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The Skeletal

System

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The Skeletal System Unit Front Page

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The Skeletal System

At the end of this unit, I will:

□ Describe the functional properties of three types of cartilage.

□ Explain how cartilage grows. □ Compare and contrast four bone classes and provide examples of each

class.

□ List and describe five important functions of bone. □ Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long and flat bone. Indicate the

locations and functions of red and yellow marrow, articular cartilage, periosteum, and endosteum.

□ Identify bone markings and indicate the functional importance of them. □ Describe the tissue histology of compact and spongy bone.

□ Explain the composition of bone. □ Compare and contrast intramembranous ossification with endochondral

ossification. □ Explain how long bones grow, with respect to the epiphyseal plates.

□ Compare the locations and remodeling functions of the osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

□ Describe the regulatory processes of bone remodeling. □ Classify fractures and explain the steps of fracture repair.

□ Contrast the disorders of bone remodeling seen in osteoporosis,

osteomalcia, and Paget’s disease. □ Name, describe, and identify bones of the axial skeleton and their bone

markings. □ Name, describe, and identify bones of the appendicular skeleton and their

bone markings. □ Classify joints structurally and functionally.

Roots, Prefixes and Suffixes I will understand and recognize in words

are:

□ call-, cancel-, fract-, lamell-, malac-, myel-, soma-, trab-, poie-, acetabul- alve-, append-, calv-, clavicul-, crib-, den-, ethm-, glab-, ham-, ment-,

odon-, pal-, pect-, pelv-, pis-, scaph-, skeleto-, sphen-, styl-, sutur-, vert- xiph-, ab-, ad-, amphi-, arthro-, ankyl-, menisci-, ovi-, rheum-, spondyl-,

supine-, pron-, luxa-, labr-, gompho-, cruci-, burs-, artic-

□ –clast, -physis, -pter, -duct,

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Table 6.1

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Date_______________

Chapter 6: Bone Markings

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Label the Basic Skeleton

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Axial Skeleton List

To Know, Love and Memorize! Skull

Frontal Parietal Temporal

Occipital Sphenoid Maxilla

Mandible Nasal Ethmoid

Lacrimal Zygomatic

Palatine Vomer

Lambdoid suture Coronal suture Sagittal suture

Squamous suture Occipitomastoid suture

Zygomatic process Mastoid process Styloid process

Occipital condyle Mandibular condyle Mandibular notch

Mandibular ramus Coronoid process Hyoid bone

Alveolar Margin

Mental foramen

Foramen Magnum Infraorbital foramen Optic canal

Lacrimal fossa Carotid canal Jugular foramen

External auditory meatus

Rib Cage

Manubrium Body of Sternum Xiphoid process

Know the number of True ribs (Vertebrosternal)

False ribs (Vertebrochondral) Floating ribs (Vertebral)

Spinal Column Know parts of typical vertebrae

Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process

Transverse Process Pedicle Body

Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch

Know the number of vertebrae in each section:

Cervical

Thoracic Lumbar Sacral

Coccyx Recognition Skills:

Be able to recognize the following: Atlas vertebrae Axis vertebrae

Sacrum Coccyx

Be able to distinguish between a cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae when presented

with a sample vertebra

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Axial Skeleton Anatomy:

**Draw a circle around the zygomatic arch

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Axial Skeleton Lab:

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(Opening)

(Bone)

(Bone)

(margin)

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294

295

296

297

298

Draw in the position of the hyoid bone on this vertebra.

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300

301

302

Diagram: Structure of a Long Bone.

Microscopic Anatomy of the Compact Bone

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Reading Guide: Chapter 6 The Skeletal System

1. Read page 176: Skeletal Cartilages.

On page 305 of your intNB, write a GIST about this section.

2. Read pages 176-179: Classification of Bones and Functions of Bones. On page 305 of your intNB, write a GIST about this section.

3. Read pages 179-181: Bone Structure, Gross Anatomy.

On page 302 or your intNB, using proper scientific illustrative techniques, CAREFULLY draw, color, and label with leader lines, the structure of a long bone as shown on Figure 6.3(a), page 180 of your textbook.

