mbc
.edu
/ont
olog
ies/
bib/
Nam
e> "
Tim
Fin
in"
._:
j109
49 <
http
://d
aml.u
mbc
.edu
/ont
olog
ies/
bib/
Emai
l> "
finin
@um
bc.e
du"
._:
j109
49 <
http
://d
aml.u
mbc
.edu
/ont
olog
ies/
bib/
Aff>
<ht
tp:/
/um
bc.e
du/>
._:
j109
49 <
http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
1999
/02/
22-r
df-s
ynta
x-ns
#ty
pe>
<
Des
crip
tion>
.<
http
://u
mbc
.edu
/~fin
in/t
alks
/idm
02/>
<
http
://p
url.o
rg/d
c/el
emen
ts/1
.1/C
reat
or>
_:j
1094
9 .
<ht
tp:/
/um
bc.e
du/~
finin
/tal
ks/id
m02
/> <
http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
1999
/02/
22-r
df-
synt
ax-n
s#ty
pe>
<D
escr
iptio
n> .
Not
e th
e ge
nsym
for
the
ano
nym
ous
node
(N
ote
the
gens
ym f
or t
he a
nony
mou
s no
de (
_:j1
0949
))
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
3636
Trip
le N
otes
Trip
le N
otes
RD
F tr
iple
s h
ave
one
of t
wo
form
s:R
DF
trip
les
hav
e on
e of
tw
o fo
rms:
<U
RI>
<U
RI>
<U
RI>
<U
RI>
<U
RI>
<U
RI>
<U
RI>
<U
RI>
<qu
oted
str
ing>
<U
RI>
<U
RI>
<qu
oted
str
ing>
Trip
les
are
also
eas
ily m
appe
d in
to lo
gic
Trip
les
are
also
eas
ily m
appe
d in
to lo
gic
<su
bjec
t> <
pred
icat
e> <
obje
ct>
<su
bjec
t> <
pred
icat
e> <
obje
ct>
<pr
edic
ate>
(<su
bjec
t>,<
obje
ct>
)<
pred
icat
e>(<
subj
ect>
,<ob
ject
>)
With
typ
e(<
S>,<
O>
) be
com
ing
<O
>(<
S>)
With
typ
e(<
S>,<
O>
) be
com
ing
<O
>(<
S>)
Exam
ple:
Exam
ple:
subc
lass
(man
,per
son)
subc
lass
(man
,per
son)
sex(
man
,mal
e)se
x(m
an,m
ale)
dom
ain(
sex,
anim
al)
dom
ain(
sex,
anim
al)
man
(ada
m)
man
(ada
m)
age(
adam
,100
)ag
e(ad
am,1
00)
Trip
les
are
easi
ly s
tore
d an
d m
anag
ed in
a D
BM
STr
iple
s ar
e ea
sily
sto
red
and
man
aged
in a
DB
MS
; N
ote:
we’
re n
ot
; sh
owin
g th
e ac
tual
;
URI
s fo
r cl
arity
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 10
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
3737
N3
not
atio
n f
or R
DF
N3
not
atio
n f
or R
DF
N3
is a
com
pact
not
atio
n fo
r tr
iple
s w
hich
is e
asie
r N
3 is
a c
ompa
ct n
otat
ion
for
trip
les
whi
ch is
eas
ier
for
peop
le t
o re
ad a
nd e
dit
for
peop
le t
o re
ad a
nd e
dit
Exam
ple:
Exam
ple:
@pr
efix
log:
@
pref
ix lo
g:
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.w
3.or
g/20
00/1
0/sw
ap/lo
g#>
.<
http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
2000
/10/
swap
/log#
> .
:Per
son
a rd
fs:C
lass
.:P
erso
n a
rdfs
:Cla
ss.
:Wom
an a
rdf
s:Cl
ass;
rdf
s:su
bCla
ssO
f :P
erso
n .
:Wom
an a
rdf
s:Cl
ass;
rdf
s:su
bCla
ssO
f :P
erso
n .
:Eve
a :
Wom
an;
age
“100
”.:E
ve a
:W
oman
; ag
e “1
00”.
:sis
ter
a rd
f:Pr
oper
ty.
:sis
ter
a rd
f:Pr
oper
ty.
:sis
ter
rdfs
:dom
ain
:Per
son;
rdf
s:ra
nge
:Wom
an.
:sis
ter
rdfs
:dom
ain
:Per
son;
rdf
s:ra
nge
:Wom
an.
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
3838
RD
F Sc
hem
a (R
DFS
)R
DF
Sch
ema
(RD
FS)
RD
F Sc
hem
a ad
ds
RD
F Sc
hem
a ad
ds
taxo
nom
ies
for
taxo
nom
ies
for
clas
ses
& p
rope
rtie
scl
asse
s &
pro
pert
ies
subC
lass
and
sub
Prop
erty
subC
lass
and
sub
Prop
erty
and
som
e m
etad
ata.
and
som
e m
etad
ata.
dom
ain
and
rang
edo
mai
n an
d ra
nge
cons
trai
nts
on p
rope
rtie
sco
nstr
aint
s on
pro
pert
ies
Seve
ral w
idel
y u
sed
Seve
ral w
idel
y u
sed
KB
too
ls c
an im
port
KB
too
ls c
an im
port
and
expo
rt in
RD
FSan
d ex
port
in R
DFS
Stan
ford
Pro
tégé
KB
edi
tor
Stan
ford
Pro
tégé
KB
edi
tor
•Ja
va, o
pen
sour
ced
•ex
tens
ible
, lot
s of
plu
g-in
s•
prov
ides
rea
soni
ng &
ser
ver
capa
bilit
ies
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
3939
New
and
Im
prov
ed!
100%
Bet
ter
than
XM
L!!
New
and
N
ew a
nd
Impr
oved
!Im
prov
ed!
100%
Bet
ter
100%
Bet
ter
than
XM
L!!
than
XM
L!!
RD
FS s
upp
orts
sim
ple
infe
ren
ces
RD
FS s
upp
orts
sim
ple
infe
ren
ces
An R
DF
onto
logy
plu
s so
me
RD
FAn
RD
F on
tolo
gy p
lus
som
e RD
Fst
atem
ents
may
impl
y ad
ditio
nal R
DF
stat
emen
ts.
