The Smart Power Grid

Stephen LeeSenior Technical Executive Power Delivery & UtilizationOctober 21, 2009IEEE Power Electronics SocietySanta Clara Valley Chapter

2

Outline Of Presentation

• Holistic Power Supply & Delivery Chain

• Smart Grid Standards (NIST)

• Smart Meters/Home Area Network

• Demand Response

• Electric / Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

• Highly Variable Renewable Wind and Solar Resources (Utility scale and distributed)

• Energy Storage Technologies

• Applications of Synchrophasors

• Conclusions

3

Common Information

Model (CIM) for Energy

Management Systems (EMS)

Utility Communication

Architecture (UCA) for

Substation Automation

IntelliGrid Architecture

NIST Smart Grid Interoperability

Roadmap

1990 1995 2000 20102005

EPRI’s Smart Grid Leadership

Smart Grid Demonstration

Projects

4

Smart Grid: Focus on What is Possible

Smart Smart GridGrid

Need an Objective Assessment of the Potential for Smart Transmission and the Path to Achieve it

5

Highly Instrumented

with Advanced Sensors and Computing

Interconnected by a Communication Fabric

that Reaches Every Device

• Engaging Consumers

• Enhancing Efficiency

• Ensuring Reliability

• Enabling Renewables & Electric Transportation

What is The Smart Grid?

Many Definitions – But One VISION

6

Smart Grid Domains

Source: EPRI Report to NIST on Smart Grid Interoperability, June 2009

7

Current State – Power Grid Operations

2-4 Sec scan rates

Limited to info from lines and transformers at substations

MW, MVAR, KV breaker status

2

3

4

5

7

6

1

8

9

1011

12 13

14

15

1617

2

3

4

5

7

6

1

8

9

1011

12 13

14

15

1617

Limited Grid Visibility

8

Smart Transmission State – Power Grid Operations

750 +282j

250 +84j

100 +62j

20 + 8j

276 + 120j

130 + 8j

300 + 100j

750 + 262j 440

+ 200j

120 + 11j

350 + 150j

227 + 420j 704 + 308j

2

3

4

5

7

6

1

8

9

1011

12 13

14

15

1617

176 +88j

Higher speed scan rates

Allows more frequent analysis of system state

Enhanced Grid Visibility

9

End-uses & DR

Distribution SystemTransmission System

Energy Storage

Fuel Supply System

Fuel Source/Storage

Power Plants

Renewable Plants

Data CommunicationData Communication

Wide Area ControlWide Area Control

Sensors

Controllers

ZIP

M

Dynamic Load ModelsDynamic Power Plant Models

End-to-End Power Delivery Chain Operation & Planning

Monitoring, Modeling, Analysis, Coordination & ControlMonitoring, Modeling, Analysis, Coordination & Control

10

North America Electricity Interconnections

11

Independent System Operators / Regional Transmission Operators (ISO/RTO)

12

North America Electricity Balancing Authorities

13

New Challenges for a Smart Grid

• Need to integrate:

– Large-scale stochastic (uncertain) renewable generation

– Electric energy storage

– Distributed generation

– Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

– Demand response (smart meters)

• Need to deploy and integrate:

– New Synchronized measurement technologies

– New sensors

– New System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS)

14

Foundations Need Strengthening

• End-to-End Situational Awareness

• Alarm Management and Real-Time Root-Cause Diagnosis

• Dynamic Models of all Generators and Loads

• Faster System Restoration

• System Integrity Protection Schemes

– Faster reflex actions on wide-area problems

– Measurement-based safety nets to prevent cascading blackouts, e.g., load shedding, islanding/separation, damping

15

Major Power System Disturbances

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Duration in Hours

Lo

ad

Lo

st in

GW

1 - 2003 NE

2 - 1965 NE

3 - 1977 NYC

4 - 1982 WSCC 5 - 1996 WSCC

6 - 1996 WSCC

7 - 1998 MW

Restoration Objectives: ▪ Minimize Duration of Outages ▪ Minimized Unserved Loads ▪ Avoid Equipment Danage

Source: NSF/EPRI Workshop on Understanding and Preventing Cascading Failures in Power Systems, Oct 28, 2005.

Effective System Restoration Can Reduce The Societal Impact Of Widespread Blackouts

Extensive (magnitude & duration) blackouts cost Billions of $ to the economy

16

New Solutions Are Needed

• Optimal end-to-end commitment and dispatch by ISO/RTO as backstop for system reliability

• Virtual Service Aggregators serving as Energy Balancing Authorities

– Dispatch and control stochastic renewable generation

– Dispatch and control (and own?) large scale energy storage plants

– Manage demand response proactively

– Manage smart electric vehicle charging

17

Role of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on Smart Grid Standards

• In cooperation with the DoE, NEMA, IEEE, GWAC, and other stakeholders, NIST has “primary responsibility to coordinate development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for information management to achieve interoperability of smart grid devices and systems…”

Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 Title XIII, Section 1305

Smart Grid Interoperability Framework

17

18

Smart Grid Domains

CustomerCustomerCustomerCustomer

DistributionDistributionTransmissionTransmission Bulk

GenerationBulk Generation

Service ProviderService ProviderOperationsOperationsMarketsMarkets

19

Smart Grid Networks

20

Key Standards Organizations Involved in the Development of “Smart Grid” Infrastructure

ISO IECInternationalstandards-developing organizations

National Organizations

Trade, technical,and government

Consortia anduser groups

JTC 1

ANSI(US) EIA/CEMA IEEEASHRAE

SAE

UCA International

Zigbee Alliance

AEIC MeterGroup

BACnet™Users

ITU

IEC 61970/68CIM Users

IEC 61850Users Open AMI

AHAM

Utility AMI Open HAN

BACnet™Mfrs

JTC 1 WG 25

*Representative Sample

ASHRAE SSPC 135 UIWG

ANSI C12Series

EPRI IWG

ISA

IETF

CENELEC

Other Projects

NIST

RD&D

ProjectsEPRI ProjectsCEC Projects DOD ProjectsDOE Projects

21

NIST Phase 1 Plan

21

March September2009

Key Milestones:

• Stakeholder workshops April 28-29 & May 19-20

• NIST Recognized Standards Release – May 08

• EPRI delivers Interim roadmap to NIST – Wednesday, June 17

• Standard Development Organizations workshop – August 3-4

• NIST smart grid interoperability report – September 2009

EPRI Project Objectives:

• Develop an Interim Roadmap that describes the high-level Smart Grid architecture, principles and interface design.

• Describe the current status, issues, and priorities for interoperability standards development and harmonization including an action plan that addresses these issues.

• Rapidly build consensus for the Interim Roadmap among the various Smart Grid stakeholders.

22

NIST Phase 2 and Phase 3 Plan

22

PHASE 1Recognize a set of

initial existing consensus standards

and develop a roadmap to fill gaps

PHASE 2Establish public/private

Standards Panel to provide ongoing recommendations

for new/revised standards to be recognized by NIST

PHASE 3Conformity Framework

(including Testing and Certification)

March September2009 2010

23

Smart GridEnabling Consumers to be More Efficient

Feedback Studies - % Electricity Savings; Direct and Indirect Feedback

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Study #

% S

avin

gs

....

Numerous studies have been conducted to quantify the impact of information on electricity consumption

Making Consumers Energy Aware

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EfficientBuildingSystems

UtilityCommunications

DynamicSystemsControl

DataManagement

DistributionOperations

DistributedGenerationand Storage

Plug-In Hybrids

SmartEnd-UseDevices

ControlInterface

AdvancedMetering

Consumer Portaland Building EMS

Internet Renewables

PV

Prices to DevicesTomorrow’s Smart Pricing

• Thermostat receivesday-ahead hourlyprices

• Consumer sets upperand lower limits

• Thermostat “learns”thermal, consumerand weather impacts

25

Future HAN Applications for Energy Management

Smart Energy Application Profile 2.0

Air Conditioner Pool Pump Water Heater Refrigerator

Computer/Laptop Flat Screen TV Washer/Dryer

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Wind Turbine Solar Panels

• Zigbee• HomePlug• Wi-Fi

26

What is Demand Response?

• Voluntary, temporary adjustment of power demand by end-user or counter-party in response to market signal (e.g. price, emergency, etc.)

• Three basic forms

– Direct Load Control

– Price Response

– Interruptible Tariff

• Enabling technology automation ubiquity DR magnitude & reliability

• Still subject to human behavior

– Even with automation, overrides possible

– Persistence a question

Image source: GDF Suez

27

…and DR will be needed to help balance increasing intermittent resources on the Grid…

V f

High

LowSupply Demand

But a Smarter Grid isn’t a panacea for DR… lack of Measurement &Verification standards still a key barrier

28

Smart GridEnabling PHEV Through Smart Charging

MainframeMainframeMainframe

Back Office Systems

MainframeMainframeMainframeMainframeMainframeMainframe

Back Office Systems

Plug-In VehicleAMI Path

Smart Charging Back EndEnergy Management, Cust ID, Billing

Non-AMI Path

StandardInterface• Utility – Auto industry

collaboration

• Standardize interface vehicle-to-grid

• Open systems

29

Variability of Wind Generation

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Solar Thermal (CSP) vs Photovoltaic (PV) Output

Source: Larry Stoddard, Black & Veatch

Sunny Day

Cloudy Day

31

Load, Wind Output, Solar Output

Time of Day

MW

Load

Solar

Wind

32

Net Load

Time of Day

MWNet Load

Load

Faster Ramp

Sudden V-turn

33PUCT Project 37339 Workshop08/20/2009

Typical Spring Week Generation by Fuel Type [ACTUAL]