4. Read pages 181-184: Microscopic Anatomy of Bone and Chemical Composition of Bone

On page 302 or your intNB, color the Microscopic Anatomy of the Compact Bone. Be sure to use DIFFERENT colors to distinguish the different anatomical parts of the bone.

5. Read pages 184-187: Bone Development

Create two concept cards for the following two vocabulary words: Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral Ossification. **If you do not know how to create concept cards, look at page 13 of your intNB for instructions. You will need TWO index cards for

this. Upon completion, NEATLY tape the left hand side of the index cards onto pages 304-305 of your intNB with the vocabulary illustration facing front, so that the card opens up to the left, as in a book.

6. Read pages 187–193: Bone Homeostasis; Remodeling and Repair

On page 307 of your intNB, write a GIST about this section. 7. Read pages 193-198: Homeostatic Imbalances of the Bone

On page 307 of your intNB, write a GIST about this section.

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Concept Card for Intramembranous Ossification

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Reading Guide Chapter 6: The Skeletal System

GIST 1 Skeletal Cartilages

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Concept Card for Endochondral Ossification

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Reading Guide Chapter 6: The Skeletal System

GIST

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Add “New” notes on cartilage to the right of the review information below.

Cartilage (review)

Characteristics

– Resists tension AND compression

– Lots of collagen (strong) AND elastic fibers (flexible)

– High content of proteoglycans 80% water

(resiliency/spring properties)

– No nerves or blood vessels

– Chondroblasts make matrix until end of human

adolescence

– Mature Chondrocytes found in cavities called lacunae (pit)

– Surrounded by the perichondrium (dense irregular

connective tissue) that serves to:

• Resists outward expansion

• Nourish cartilage tissues

Hyaline Cartilage (review)

• Looks glassy (hyalin = glass)

• Few chondrocytes, all found in lacunae

•Mostly matrix – lots of collagen

Elastic Cartilage (review)

• Looks almost identical to hyaline BUT

more elastic fibers more flexible!

•Matrix appears more fibrous

•More lacunae, closely spaced.

Fibrocartilage (review)

• Intermediate between dense regular CT

and hyaline

• Consists of rows of chondrocytes and

collagen fibers

• Compressible AND resists tension

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Date_______________

Chapter 6: Structure and Function of

Cartilage and Bone

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Bone Composition

(organic)

Osteogeniccells

•mitotic stem cells in membranes covering

bones that createother bone cells

4 cell types:

Osteoblasts:

•Young, bone cells

that makes un-

mineralized bone

matrix, “osteoid”(ground substance, collagen,

glycoproteins,etc.)

Osteocytes:

•mature, bone cells

that maintains

osteoid

Osteoclasts:

•Large cells that

dissolve and break-

down bone and its

osteoid

Skeletal Classification

Type of Skeleton: Type of Skeleton:

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Classification of Bones by Shape

Take Notes Directly Next to the Images

Bone Textures

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Membranes of Bones

Long Bone Short, Irregular, Flat Bone

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Micro-Anatomy of Compact Bones

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Bone & Cartilage Microscope Lab

Examine the following: bone, elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage

Bone: Draw a few osteons in great deal in the space below. Label on your drawing the following: osteon, central (Haversian) canal, circumferential lamella, interstitial lamella, canaliculi, lacuna, osteocytes, Volkmann’s canal.

Elastic Cartilage: Draw a portion of the elastic cartilage Use color. Do notice and illustrate

the presence or absence of fibers in the matrix as that is a key distinguishing point. Label on your drawing the following: lacuna, chondrocytes, chondroblasts, elastic fibers of matrix, perichondrium.

Hyaline Cartilage: Draw a portion of the hyaline. Label on your drawing the following: lacuna, chondrocytes, chondroblasts, matrix of collagen, perichondrium.

** use two different colored arrows to label areas of appositional and interstitial growth in both elastic and hyaline cartilage.