stat
emen
ts m
ay im
ply
addi
tiona
l RD
F st
atem
ents
.Th
is is
not
tru
e of
XM
L.Th
is is
not
tru
e of
XM
L.Ex
ampl
e:Ex
ampl
e:do
mai
n(pa
rent
,per
son)
dom
ain(
pare
nt,p
erso
n)ra
nge(
pare
nt,p
erso
n)ra
nge(
pare
nt,p
erso
n)su
bpro
pert
y(m
othe
r,pa
rent
)su
bpro
pert
y(m
othe
r,pa
rent
)ra
nge(
mot
her,
wom
an)
rang
e(m
othe
r,w
oman
)m
othe
r(ev
e,ca
in)
mot
her(
eve,
cain
)
This
is
This
is p
art
of t
he
data
mod
elpa
rt o
f th
e da
ta m
odel
and
not
of t
he
and
not
of t
he
acce
ssin
g/pr
oces
sing
cod
eac
cess
ing/
proc
essi
ng c
ode
Impl
ies:
subc
lass
(wom
an,p
erso
n)pa
rent
(eve
,cai
n)pe
rson
(eve
)pe
rson
(cai
n)w
oman
(eve
)
Impl
ies:
Impl
ies:
subc
lass
(wom
an,p
erso
n)pa
rent
(eve
,cai
n)pe
rson
(eve
)pe
rson
(cai
n)w
oman
(eve
)
ontologyinstance
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
4040
RD
F is
bei
ng
alre
ady
in u
seR
DF
is b
ein
g al
read
y in
use
RD
F h
as a
sol
id s
peci
fica
tion
RD
F h
as a
sol
id s
peci
fica
tion
See
the
RD
F m
odel
the
ory
spec
-ht
tp:/
/ww
w.w
3.or
g/TR
/rdf
-mt/
RD
F is
bei
ng
use
d in
a n
um
ber
of W
3C
spe
cifi
cati
ons
RD
F is
bei
ng
use
d in
a n
um
ber
of W
3C
spe
cifi
cati
ons
CC/P
P (C
ompo
site
Cap
abili
ties/
Pref
eren
ce P
rofil
es)
http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
Mob
ile/C
CPP/
P3P
(Pla
tfor
m f
or P
rivac
y Pr
efer
ence
s Pr
ojec
t)
http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
P3P/
An
d in
oth
er w
eb s
tan
dard
sA
nd
in o
ther
web
sta
nda
rds
RSS
1.0
(RD
F Si
te S
umm
ary)
RD
F ca
lend
ar (
~ iC
alen
dar
in R
DF)
An
d in
oth
er s
yste
ms
An
d in
oth
er s
yste
ms
Net
scap
e’s
Moz
illa
web
bro
wse
rO
pen
dire
ctor
y (h
ttp:
//dm
oz.o
rg/)
Adob
e pr
oduc
ts v
ia X
MP
(eXt
ensi
ble
Met
adat
a Pl
atfo
rm)
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 11
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
4141
RD
F is
not
en
ough
, bu
t is
a g
ood
fou
nda
tion
RD
F is
not
en
ough
, bu
t is
a g
ood
fou
nda
tion
RD
F la
cks
expr
essi
ve a
dequ
acy
for
man
y ta
sks
RD
F la
cks
expr
essi
ve a
dequ
acy
for
man
y ta
sks
Onl
y ra
nge/
dom
ain
cons
trai
nts
(on
prop
ertie
s)O
nly
rang
e/do
mai
n co
nstr
aint
s (o
n pr
oper
ties)
No
prop
ertie
s of
pro
pert
ies
(tra
nsiti
ve, i
nver
se e
tc.)
No
prop
ertie
s of
pro
pert
ies
(tra
nsiti
ve, i
nver
se e
tc.)
No
equi
vale
nce,
dis
join
tnes
s, c
over
ings
, etc
.N
o eq
uiva
lenc
e, d
isjo
intn
ess,
cov
erin
gs, e
tc.
No
nece
ssar
y an
d su
ffic
ient
con
ditio
nsN
o ne
cess
ary
and
suff
icie
nt c
ondi
tions
No
rule
s, a
xiom
s, lo
gica
l con
stra
ints
No
rule
s, a
xiom
s, lo
gica
l con
stra
ints
DAM
L+O
IL e
xten
ds R
DF
DAM
L+O
IL e
xten
ds R
DF
Laye
ring
mak
es p
artia
l kno
wle
dge
avai
labl
e to
La
yerin
g m
akes
par
tial k
now
ledg
e av
aila
ble
to
appl
icat
ions
whi
ch o
nly
unde
rsta
nd R
DF
appl
icat
ions
whi
ch o
nly
unde
rsta
nd R
DF
NB:
Bui
ldin
g on
RD
F ha
s so
me
NB:
Bui
ldin
g on
RD
F ha
s so
me
disa
dvan
tage
sdi
sadv
anta
ges
XML
RD
F
DAM
L+O
IL
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
4242
We’
re g
oin
g do
wn
a f
amili
ar r
oad
We’
re g
oin
g do
wn
a f
amili
ar r
oad
KR
tre
nds
KR
tre
nds
5555-- 6
5: a
rbitr
ary
data
65
: ar
bitr
ary
data
st
ruct
ures
stru
ctur
es6565
-- 75:
sem
antic
net
wor
ks75
: se
man
tic n
etw
orks
7575-- 8
5: s
impl
e fr
ame
85:
sim
ple
fram
e sy
stem
ssy
stem
s8585
-- 95:
des
crip
tion
logi
cs95
: de
scrip
tion
logi
cs9595
-- ??:
logi
c?, r
ules
???
: lo
gic?
, rul
es?
Web
tre
nds
Web
tre
nds
9595-- 9
7:
97:
XML
XML
as a
rbitr
ary
as a
rbitr
ary
stru
ctur
esst
ruct
ures
9797-- 9
8:
98:
RD
FRD
F9898
-- 99:
99
: RD
FSRD
FS(s
chem
a) a
s (s
chem
a) a
s a
fram
ea
fram
e --lik
e sy
stem
like
syst
em0000
-- 01:
01
: D
AML+
OIL
DAM
L+O
IL0202
-- ??:
??
: O
WL,
O
WL,
…??
...
On
ly m
uch
fas
ter!
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
4343
DA
ML+
OIL
as
a Se
man
tic
Web
Lan
guag
eD
AM
L+O
IL a
s a
Sem
anti
c W
eb L
angu
age
DAM
L =
Dar
pa A
gent
Mar
kup
Lang
uage
DAM
L =
Dar
pa A
gent
Mar
kup
Lang
uage
DAR
PA p
rogr
am w
ith 1
7 pr
ojec
ts &
an
inte
grat
or
DAR
PA p
rogr
am w
ith 1
7 pr
ojec
ts &
an
inte
grat
or
deve
lopi
ng la
ngua
ge s
pec,
too
ls, a
pplic
atio
ns f
or S
W.
deve
lopi
ng la
ngua
ge s
pec,
too
ls, a
pplic
atio
ns f
or S
W.
OIL
= O
ntol
ogy
Infe
renc
e La
yer
OIL
= O
ntol
ogy
Infe
renc
e La
yer
An E
U e
ffor
t ai
med
at
deve
lopi
ng a
laye
red
appr
oach
to
An E
U e
ffor
t ai
med
at
deve
lopi
ng a
laye
red
appr
oach
to
repr
esen
ting
know
ledg
e on
the
web
.re
pres
entin
g kn
owle
dge
on t
he w
eb.