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

Nuclear Coal CombCycle GasSteam PrivateGas GasTurbine Wind Other

Sunday 04/19/09

Monday 04/20/09

Tuesday 04/21/09

Wednesday 04/22/09

Thursday 04/23/09

Friday 04/24/09

Saturday 04/25/09

34

Positioning of Energy Storage Options

Flow Batteries: Zn/Cl Zn-Air

ZrBr VRB PSB Novel Systems NaS Battery

Li-Ion Battery

NiCd

NiMH

High Power Fly Wheels

SMESHigh Power Super Caps

1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW

Lead Acid Battery

High Energy Super

Caps

ZEBRA Battery

System Power Ratings

Dis

cha

rge

Tim

e a

t R

ate

d P

ow

er

Sec

on

ds

M

inu

tes

H

ou

rs UPS Grid Support Energy Management

Power Quality Load Shifting Bridging Power Bulk Power Mgt

Pumped

Hydro

CAES

© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Advanced Lead Acid Battery

Metal-Air Batteries

Nano-cap hybrids?

35

Compressed Air Energy StorageAEC CAES Plant (McIntosh, Alabama):

- - Arial View - -

• First US CAES Plant: Alabama Electric Cooperative McIntosh Plant (110MW – 26 Hr)

• Started commercial operation: midnight May 31, 1991

• Due to excellent part load efficiency, regulation ramping, and/or spinning reserve duty are often used

AEC McIntosh Site: CAES Plant On Right and Two Combustion Turbines On Left

36

CT Module

Exhaust

Air

Compressor

Combustion Turbine

Motor

• Storage

Air

IntercoolersRecuperator

Fuel

Expander

Storage

Advanced CAES Plant: Schematic- - - Second Generation “Chiller” Design- - -

Estimated Cap. Cost (2008 $) ~ $600/kW to $750/kW + Substation, Permits & Contingencies

Constant Output Pressure Regulation Valve

(For Salt Geology)

The CAES plant design and technology presented above is described in U.S. Patent Numbers 7389644 and 4872307, invented by Dr. Michael Nakhamkin, Chief Technology Officer, Energy Storage and Power LLC. Use of this technology may require a license.

Heat RateEnergy Ratio

38100.70

37

Online Stability Monitoring & Analysis

Wide Area Visualization

Model Validation & Adjustment

Controlled Separation & Restoration

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Time (seconds)

Vol

tage

(pu

)

Hassayampa 500 kV

Measured

Simulated H=0.3Simulated H=0.03

Simulated H=0.05Simulated H=0.1Simulated H=0.2

Simulated H =0.5

PMU Applications

Improve situational awareness

Increase transfer capabilities

Prevent cascading failures & reduce wide-area blackouts

Reduce system restoration time and outage durations

Improve accuracy of modelsResearch

Development

Application

Demonstration

38

Wide Area Visualization using PMU and EMS Data

• Industry Issues

– How to use PMUs to improve system operators situational awareness?

– How to handle large volume of PMU data?

• EPRI Solutions: Developed wide area visualization tool using PMU and EMS data

– Developed event-replay function to assist post-event analysis

– Developed real-time security monitoring function

– Developed disturbance location determination function

39

Measurement-based Voltage Stability Analysis

• Industry Issues– Need online voltage stability

monitoring and analysis capabilities– Simulation-based voltage stability

analysis approach has limitations.• EPRI Solutions: Developed three-level

voltage stability monitoring and analysis framework

– Developed Voltage Instability Load Shedding to calculate voltage stability margin at substation level

– Developed Measurement-based Voltage Stability Monitoring and Control algorithm to calculate voltage stability margin at Voltage Control Area level

– Developing visualization tool to help system operators monitor system-wide voltage stability condition

40

PMU-based Controlled Separation Scheme

• Industry Issues

– Where to separate?

– When to separate?

– How to separate?

• EPRI Solutions: Developed PMU-based Controlled Separation Framework

– Study cascading scenarios offline and determine potential separation interfaces

– Use PMU to monitor oscillation and developed algorithm to quickly identify the dominate oscillation mode.

– Developed PMU-based Out-of-Step Relay scheme to determine the separation timing

41

Application of Synchrophasor Measurements for Validating System Planning Models

• Industry Issues

– Having accurate models is important for system planning studies

– Validation of models is challenging

• EPRI Solutions:

– Developed measurement-based load modeling methods and tools that can use measured disturbance data to validate load models.

– Developed methods and tools that can use measured disturbance data to validate generator dyanmic models

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Time (seconds)Vo

ltage

(pu)

Hassayampa 500 kV

MeasuredSimulated H=0.3Simulated H=0.03

Simulated H=0.05Simulated H=0.1Simulated H=0.2Simulated H =0.5

42

Conclusions

• Need to Make the Bulk Power System Smarter

• Interest in Smart Grid could modernize the Electric Power System

• Key Messages:

– Focus on Benefits to Cost Payback

– Consider all parts together (Holistic approach)

– Remove deficiencies in foundations

– Implement new solutions

THANK YOU!