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Bone & Cartilage Microscope Lab Describe how you distinguished the difference between the elastic and hyaline cartilage:

Review Epithelial Tissue Slides: There are several microscopes set up with the slides positioned and focused. Look at the pointer in each and identify the cell types from the following options. You may consult any text or image source you need to help you do this –

even working with a lab partner is ok. Epithelial types: Transitional Simple Cuboidal

Stratified Squamous Simple Columnar

Slide A: Slide B:

Slide C:

Slide D:

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Bone & Cartilage Lab, Part 2

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Bone & Cartilage Lab, Part 2

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Bone & Cartilage Lab, Part 2

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Bone & Cartilage Lab, Part 2

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Intramembranous Ossification (pre-natal)

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Date_______________

Chapter 6: Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling

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Endochondral Ossification

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328

Epiphyseal Plate Activity

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330

331

332

Hormonal Control of Blood Calcium

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“This is your life…. At least your bone’s life.”

Extra Credit Your task is to narrate the “life” of a humerus (upper arm bone) from its cartilage form when you were a fetus to its adult form in you today. You can structure this as a story, a

comic strip, a bulleted list. You can be funny or dry; creative or straightforward. In the end, you should be able to describe/narrate the changes that happened in the bone.

This would include endochondral ossification, bone growth along the epiphyseal plate, bone remodeling, and, if you have broken your bone, bone healing.

The more detail you put into it and the more clear it is, the more useful the process. So… use your time well…. And create a story

Sample Student Project

The Life of a Humerus: An Epic Poem

In the fetal period it will all begin, With Endochondral Ossification

See, before any humerus ever laughed,

There was a twinkle in a hyaline cartilage shaft. It’s called a primary ossification center,

Where in the perichondrium, blood vessels enter.

As soon as those blood vessels tossed in, then It becomes a vascularized periosteum.

When this change in nutrition comes to pass,

The underlying mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts. Now the diaphysis of the hyaline is ready and warm,

So around it a bone collar starts to form.

Once the bone collar has reached a size, Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies.

The calcified cartilage matrix starts to deteriorate, And as the chondrocytes die it will cavitate. As soon as these internal cavities are made,

The periosteal bud will start to invade. With entering osteoblasts osteoid is sown,

Forming cartilage trabeculae covered by bone

Yep, through this process it should be clear, The first formation of spongy bone is here! Ossification continues without depravity,

And results in the formation of the medullary cavity. And when primary ossification is coherent,

Signs of secondary ossification are apparent.

They’re preparing for the day to live and let lie When the epiphyses will ossify.

When that ossification has been completed,

Our mother hyaline cartilage is hardly needed. Where once it had been the model, the star,

It remains only in the epiphyseal plate and cartilage articular.

But hey, we’re not done. Don’t sound the horn. All of this takes place before a person is born.

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During infancy and youth when a body will strengthen, This is the time for bones to lengthen.

They lengthen with interstitial growth in health or sickness, And the appositional growth accounts for their thickness.

Bones like me are forever in their presence,

But most stop growing during adolescence. Until that time though with little doubt,

I will just keep growing from the inside out.

The epiphyseal plate is where growth will take place, With resting cartilage cells only on its distal face.

But it’s pretty simple; it starts with the growth zone,

Where cartilage cell mitosis leaves no cell alone. Then hypertrophic center, where chondrocytes get big and strong,

Here the matrix is still present, but not for long

In the calcification zone the matrix calcifies, And leaves spiky ends where the chondrocytes die.

The ossification zone is most alluring,

because it’s where new bone formation is occurring. The spiky ends have become trabeculae,

Where osteoblasts come in to play.

They come in as soon as they have space, Spreading red bone marrow all over the place.

And when adolescence is ending at last, There’s a slowing of mitosis in the chondroblasts

And as epiphyseal plates become thinner and thinner,

They’re replaced by bone tissue as the winner. Longitudinal growth is really over,

In a process called epiphyseal plate closure.