Proc
ess
Proc
ess
Join
t Co
mm
ittee
: U
S D
AML
and
EU S
eman
tic W
eb
Join
t Co
mm
ittee
: U
S D
AML
and
EU S
eman
tic W
eb
Tech
nolo
gies
par
ticip
ants
Te
chno
logi
es p
artic
ipan
ts
DAM
L+O
IL s
pecs
rel
ease
d 01
/01
& 0
3/01
DAM
L+O
IL s
pecs
rel
ease
d 01
/01
& 0
3/01
See
See
http
://w
ww
.dam
l.org
/ht
tp:/
/ww
w.d
aml.o
rg/
Incl
udes
mod
el t
heor
etic
and
axi
omat
ic
Incl
udes
mod
el t
heor
etic
and
axi
omat
ic
sem
antic
sse
man
tics
DA
ML+
OIL
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
4444
A S
impl
e D
AM
L Ex
ampl
eA
Sim
ple
DA
ML
Exam
ple
<rd
fs:C
lass
abo
ut=
"#An
imal
"/>
<rd
fs:C
lass
abo
ut=
"#An
imal
"/>
<rd
fs:C
lass
abo
ut=
"#Pl
ant"
><
rdfs
:Cla
ss a
bout
="#
Plan
t">
<da
ml:d
isjo
intF
rom
<da
ml:d
isjo
intF
rom
reso
urce
="#
Anim
al"/
>re
sour
ce=
"#An
imal
"/>
</
</ r
dfs:
Clas
srd
fs:C
lass
>>N
ote
the
mix
ture
of
RD
F (
Not
e th
e m
ixtu
re o
f RD
F ( p
lant
& a
nim
al a
re
plan
t & a
nim
al a
re
clas
ses)
cl
asse
s) a
nd D
AML
and
DAM
L(p
lant
& a
nim
al a
re d
isjo
int)
(pla
nt &
ani
mal
are
dis
join
t)If
you
r ce
ll ph
one
only
doe
s RD
F, it
stil
l If
you
r ce
ll ph
one
only
doe
s RD
F, it
stil
l un
ders
tand
s so
me
of th
is…
unde
rsta
nds
som
e of
this
…
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 12
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
4545
DA
ML+
OIL
D
AM
L+O
IL ↔↔
RD
FR
DF
DAM
L+O
IL o
ntol
ogy
is a
set
of
RD
F st
atem
ents
DAM
L+O
IL o
ntol
ogy
is a
set
of
RD
F st
atem
ents
DAM
L+O
IL d
efin
es s
eman
tics
for
cert
ain
stat
emen
tsD
AML+
OIL
def
ines
sem
antic
s fo
r ce
rtai
n st
atem
ents
Doe
s D
oes
NO
TN
OT
rest
rict
wha
t ca
n be
sai
dre
stric
t w
hat
can
be s
aid
Ont
olog
y ca
n in
clud
e ar
bitr
ary
RD
FO
ntol
ogy
can
incl
ude
arbi
trar
y RD
F
But
no s
eman
tics
for
non
But
no s
eman
tics
for
non --
DAM
L+O
IL s
tate
men
tsD
AML+
OIL
sta
tem
ents
Adds
cap
abili
ties
com
mon
to
desc
riptio
n lo
gics
:Ad
ds c
apab
ilitie
s co
mm
on t
o de
scrip
tion
logi
cs:
card
inal
ity c
onst
rain
ts, d
efin
ed c
lass
es (
=>
cla
ssifi
catio
n),
card
inal
ity c
onst
rain
ts, d
efin
ed c
lass
es (
=>
cla
ssifi
catio
n),
equi
vale
nce,
loca
l res
tric
tions
, dis
join
t cl
asse
s, e
tc.
equi
vale
nce,
loca
l res
tric
tions
, dis
join
t cl
asse
s, e
tc.
Mor
e su
ppor
t fo
r on
tolo
gies
Mor
e su
ppor
t fo
r on
tolo
gies
Ont
olog
y im
port
s on
tolo
gyO
ntol
ogy
impo
rts
onto
logy
But
not
(yet
) va
riabl
es, q
uant
ifica
tion,
and
Bu
t no
t (y
et)
varia
bles
, qua
ntifi
catio
n, a
nd
gene
ral r
ules
gene
ral r
ules
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
4646
DA
ML
in O
ne
Slid
eD
AM
L in
On
e Sl
ide
<rdf
:RD
F xm
lns:
rdf =
"http
://w
3.or
g/22
<rdf
:RD
F xm
lns:
rdf =
"http
://w
3.or
g/22 --
rdfrdf --syn
tax
synta
x --ns#
"ns#
"xm
lns:
rdfs
="ht
tp://
w3.
org/
rdf
xmln
s:rd
fs="
http
://w
3.or
g/rd
f --sch
ema#
"sch
ema#
"xm
lns:
dam
l="h
ttp://
dam
l.org
/dam
l+oi
l#“>
xmln
s:da
ml=
"http
://da
ml.o
rg/d
aml+
oil#
“><d
aml:O
ntol
ogy
rdf:a
bout
="">
<dam
l:Ont
olog
y rd
f:abo
ut="
"><d
aml:i
mpo
rts rd
f:res
ourc
e="h
ttp://
dam
l.org
/dam
l+oi
l"/>
<dam
l:im
ports
rdf:r
esou
rce=
"http
://da
ml.o
rg/d
aml+
oil"
/></
dam
l:Ont
olog
y></
dam
l:Ont
olog
y><r
dfs:
Cla
ss rd
f:ID
="Pe
rson
"><r
dfs:
Cla
ss rd
f:ID
="Pe
rson
"><r
dfs:
subC
lass
Of r
df:re
sour
ce="
#Ani
mal
"/>
<rdf
s:su
bCla
ssO
f rdf
:reso
urce
="#A
nim
al"/
><r
dfs:
subC
lass
Of>
<rdf
s:su
bCla
ssO
f><d
aml:R
estri
ctio
n><d
aml:R
estri
ctio
n><d
aml:o
nPro
perty
rdf:r
esou
rce=
"#ha
sPar
ent"
/><d
aml:o
nPro
perty
rdf:r
esou
rce=
"#ha
sPar
ent"
/><d
aml:t
oCla
ss rd
f:res
ourc
e="#
Pers
on"/
><d
aml:t
oCla
ss rd
f:res
ourc
e="#
Pers
on"/
></
dam
l:Res
trict
ion>
</da
ml:R
estri
ctio
n></
rdfs
:sub
Cla
ssO
f></
rdfs
:sub
Cla
ssO
f><r
dfs:
subC
lass
Of>
<rdf
s:su
bCla
ssO
f><d
aml:R
estri
ctio
n da
ml:c
ardi
nalit
y="1
"><d
aml:R
estri
ctio
n da
ml:c
ardi
nalit
y="1
"><d
aml:o
nPro
perty
rdf:r
esou
rce=
"#ha
sFat
her"
/><d
aml:o
nPro
perty
rdf:r
esou
rce=
"#ha
sFat
her"
/></
dam
l:Res
trict
ion>
</rd
fs:s
ubC
lass
Of>
</rd
fs:C
lass
></
dam
l:Res
trict
ion>
</rd
fs:s
ubC
lass
Of>
</rd
fs:C
lass
><P
erso
n rd
f:abo
ut=“
http
://um
bc.e
du/~
finin
/">
<Per
son
rdf:a
bout
=“ht
tp://
umbc
.edu
/~fin
in/"
><r
dfs:
com
men
t>Fi
nin
is a
per
son.
</rd
fs:c
omm
ent>
<rdf
s:co
mm
ent>
Fini
n is
a p
erso
n.</
rdfs
:com
men
t></
Pers
on>
</Pe
rson
>
DA
ML
is b
uilt
on to
p of
X
ML
and
RD
F
It ca
n be
use
d to
add
m
etad
ata
abou
t any
thin
g w
hich
has
a U
RI.
ever
ythi
ng h
as U
RI
DA
ML
is ~
= a
fram
e ba
sed
know
ledg
e re
pres
enta
tion
lang
uage
It al
low
s the
def
initi
on,
shar
ing,
com
posi
tion
and
use
of o
ntol
ogie
s
UR
Is a
re a
W3C
stan
dard
ge
nera
lizin
g U
RLs
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
4747
DA
ML
DA
ML --
SS
DAM
LD
AML --
S is
an
onto
logy
for
des
crib
ing
prop
ertie
s S
is a
n on
tolo
gy f
or d
escr
ibin
g pr
oper
ties
and
capa
bilit
ies
of w
eb s
ervi
ces
and
capa
bilit
ies
of w
eb s
ervi
ces
Des
ider
ata:
Des
ider
ata:
Ease
of
expr
essi
vene
ssEa
se o
f ex
pres
sive
ness
Enab
les
auto
mat
ion
of s
ervi
ce u
se b
y ag
ents
Enab
les
auto
mat
ion
of s
ervi
ce u
se b
y ag
ents
Enab
les
reas
onin
g ab
out
serv
ice
prop
ertie
s an
d En
able
s re
ason
ing
abou
t se
rvic
e pr
oper
ties
and
capa
bilit
ies
capa
bilit
ies
Also
app
ropr
iate
for
des
crib
ing
serv
ices
in a
Al
so a
ppro
pria
te f
or d
escr
ibin
g se
rvic
es in
a
mob
ile/p
erva
sive
com
putin
g en
viro
nmen
tm
obile
/per
vasi
ve c
ompu
ting
envi
ronm
ent
See
http
://d
aml.o
rg/s
ervi
ces/
See
http
://d
aml.o
rg/s
ervi
ces/
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
4848
DA
ML
DA
ML --
S com
pon
ents
S com
pon
ents
Serv
ice
prof
ile (
wh
at it
doe
s)Se
rvic
e pr
ofile
(w
hat
it d
oes)
For s
ervi
ce re
gist
ratio
n, d
isco
very
and
mat
chin
g.Fo
r ser
vice
regi
stra
tion,
dis
cove
ry a
nd m
atch
ing.
Hig
hH
igh --
leve
l des
crip
tion
of s
ervi
ce a
nd p
rovi
der w
ith a
(hum
an re
adab
lele
vel d
escr
iptio
n of
ser
vice
and
pro
vide
r with
a (h
uman
read
able
) ) de
scrip
tion
of s
ervi
ce, a
spe
cific
atio
n of
func
tiona
litie
s pr
ovi
desc
riptio
n of
ser
vice
, a s
peci
ficat
ion
of fu
nctio
nalit
ies
prov
i ded
and
oth
er
ded
and
othe
r fu
nctio
nal a
ttrib
utes
.fu
nctio
nal a
ttrib
utes
.Fu
nctio
nal p
rope
rties
sup
port
com
posi
tion:
inpu
ts, o
utpu
ts, p
rec
Func
tiona
l pro
perti
es s
uppo
rt co
mpo
sitio
n: in
puts
, out
puts
, pre
c ond
ition
s on
ditio
ns
and
effe
cts.
an
d ef
fect
s.
Serv
ice
mod
el (h
ow it
wor
ks)
Serv
ice
mod
el (h
ow it
wor
ks)
For s
ervi
ce in
voca
tion,
com
posi
tion,
inte
rope
ratio
n, m
onito
ring,
For s
ervi
ce in
voca
tion,
com
posi
tion,
inte
rope
ratio
n, m
onito
ring,
……C
ompo
site
pro
cess
es a
re b
uild
usi
ng s
eque
nce,
ifC
ompo
site
pro
cess
es a
re b
uild
usi
ng s
eque
nce,
if-- th
enth
en-- e
lse,
fork
, etc
.el
se, f
ork,
etc
.
Serv
ice
grou
ndin
g (h
ow to
acc
ess)
Serv
ice
grou
ndin
g (h
ow to
acc
ess)
Spe
cific
atio
n of
ser
vice
acc
ess
info
rmat
ion
(com
mun
icat
ion
prot
oS
peci
ficat
ion
of s
ervi
ce a
cces
s in
form
atio
n (c
omm
unic
atio
n pr
oto c
ols,
co
ls,
trans
port
mec
hani
sms,
etc
.) w
hich
cou
ld b
e vi
a S
OA
P, H
TTP
form
s,tra
nspo
rt m
echa
nism
s, e
tc.)
whi
ch c
ould
be
via
SO
AP
, HTT
P fo
rms,
Java
Ja
va
RM
I, R
PC, e
tc.
RM
I, R
PC, e
tc.
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 13
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
4949
Tru
st?
Tru
st?
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
5050
W3
C W
eb O
nto
logy
W3
C W
eb O
nto
logy
Wor
kin
g G
rou
pW
orki
ng
Gro
up
The
WO
WG
is w
orki
ng o
n a
reco
mm
enda
tion
The
WO
WG
is w
orki
ng o
n a
reco
mm
enda
tion
for
the
"Web
Ont
olog
y La
ngua
ge":
fo
r th
e "W
eb O
ntol
ogy
Lang
uage
": O
WL
OW
L 56
Mem
bers
fro
m 3
0 W
3C O
rgan
izat
ions
56
Mem
bers
fro
m 3
0 W
3C O
rgan
izat
ions
C
ompa
nie
s:C
ompa
nie
s:Ag
fa, D
aim
ler
Agfa
, Dai
mle
r --Ch
rysl
er, E
DS,
Fuj
itsu,
Hew
lett
Chry
sler
, ED
S, F
ujits
u, H
ewle
tt-- P
acka
rd,
Pack
ard,
IB
M, I
ntel
, IVI
S, L
ucen
t, N
etw
ork
Infe
renc
e, N
isus
, Nok
ia, P
hili
IBM
, Int
el, I
VIS,
Luc
ent,
Net
wor
k In
fere
nce,
Nis
us, N
okia
, Phi
li ps,
ps
, St
ilo, S
un, U
nisy
s St
ilo, S
un, U
nisy
s P
ubl
ic S
ecto
r:P
ubl
ic S
ecto
r:D
ISA,
Ele
ctric
ite d
e Fr
ance
, Int
elin
k, I
NTA
P, M
ITRE,
D
ISA,
Ele
ctric
ite d
e Fr
ance
, Int
elin
k, I
NTA
P, M
ITRE,
N
IST
NIS
T R
esea
rch
pro
ject
s/La
bs:
Res
earc
h p
roje
cts/
Labs
:D
FKI,
FZI
, Ibr
ow g
roup
, Sta
nfor
d, U
. D
FKI,
FZI
, Ibr
ow g
roup
, Sta
nfor
d, U
. Br
isto
l, U
. Mar
ylan
d, U
. Sou
thha
mpt
on
Bris
tol,
U. M
aryl
and,
U. S
outh
ham
pton
In
vite
d Ex
pert
s:In
vite
d Ex
pert
s:M
edic
al, D
igita
l Lib
rary
, Def
ense
, Tec
hnic
al
Med
ical
, Dig
ital L
ibra
ry, D
efen
se, T
echn
ical
CoCh
airs
: Ji
m H
endl
er, U
nive
rsity
of
Mar
ylan
d/M
IND
; G
uus
CoCh
airs
: Ji
m H
endl
er, U
nive
rsity
of
Mar
ylan
d/M
IND
; G
uus
Schr
eibe
r, U
niv
of A
mst
erda
m/I
brow
Schr
eibe
r, U
niv
of A
mst
erda
m/I
brow
http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
2001
/sw
/Web
Ont
/ht
tp:/
/ww
w.w
3.or
g/20
01/s
w/W
ebO
nt/
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
5151
OW
L G
oals
OW
L G
oals
The
WO
WG
has
iden
tifie
d th
e Th
e W
OW
G h
as id
entif
ied
the
follo
win
g go
als
in d
evel
opin
g O
WL
follo
win
g go
als
in d
evel
opin
g O
WL
Shar
ed o
ntol
ogie
s Sh
ared
ont
olog
ies
Ont
olog
y ev
olut
ion
Ont
olog
y ev
olut
ion
Ont
olog
y in
tero
pera
bilit
y O
ntol
ogy
inte
rope
rabi
lity
Inco
nsis
tenc
y de
tect
ion
Inco
nsis
tenc
y de
tect
ion
Bala
nce
of e
xpre
ssiv
ity a
nd s
cala
bilit
y Ba
lanc
e of
exp
ress
ivity
and
sca
labi
lity
Ease
of
use
Ease
of
use
XML
synt
ax
XML
synt
ax
Inte
rnat
iona
lizat
ion
Inte
rnat
iona
lizat
ion
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
5252
OW
L st
atu
s an
d pu
blic
atio
ns
OW
L st
atu
s an
d pu
blic
atio
ns
OW
L is
rou
ghly
equ
ival
ent
to D
AML
with
som
e O
WL
is r
ough
ly e
quiv
alen
t to
DAM
L w
ith s
ome
rena
min
g of
pro
pert
ies
rena
min
g of
pro
pert
ies
Curr
ent
plan
is t
o ha
ve t
hree
com
plia
nce
leve
ls:
Curr
ent
plan
is t
o ha
ve t
hree
com
plia
nce
leve
ls:
OW
L lit
e, O
WL,
OW
L pl
usO
WL
lite,
OW
L, O
WL
plus
Web
Ont
has
pub
lishe
d W
ebO
nt h
as p
ublis
hed
Req
uire
men
tsReq
uire
men
tsfo
r a
Web
Ont
olog
y La
ngua
ge
for
a W
eb O
ntol
ogy
Lang
uage
Fe
atur
e Sy
nops
is
Feat
ure
Syno
psis
for
OW
L Li
te a
nd O
WL
for
OW
L Li
te a
nd O
WL
OW
L W
eb O
ntol
ogy
Lang
uage
1.0
O
WL
Web
Ont
olog
y La
ngua
ge 1
.0 R
efer
ence
Ref
eren
ceO
WL
Web
Ont
olog
y La
ngua
ge 1
.0
OW
L W
eb O
ntol
ogy
Lang
uage
1.0
Abs
trac
t Sy
ntax
Ab
stra
ct S
ynta
x (f
orth
com
ing)
(f
orth
com
ing)
OW
L G
uide
O
WL
Gui
de
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 14
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
5353
OW
L Li
teO
WL
Lite
RD
F Sc
hem
a Fe
atu
res:
RD
F Sc
hem
a Fe
atu
res:
Clas
sCl
ass
rdf:
Prop
erty
rdf:
Prop
erty
rdfs
:sub
Clas
sOf
rdfs
:sub
Clas
sOf
rdfs
:sub
Prop
erty
Of
rdfs
:sub
Prop
erty
Of
rdfs
:dom
ain
rdfs
:dom
ain
rdfs
:ran
gerd
fs:r
ange
Indi
vidu
alIn
divi
dual
Equ
alit
y pr
oper
ties
:Eq
ual
ity
prop
erti
es:
sam
eCla
ssAs
sam
eCla
ssAs
sam
ePro
pert
yAs
sam
ePro
pert
yAs
sam
eInd
ivid
ualA
ssa
meI
ndiv
idua
lAs
diff
eren
tInd
ivid
ualF
rom
diff
eren
tInd
ivid
ualF
rom
Pro
pert
ies
of p
rope
rtie
s:P
rope
rtie
s of
pro
pert
ies:
inve
rseO
fin
vers
eOf
tran
sitit
iveP
rope
rty
tran
sitit
iveP
rope
rty
sym
met
ricPr
opoe
rty
sym
met
ricPr
opoe
rty
func
tiona
lPro
pert
yfu
nctio
nalP
rope
rty
inve
rseF
unct
iona
lPro
pert
yin
vers
eFun
ctio
nalP
rope
rty
allV
alue
sFro
mal
lVal
uesF
rom
som
eVal
uesF
rom
som
eVal
uesF
rom
min
Card
inal
ity (
0/1)
min
Card
inal
ity (
0/1)
max
Card
inal
ity (
0/1)
max
Card
inal
ity (
0/1)
card
inal
ity (
0/1)
card
inal
ity (
0/1)
Hea
der
Info
rmat
ion
:H
eade
r In
form
atio
n:
impo
rts
impo
rts
Dub
lin C
ore
Met
adat
aD
ublin
Cor
e M
etad
ata
vers
ionI
nfo
vers
ionI
nfo
Mis
sin
g:en
umer
ated
cla
sses
, dis
join
tnes
s, u
nion
Of,
inte
rsec
tionO
fco
mpl
emen
tOf,
full
card
inal
ity, …
Mot
ivat
ion:
eas
ier
to im
plem
ent
and
to le
arn,
low
er r
easo
ning
com
plex
ity
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
5454
KR
mee
ts t
he
Web
KR
mee
ts t
he
Web
One
way
to
thin
k ab
out
the
sem
antic
One
way
to
thin
k ab
out
the
sem
antic
web
is t
hat
we
are
crea
ting
a kn
owle
dge
web
is t
hat
we
are
crea
ting
a kn
owle
dge
repr
esen
tatio
n la
ngua
ge f
or t
he W
eb.
repr
esen
tatio
n la
ngua
ge f
or t
he W
eb.
This
is m
ore
than
just
sel
ectin
g an
app
ropr
iate
Th
is is
mor
e th
an ju
st s
elec
ting
an a
ppro
pria
te
KR la
ngua
ge a
nd s
elec
ting
an X
ML
enco
ding
.KR
lang
uage
and
sel
ectin
g an
XM
L en
codi
ng.
The
Web
as
an in
form
atio
n sy
stem
has
man
y Th
e W
eb a
s an
info
rmat
ion
syst
em h
as m
any
sign
ifica
nt p
rope
rtie
s.si
gnifi
cant
pro
pert
ies.
Hig
hly
dist
ribut
edSu
bjec
t to
dis
conn
ectio
ns a
nd o
ther
fai
lure
sM
any
cont
ent
prov
ider
sPa
rtia
l and
inco
nsis
tent
info
rmat
ion
Not
all
info
and
ser
vice
s ca
n be
tru
sted
Dyn
amic
Evol
ving
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
5555
Sem
anti
c W
eb P
rinc
iple
sSe
man
tic
Web
Pri
ncip
les
Ever
ythi
ng is
on
the
web
Ever
ythi
ng is
on
the
web
Peop
le, p
lace
s, t
imes
, thi
ngs
all h
ave
URIs
Peop
le, p
lace
s, t
imes
, thi
ngs
all h
ave
URIs
Part
ial i
nfor
mat
ion
is a
ssum
edPa
rtia
l inf
orm
atio
n is
ass
umed
The
web
priv
ilege
s sc
alab
ility
ove
r in
tegr
ity a
nd t
here
’s a
lway
sTh
e w
eb p
rivile
ges
scal
abili
ty o
ver
inte
grity
and
the
re’s
alw
ays
mor
e an
d ne
w s
tuff
to
find
mor
e an
d ne
w s
tuff
to
find
Trus
t m
odel
s ar
e cr
itica
lTr
ust
mod
els
are
criti
cal
It’s
not
all
true
It’s
not
all
true
Supp
ort
info
rmat
ion
evol
utio
nSu
ppor
t in
form
atio
n ev
olut
ion
Cont
ent
and
cons
ensu
s is
dyn
amic
Cont
ent
and
cons
ensu
s is
dyn
amic
Min
imal
ist
desi
gnM
inim
alis
t de
sign
Mak
e th
e si
mpl
e th
ings
sim
ple,
and
the
com
plex
thi
ngs
poss
ible
. M
ake
the
sim
ple
thin
gs s
impl
e, a
nd t
he c
ompl
ex t
hing
s po
ssib
le.
Stan
dard
ize
no m
ore
than
is n
eces
sary
.St
anda
rdiz
e no
mor
e th
an is
nec
essa
ry.
Com
mon
dat
a m
odel
Com
mon
dat
a m
odel
To s
uppo
rt in
tero
pera
bilit
y an
d kn
owle
dge
shar
ing
To s
uppo
rt in
tero
pera
bilit
y an
d kn
owle
dge
shar
ing
Adap
ted
from
Eric
Mill
er, W
3CU
MB
CU
MB
Can
Hon
ors
Uni
vers
ity in
Mar
ylan
dan
Hon
ors
Uni
vers
ity in
Mar
ylan
d5656
SW is
wor
k in
pro
gres
sSW
is w
ork
in p
rogr
ess
Ther
e ar
e im
port
ant
lang
uage
asp
ects
whi
ch
Ther
e ar
e im
port
ant
lang
uage
asp
ects
whi
ch
need
mor
e w
ork:
rul
es, q
uerie
s, e
tc.
need
mor
e w
ork:
rul
es, q
uerie
s, e
tc.
Man
y to
ols
need
to
be c
reat
ed, e
.g.,
Man
y to
ols
need
to
be c
reat
ed, e
.g.,
Prot
égé
plug
Prot
égé
plug
-- in
for
DAM
L+O
ILin
for
DAM
L+O
ILAn
nota
tion
tool
s An
nota
tion
tool
s
Appl
icat
ions
nee
d to
be
expl
ored
Appl
icat
ions
nee
d to
be
expl
ored
The
W3C
is d
evel
opin
g a
new
SW
lang
uage
The
W3C
is d
evel
opin
g a
new
SW
lang
uage
OW
L: O
ntol
ogy
Web
Lan
guag
eO
WL:
Ont
olog
y W
eb L
angu
age
SW id
eas
will
mig
rate
into
oth
er s
tand
ards
(e.
g.,
SW id
eas
will
mig
rate
into
oth
er s
tand
ards
(e.
g.,
basi
c XM
L, W
SDL,
.NET
)ba
sic
XML,
WSD
L, .N
ET)
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 15
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
5757
DA
ML+
OIL
usa
geD
AM
L+O
IL u
sage
DAM
L+O
IL is
alre
ady
the
mos
t us
ed o
ntol
ogy/
KR
DAM
L+O
IL is
alre
ady
the
mos
t us
ed o
ntol
ogy/
KR
lang
uage
in h
isto
ryla
ngua
ge in
his
tory
Dam
l.org
~ 5
.4M
hits
: av
g. 2
4,30
0/da
y in
Oct
02.
Dam
l.org
~ 5
.4M
hits
: av
g. 2
4,30
0/da
y in
Oct
02.
1.8
x 10
1.8
x 10
18(1
80,0
00 G
b) d
ownl
oade
d(1
80,0
00 G
b) d
ownl
oade
dO
ct 1
6: C
raw
ler
finds
5.9
M D
AML
stat
emen
ts o
n 20
K w
eb p
ages
Oct
16:
Cra
wle
r fin
ds 5
.9M
DAM
L st
atem
ents
on
20K
web
pag
esD
oesn
't in
clud
e m
any
inst
ance
KBs
tie
d to
ont
olog
ies
or m
any
Doe
sn't
incl
ude
man
y in
stan
ce K
Bs t
ied
to o
ntol
ogie
s or
man
y ve
ry la
rge
RD
FSve
ry la
rge
RD
FS-- b
ased
KBs
tha
t in
clud
e so
me
OW
Lba
sed
KBs
that
incl
ude
som
e O
WL
OW
L is
mov
ing
it to
war
ds t
he c
omm
erci
al w
orld
OW
L is
mov
ing
it to
war
ds t
he c
omm
erci
al w
orld
Web
too
l dev
elop
er la
bs:
IBM
, HP,
Sun
, Int
el, F
ujits
uW
eb t
ool d
evel
oper
labs
: IB
M, H
P, S
un, I
ntel
, Fuj
itsu
Cont
ent
prov
ider
s/us
ers:
Dai
mle
rCo
nten
t pr
ovid
ers/
user
s: D
aim
ler --
Chry
sler
, Nok
ia, M
otor
ola,
ED
S,
Chry
sler
, Nok
ia, M
otor
ola,
ED
S,
Agfa
Agfa
Star
ting
to b
e no
ticed
by
thes
auru
s di
strib
utor
s St
artin
g to
be
notic
ed b
y th
esau
rus
dist
ribut
ors
----e.
g.,
e.g.
, N
atio
nal
Nat
iona
lCa
ncer
Ins
titut
e m
etat
hesa
urus
to
be r
elea
sed
in O
WL
Canc
er I
nstit
ute
met
athe
saur
us t
o be
rel
ease
d in
OW
L
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
5858
Lots
of
Ope
n I
ssu
esLo
ts o
f O
pen
Iss
ues
How
exp
ress
ive
shou
ld t
he K
R la
ngua
ge b
e?H
ow e
xpre
ssiv
e sh
ould
the
KR la
ngua
ge b
e?W
hat
kind
of
KR/r
easo
ning
sys
tem
W
hat
kind
of
KR/r
easo
ning
sys
tem
F.
O. l
ogic
, fuz
zy, …
F.O
. log
ic, f
uzzy
, …
On
Web
Ont
olog
ies
On
Web
Ont
olog
ies
One
(e.
g. C
YC)
or m
any
(DAM
L)O
ne (
e.g.
CYC
) or
man
y (D
AML)
If m
any,
com
posa
ble
(IEE
E IF
F) o
r m
onol
ithic
(IE
EE S
UM
O)
If m
any,
com
posa
ble
(IEE
E IF
F) o
r m
onol
ithic
(IE
EE S
UM
O)
Will
gen
eral
“up
per
onto
logi
es”
(e.g
., IE
EE S
UO
) be
use
ful?
Will
gen
eral
“up
per
onto
logi
es”
(e.g
., IE
EE S
UO
) be
use
ful?
Will
indu
stry
buy
in?
Will
indu
stry
buy
in?
Or
cont
inue
to
expl
ore
ad h
oc X
ML
base
d so
lutio
nsO
r co
ntin
ue t
o ex
plor
e ad
hoc
XM
L ba
sed
solu
tions
How
will
it b
e us
ed?
How
will
it b
e us
ed?
As m
arku
p? As
alte
rnat
ive
cont
ent?
Ju
st b
oth
mac
hine
s an
d As
mar
kup?
As
alte
rnat
ive
cont
ent?
Ju
st b
oth
mac
hine
s an
d pe
ople
?pe
ople
?
=>
On
ly e
xper
imen
tati
on w
ill y
ield
an
swer
s.=
> O
nly
exp
erim
enta
tion
will
yie
ld a
nsw
ers.
?
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
5959
Con
clu
sion
s an
d fi
nal
th
ough
tsC
oncl
usi
ons
and
fin
al t
hou
ghts
SW m
ight
be
a ch
ance
for
us
to g
et s
ome
SW m
ight
be
a ch
ance
for
us
to g
et s
ome
AI o
ut o
f th
e la
bAI
out
of
the
lab
Solv
ing
the
sym
bol g
roun
ding
pro
blem
Solv
ing
the
sym
bol g
roun
ding
pro
blem
Ret
hink
ing
agen
t co
mm
unic
atio
nRet
hink
ing
agen
t co
mm
unic
atio
nH
ow d
o w
e ge
t th
ere
How
do
we
get
ther
e
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
6060
The
sym
bol g
rou
ndi
ng
prob
lem
The
sym
bol g
rou
ndi
ng
prob
lem
An a
rgum
ent
agai
nst
hum
anAn
arg
umen
t ag
ains
t hu
man
-- lik
e AI
is
like
AI is
th
at it
’s im
poss
ible
unl
ess
mac
hine
sth
at it
’s im
poss
ible
unl
ess
mac
hine
ssh
are
our
perc
eptio
n of
the
wor
ld.
shar
e ou
r pe
rcep
tion
of t
he w
orld
.A
solu
tion
to t
his
“sym
bol g
roun
ding
A so
lutio
n to
thi
s “s
ymbo
l gro
undi
ngpr
oble
m”
is t
o gi
ve r
obot
s w
ith h
uman
prob
lem
” is
to
give
rob
ots
with
hum
anin
spire
d se
nses
.in
spire
d se
nses
.Bu
t th
e w
orld
we
expe
rienc
e is
det
erm
ined
by
our
sens
es,
But
the
wor
ld w
e ex
perie
nce
is d
eter
min
ed b
y ou
r se
nses
, an
d hu
man
and
mac
hine
bod
ies
may
lead
to
diff
eren
t an
d hu
man
and
mac
hine
bod
ies
may
lead
to
diff
eren
t co
ncep
tions
of
the
wor
ld (
e.g.
Nag
el’s
co
ncep
tions
of
the
wor
ld (
e.g.
Nag
el’s
Wha
t Is
It L
ike
To
Wha
t Is
It L
ike
To
Be a
Bat
?Be
a B
at?
))M
aybe
the
Sem
antic
Web
is a
way
out
of
this
pro
blem
?M
aybe
the
Sem
antic
Web
is a
way
out
of
this
pro
blem
?
MIT
’s C
og
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 16
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
6161
Solv
ing
the
sym
bol g
rou
ndi
ng
prob
lem
Solv
ing
the
sym
bol g
rou
ndi
ng
prob
lem
The
web
may
bec
ome
a co
mm
on w
orld
tha
t bo
th
The
web
may
bec
ome
a co
mm
on w
orld
tha
t bo
th
hum
ans
and
mac
hine
s ca
n un
ders
tand
.hu
man
s an
d m
achi
nes
can
unde
rsta
nd.
Conf
essi
on:
the
web
is m
ore
fam
iliar
and
rea
l to
Conf
essi
on:
the
web
is m
ore
fam
iliar
and
rea
l to
me
than
muc
h of
the
rea
l wor
ld.
me
than
muc
h of
the
rea
l wor
ld.
Phys
ical
obj
ects
can
be
tagg
ed w
ith lo
w c
ost
Phys
ical
obj
ects
can
be
tagg
ed w
ith lo
w c
ost
(e.g
., $0
.05)
tra
nspo
nder
s or
RFI
Ds
enco
ding
(e
.g.,
$0.0
5) t
rans
pond
ers
or R
FID
s en
codi
ng
thei
r U
RIs
thei
r U
RIs
See
HP’
s Co
olto
wn
proj
ect
See
HP’
s Co
olto
wn
proj
ect
http
://c
oolto
wn.
com
/ht
tp:/
/coo
ltow
n.co
m/
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
6262
Ret
hin
kin
g th
e ag
ent
com
mu
nic
atio
n p
arad
igm
Ret
hin
kin
g th
e ag
ent
com
mu
nic
atio
n p
arad
igm
Muc
h m
ulti
Muc
h m
ulti --
agen
t sy
stem
s w
ork
is g
roun
ded
in
agen
t sy
stem
s w
ork
is g
roun
ded
in
Agen
t Co
mm
unic
atio
n La
ngua
ges
(e.g
.,
Agen
t Co
mm
unic
atio
n La
ngua
ges
(e.g
., K
QM
LKQ
ML ,
, FI
PAFI
PA)
and
asso
ciat
ed s
oftw
are
infr
astr
uctu
re.
) an
d as
soci
ated
sof
twar
e in
fras
truc
ture
.Th
is p
arad
igm
was
art
icul
ated
~19
90, a
bout
the
sam
e Th
is p
arad
igm
was
art
icul
ated
~19
90, a
bout
the
sam
e tim
e as
the
WW
W w
as d
evel
oped
.tim
e as
the
WW
W w
as d
evel
oped
.O
ur M
AS a
ppro
ach
has
not
yet
left
the
labo
rato
ry y
et
Our
MAS
app
roac
h ha
s no
t ye
t le
ft t
he la
bora
tory
yet
th
e W
eb h
as c
hang
ed t
he w
orld
.th
e W
eb h
as c
hang
ed t
he w
orld
.
May
be w
e sh
ould
try
som
ethi
ng d
iffer
ent?
May
be w
e sh
ould
try
som
ethi
ng d
iffer
ent?
The
com
mun
icat
ion
MAS
par
adig
m h
as b
een
peer
The
com
mun
icat
ion
MAS
par
adig
m h
as b
een
peer
-- toto--
peer
mes
sage
orie
nted
com
mun
icat
ion
med
iate
d by
pe
er m
essa
ge o
rient
ed c
omm
unic
atio
n m
edia
ted
by
brok
ers
and
faci
litat
ors
brok
ers
and
faci
litat
ors
----an
app
roac
h in
herit
ed f
rom
an
app
roac
h in
herit
ed f
rom
cl
ient
clie
nt-- s
erve
r sy
stem
s.se
rver
sys
tem
s.
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
6363
Ret
hin
kin
g th
e ag
ent
com
mu
nic
atio
n p
arad
igm
Ret
hin
kin
g th
e ag
ent
com
mu
nic
atio
n p
arad
igm
A po
ssib
le n
ew p
arad
igm
?A
poss
ible
new
par
adig
m?
Agen
ts “
publ
ish”
bel
iefs
, req
uest
s, a
nd o
ther
Ag
ents
“pu
blis
h” b
elie
fs, r
eque
sts,
and
oth
er
“spe
ech
acts
” on
web
pag
es.
“spe
ech
acts
” on
web
pag
es.
Brok
ers
“sea
rch”
for
and
“in
dex”
pub
lishe
d Br
oker
s “s
earc
h” f
or a
nd “
inde
x” p
ublis
hed
cont
ent
cont
ent
Agen
ts “
disc
over
” w
hat
peer
s ha
ve p
ublis
hed
on
Agen
ts “
disc
over
” w
hat
peer
s ha
ve p
ublis
hed
on
the
web
and
bro
wse
for
mor
e de
tails
the
web
and
bro
wse
for
mor
e de
tails
Agen
ts “
spea
k fo
r” c
onte
nt o
n w
eb p
ages
by
Agen
ts “
spea
k fo
r” c
onte
nt o
n w
eb p
ages
by
Answ
erin
g qu
erie
s ab
out
them
Answ
erin
g qu
erie
s ab
out
them
Acce
ptin
g co
mm
ents
and
ass
ertio
ns a
bout
the
mAc
cept
ing
com
men
ts a
nd a
sser
tions
abo
ut t
hem
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
6464
How
do
we
get
ther
e fr
om h
ere?
How
do
we
get
ther
e fr
om h
ere?
This
sem
antic
web
em
phas
izes
ont
olog
ies
This
sem
antic
web
em
phas
izes
ont
olog
ies
––th
eir
thei
r de
velo
pmen
t, u
se, m
edia
tion,
evo
lutio
n, e
tc.
deve
lopm
ent,
use
, med
iatio
n, e
volu
tion,
etc
.It
will
tak
e so
me
time
to r
eally
del
iver
on
the
It w
ill t
ake
som
e tim
e to
rea
lly d
eliv
er o
n th
e ag
ent
para
digm
, eith
er o
n th
e In
tern
et o
r in
a
agen
t pa
radi
gm, e
ither
on
the
Inte
rnet
or
in a
pe
rvas
ive
com
putin
g en
viro
nmen
t.pe
rvas
ive
com
putin
g en
viro
nmen
t.Th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
com
plex
sys
tem
s is
bas
ical
ly
The
deve
lopm
ent
of c
ompl
ex s
yste
ms
is b
asic
ally
an
evo
lutio
nary
pro
cess
.an
evo
lutio
nary
pro
cess
.Ran
dom
sea
rch
carr
ied
out
by t
ens
of t
hous
ands
Ran
dom
sea
rch
carr
ied
out
by t
ens
of t
hous
ands
of
res
earc
hers
, dev
elop
ers
and
grad
uate
of
res
earc
hers
, dev
elop
ers
and
grad
uate
st
uden
ts.
stud
ents
.
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 17
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
6565C
limbi
ng
Mou
nt
Impr
obab
leC
limbi
ng
Mou
nt
Impr
obab
le
““ The
she
er h
eigh
t of t
he
The
shee
r he
ight
of t
he
peak
doe
sn't
mat
ter,
so
peak
doe
sn't
mat
ter,
so
long
as
you
don'
t try
to
long
as
you
don'
t try
to
scal
e it
in a
sin
gle
boun
d.
scal
e it
in a
sin
gle
boun
d.
Loca
te th
e m
ildly
slo
ping
Lo
cate
the
mild
ly s
lopi
ng
path
and
, if y
ou h
ave
path
and
, if y
ou h
ave
unlim
ited
time,
the
asce
nt
unlim
ited
time,
the
asce
nt
is o
nly
as fo
rmid
able
as
the
is o
nly
as fo
rmid
able
as
the
next
ste
p.”
next
ste
p.”
----Ric
hard
Ric
hard
D
awki
ns, C
limbi
ng M
ount
D
awki
ns, C
limbi
ng M
ount
Im
prob
able
, Pen
guin
Im
prob
able
, Pen
guin
Bo
oks,
199
6.Bo
oks,
199
6.
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
6666
The
Evol
uti
on o
f U
sefu
l Th
ings
The
Evol
uti
on o
f U
sefu
l Th
ings
The
Evol
utio
n of
Use
ful
The
Evol
utio
n of
Use
ful
Thin
gsTh
ings
, Hen
ry P
etro
ski,
1994
., H
enry
Pet
rosk
i, 19
94.
Prio
r to
the
189
0’s,
pap
ers
Prio
r to
the
189
0’s,
pap
ers
wer
e he
ld t
oget
her
with
w
ere
held
tog
ethe
r w
ith
stra
ight
pen
s.st
raig
ht p
ens.
The
deve
lopm
ent
of “
sprin
g Th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
“sp
ring
stee
l” a
llow
ed t
he in
vent
ion
of
stee
l” a
llow
ed t
he in
vent
ion
of
the
pape
r cl
ip in
189
9.th
e pa
per
clip
in 1
899.
It t
ook
abou
t It
too
k ab
out
25 y
ears
(!)
25 y
ears
(!)
for
for
the
evol
utio
n of
the
mod
ern
the
evol
utio
n of
the
mod
ern
“gem
pap
ercl
ip”,
con
side
red
to
“gem
pap
ercl
ip”,
con
side
red
to
be o
ptim
al f
or g
ener
al u
se.
be o
ptim
al f
or g
ener
al u
se.
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
6767
So, w
e sh
ould
…So
, we
shou
ld …
Star
t w
ith
the
sim
ple
and
mov
e to
war
d th
e co
mpl
exSt
art
wit
h t
he s
impl
e an
d m
ove
tow
ard
the
com
plex
E.g.
, fro
m v
ocab
ular
ies
to F
OL
theo
ries
E.g.
, fro
m v
ocab
ular
ies
to F
OL
theo
ries
Dev
elop
new
cap
abili
ties
Dev
elop
new
cap
abili
ties
E.g.
, rul
es, t
rust
, neg
otia
tion,
aut
omat
ic m
arku
p, …
E.g.
, rul
es, t
rust
, neg
otia
tion,
aut
omat
ic m
arku
p, …
Allo
w m
any
onto
logi
es t
o bl
oom
Allo
w m
any
onto
logi
es t
o bl
oom
Let
natu
ral e
volu
tiona
ry p
roce
sses
sel
ect
cons
ensu
s Le
t na
tura
l evo
lutio
nary
pro
cess
es s
elec
t co
nsen
sus
onto
logi
es.
onto
logi
es.
Supp
ort
dive
rsit
y in
on
tolo
gies
Supp
ort
dive
rsit
y in
on
tolo
gies
Mon
ocul
ture
s ar
e un
stab
le, t
here
sho
uld
be n
o M
onoc
ultu
res
are
unst
able
, the
re s
houl
d be
no
““ TheTh
eon
tolo
gy fo
r X”
onto
logy
for
X”..
The
evol
uti
on o
f po
wer
ful,
mac
hin
e re
adab
le
The
evol
uti
on o
f po
wer
ful,
mac
hin
e re
adab
le
onto
logi
es w
ill t
ake
man
y ye
ars,
may
be g
ener
atio
ns
onto
logi
es w
ill t
ake
man
y ye
ars,
may
be g
ener
atio
ns
But
incr
emen
tal b
enef
its w
ill e
asily
just
ify t
he e
ffor
tBu
t in
crem
enta
l ben
efits
will
eas
ily ju
stify
the
eff
ort
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
6868
For
mor
e in
form
atio
nFo
r m
ore
info
rmat
ion
RDF
RDF
http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
RD
F/ht
tp:/
/ww
w.w
3.or
g/RD
F/
DAM
L+O
ILD
AML+
OIL
http
://w
ww
.dam
l.org
/ht
tp:/
/ww
w.d
aml.o
rg/
OW
L &
W3C
’s s
eman
tic w
eb a
ctiv
ityO
WL
& W
3C’s
sem
antic
web
act
ivity
http
://w
ww
.w3.
org/
2001
/sw
/ht
tp:/
/ww
w.w
3.or
g/20
01/s
w/
Sem
antic
web
link
sSe
man
tic w
eb li
nks
http
://s
eman
ticw
eb.o
rg/
http
://s
eman
ticw
eb.o
rg/
Nex
t Se
man
tic W
eb C
onfe
renc
eN
ext
Sem
antic
Web
Con
fere
nce
http
://
http
:// i
swc.
sem
antic
web
.org
isw
c.se
man
ticw
eb.o
rg//
Oct
ober
200
3, S
anib
el I
slan
d, S
C.O
ctob
er 2
003,
San
ibel
Isl
and,
SC.
NSF
IDM
Wor
ksho
p M
ay 6
, 200
2Ti
m F
inin
, mai
lto:fi
nin@
umbc
.edu 18
UM
BC
UM
BC
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
an H
onor
s U
nive
rsity
in M
aryl
and
6969