The process, I guess, is put to use, When the epiphysis and diaphysis fuse

But see, I can still always increase in diameter,

When stressed by excessive activity’s perimeter. I’m here for your life, so I promise you this,

From the very heart of my diaphysis,

Your knuckles may crack and your knees may buckle, But I’ll be here to support you and make you chuckle.

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Homeostatic Imbalances (Osteoporosis)

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Date_______________

Chapter 6: Dysfunction of the Skeletal System

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Bone Density Test

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340

Homeostatic Imbalances (Arthritis)

Homeostatic Imbalances (Osteomalacia/Rickets)

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342

\

Simple

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344

Bone Repair

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346

Discuss these terms in your lab group, and circle the term that does not belong.

Your lab group must have consensus and be ready to justify/defend your choices with the class.

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Chapter 6

Unit Packet

Skeletal System

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351

352

353

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Appendicular Skeleton Lab

Where would the subscapular fossa be located? __________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

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Appendicular Skeleton List: Honors Physiology

To Know, Love & Memorize!

Scapula

Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity

Spine Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa

Suprascapular notch Superior angle Superior border

Inferior angle Lateral border

Lateral angle Medial border Subscapular Fossa

Humerus

Greater tubercle

Lesser tubercle Head of humerus Deltoid tuberosity

Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Capitulum

Trochlea Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle

Ulna

Olecranon process

Trochlear notch Coronoid process Head of ulna

Styloid process of ulna Radius

Styloid process of radius Radial tuberosity Head

Neck Hand

Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Pelvis

Ilium Ischium Ischial spine

Iliac fossa Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine

Acetabulum Pubic symphysis Obturator foramen

Ala Sacroiliac joint

Sacrum Coccyx Pubic Bone

Patella

Femur

Neck Head Fovea capitis

Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Lateral condyle & epicondyle

Medial condyle & epicondyle Intercondylar notch (fossa)

Tibia

Intercondylar eminence

Lateral & medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest

Medial malleolus Fibula

Lateral malleolus Head

Foot Tarsal Metatarsal

Phalanges Calcaneus Talus

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Where would the olecranon fossa be located?

Neck of radius

Medial epicondyle

Lateral epicondyle

Coronoid fossa

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List at least three articulating pairs of bone markings that make up the elbow joint.

a. _________________________________: ______________________________________

b. _________________________________: ______________________________________

c. _________________________________: ______________________________________

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Where would you find the intercondylar fossa?

Fovea capitis

Lateral and Medial epicondyles

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Skeletal Anatomy Memory Check!

Go to each bone, look at the number of structures you should remember on the front of

pages 329 and 353. Cover that page, then write as many as you can in pencil below. Then, when everyone is done, write in the terms you missed in a colored pen. Ready… Set…. Remember!! Scapula (14 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Humerus (10 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Radius (4 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ulna (5 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Pelvis (14 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Femur (8 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4

5.

6.

7.

8.

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Tibia (5 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4

5.

Fibula (2 structures)

1.

2.

Hand (3 structures)

1.

2.

3.

Foot (5 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Skull Bones (13 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Skull sutures (5 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4

5.

Skull projections + 1 floating bone (6

structures)

1.

2.

3.

4

5.

6.

Skull depressions, holes, or openings

(9 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Typical vertebrae (8 structures)

1.

2.

3.

4

5.

6.

7.

8.

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Date_______________

Chapter 8: Joints

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Skeletal System Unit Back Page (See page 19 for instructions)

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Summary of One Objective

Choose one student objective from the start of the unit (page 279) and thoroughly explain the objective question in your writing. Use the vocabulary that was included in your concept

map. Be specific with your language to communicate your understanding of the unit. Underline or highlight vocabulary words that were incorporated in your summary.

-- OR –

Write a summary of the unit by thoroughly explaining the interrelationship between the

terms that were used in the concept map. It is important that you define concepts in your explanation and include the vocabulary that was in your concept map. Underline or highlight the vocabulary words that were incorporated into your summary.

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List of Greek and Latin Terms from Integumentary System Unit: