The Social IdentityThe Social Identity

Of ScotlandOf Scotland

The UK family: In statistics The UK family: In statistics

Families are changing shape and Families are changing shape and facing up to new lifestyle facing up to new lifestyle challenges. The facts and figures challenges. The facts and figures below give an idea of what the below give an idea of what the typical UK family looks like in the typical UK family looks like in the early 21st century.early 21st century.

What is a ‘typical’ family?What is a ‘typical’ family?

There were 17.1 million families in the UK There were 17.1 million families in the UK in 2006 - up from 16.5 million in 1996. in 2006 - up from 16.5 million in 1996.

Most were still headed by a married couple Most were still headed by a married couple (71%), although the proportion of (71%), although the proportion of cohabiting couple families had increased cohabiting couple families had increased to 14%, from 9% 10 years earlier. to 14%, from 9% 10 years earlier.

Although two children remains the most Although two children remains the most common family size, the average number common family size, the average number of children per family in the UK has of children per family in the UK has dropped - from 2.0 in 1971 to 1.8. dropped - from 2.0 in 1971 to 1.8.

Where families liveWhere families live More young people are living at home for longer. More young people are living at home for longer.

In 2006, 58% of men and 39% of women aged 20-In 2006, 58% of men and 39% of women aged 20-24 in England still lived at home with their 24 in England still lived at home with their parents. parents.

There is a larger than average concentration of There is a larger than average concentration of single people living in London, whereas married single people living in London, whereas married couples and families tend to be concentrated in couples and families tend to be concentrated in the centre of the country and around the outskirts the centre of the country and around the outskirts of major cities, according to research by Professor of major cities, according to research by Professor Danny Dorling of Sheffield University. Danny Dorling of Sheffield University.

His map is based on data drawn from the 85 His map is based on data drawn from the 85 constituencies used for the European constituencies used for the European parliamentary elections in 1999, each containing parliamentary elections in 1999, each containing many people over the age of 18 in a similar many people over the age of 18 in a similar geographical area.geographical area.

The areas are categorised, for example as The areas are categorised, for example as predominantly single, where the number of predominantly single, where the number of people living on their own is the most unusually people living on their own is the most unusually large group compared with the national average. large group compared with the national average.

Figures were not available for Northern Ireland.Figures were not available for Northern Ireland.

Work-life balanceWork-life balance

In most families with dependent In most families with dependent children, the father is still the main children, the father is still the main wage earner and the mother often wage earner and the mother often works part-time. works part-time.

According to the BBC/ICM poll, 33% According to the BBC/ICM poll, 33% of women still do the bulk of of women still do the bulk of household chores, but 35% of household chores, but 35% of respondents said both parents respondents said both parents shared childcare duties. shared childcare duties.

Work-life balance; The Work-life balance; The figuresfigures

Spending habitsSpending habits

The average family income is The average family income is £32,779 before tax. £32,779 before tax.

According to ONS figures, an average According to ONS figures, an average house - made up of 3.9 people - house - made up of 3.9 people - spends £601.20 a week, compared spends £601.20 a week, compared with a couple's average spend of with a couple's average spend of £527.30. In other words, the £527.30. In other words, the household spends £155.60 per head, household spends £155.60 per head, compared with a couple's spend of compared with a couple's spend of £263.60 per head. £263.60 per head.

The The SpendinSpending Habits g Habits

of of British British

FamiliesFamilies

The Social Identity of

The last census in 20The last census in 201111 showed that showed that 7,364,570 people live in Bulgaria. The 7,364,570 people live in Bulgaria. The

average life expectancy for women is 74, and average life expectancy for women is 74, and for men - 67. About one quarter of the for men - 67. About one quarter of the

population is at the age of pension. Most of population is at the age of pension. Most of Bulgarian population lives in cities. More than Bulgarian population lives in cities. More than a million and a half people live in the capital a million and a half people live in the capital city Sofia, which is approximately one fifth of city Sofia, which is approximately one fifth of the total population. There are many ethnic the total population. There are many ethnic

groups living in Bulgaria (Turks, Gypsies, groups living in Bulgaria (Turks, Gypsies, Armenians, Jews, Greeks and Albanians) as a Armenians, Jews, Greeks and Albanians) as a

consequence of its historical and consequence of its historical and geographical specifics. All minorities live in geographical specifics. All minorities live in

harmony with the Bulgarian population harmony with the Bulgarian population without any social or ethnic pressure.without any social or ethnic pressure.

According to the first EU census held this year the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria gives result,

which is 7,364,570 inhabitants. In 2001 the population was 7,932,984 inhabitants.

Growth rate: −4.6 people/1,000 population (2010)

Birth rate: 10.0 births/1,000 population (2010)

Death rate: 14.6 deaths/1,000 population (2010)

Life expectancy: 73.6 yearsmale: 70.0 yearsfemale: 77.2 years

Fertility rate: 1.49 children born/woman

Ethnical groups

LanguagesLanguagesBulgarianBulgarian 87.5%87.5% Turkish Turkish 8.6% 8.6% RomaRoma 2.1% 2.1%

other and unspecified 1.8%other and unspecified 1.8% The 2011 census defines an ethnic group The 2011 census defines an ethnic group

as a "community of people, related to as a "community of people, related to each other by origin and language, and each other by origin and language, and close to each other by mode of life and close to each other by mode of life and culture"; and one's mother tongue as "the culture"; and one's mother tongue as "the language a person speaks best and language a person speaks best and usually uses for communication in the usually uses for communication in the family (household)"family (household)"

ReligionReligion Orthodox Christian Orthodox Christian

85.6%85.6%Muslim Muslim 10.2%10.2%Roman Catholic Roman Catholic 0.6%0.6%Protestant Protestant 0.5%0.5%other other 0.2% 0.2% undeclared and not shown 2.9%undeclared and not shown 2.9%

Median ageMedian ageTotal: 41.4 years Total: 41.4 years Male: 39.2 years Male: 39.2 years

Female: 43.6 yearsFemale: 43.6 years Sex ratioSex ratio

At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and 15–64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female over: 0.68 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2009 est.) Total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2009 est.) HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS

Adult prevalence rate: less than 0.1% (2011 est.) Adult prevalence rate: less than 0.1% (2011 est.)

People living with HIV/AIDS: 803 (November People living with HIV/AIDS: 803 (November 2007)2007)

Deaths: 100 (2011 est.) Deaths: 100 (2011 est.)

The following demographic statistics are from the The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World FactbookCIA World Factbook

Prisoners of war, Prisoners of war, disappearancesdisappearances

Deportation of the Deportation of the JewsJews

DisplacementDisplacement

IIn the n the SSecond econd WWorld orld WWar the human loss ar the human loss nearly 1 million nearly 1 million peoplepeople

The Second World War and its The Second World War and its

consequencesconsequences The human loss (casualties) reached The human loss (casualties) reached

nearly one million in Hungary. People nearly one million in Hungary. People lost their lives in the battles, during lost their lives in the battles, during the bombings of German and later the bombings of German and later Russian occupation. Jews were killed Russian occupation. Jews were killed after their deportations in after their deportations in concentration camps.concentration camps.

In the decades after the war, the In the decades after the war, the Hungarian population policy supported Hungarian population policy supported starting a family and took measures to starting a family and took measures to increase the population.increase the population.

The population of

Hungary between 1920 and

1990Year Population

(million/person)

• Anna Ratko was a Minister of Public Welfare and later a Minister of health.

•She was the first female minister in Hungary.

•The birth control laws made she very well-known.

Ratko eraRatko era Anna Ratko was a Minister of Public Welfare Anna Ratko was a Minister of Public Welfare

first, later she was a Minister of health.first, later she was a Minister of health. They tried to influence the increase of They tried to influence the increase of

population with legal means and wanted to population with legal means and wanted to improve the social services. In 1952 they improve the social services. In 1952 they abolished the institution of divorce by consent abolished the institution of divorce by consent and banned abortion. They only allowed the and banned abortion. They only allowed the interruption of pregnancy if the foetus was interruption of pregnancy if the foetus was unhealthy, or if the pregnant woman's life unhealthy, or if the pregnant woman's life was in danger. Those who had no children had was in danger. Those who had no children had to pay the childless taxes. These resulted in to pay the childless taxes. These resulted in the fact that birth rates radically increased, in the fact that birth rates radically increased, in 1960 the population of Hungary reached 9,9 1960 the population of Hungary reached 9,9 million. million.

The law forbade the The law forbade the artificial interruption of artificial interruption of pregnancy.pregnancy.

Childless tax paymentChildless tax payment FFor pregnant women or pregnant women

before giving birth before giving birth 12 12 weeks weeks of paid leave of paid leave and after giving birth and after giving birth 6 6 months months breastfeeding breastfeeding time.time.

Result:Result: Under 10 Under 10 years years the population the population of Hungary grew of Hungary grew almost about almost about 600.000600.000

1960-19701960-1970 In the 60s the birth rate decreased, because more and more In the 60s the birth rate decreased, because more and more

women started working, urbanization and industrialization women started working, urbanization and industrialization were going on, due to the decrease in the proportion of rural were going on, due to the decrease in the proportion of rural families with several children. families with several children.

In 1970 they developed the system of primary education and In 1970 they developed the system of primary education and the majority of the population completed 8 years in primary the majority of the population completed 8 years in primary school.school.

The government developed the system of nursery schools The government developed the system of nursery schools under the age of 3 for children and kindergarten between the under the age of 3 for children and kindergarten between the ages of 3 and 6 f to help working mothers, and they ages of 3 and 6 f to help working mothers, and they increased the length of maternity leave. increased the length of maternity leave.

In 1967 they introduced the idea of child care benefit. In 1967 they introduced the idea of child care benefit. Mothers could get money to bring their children up. Mothers could get money to bring their children up. This This assistance made it possible for one of the parents to stay at assistance made it possible for one of the parents to stay at home for 2.5 years and had therefore benefited from state home for 2.5 years and had therefore benefited from state care, its amount was 600Ft. It is about two euros at the care, its amount was 600Ft. It is about two euros at the moment. This was the longest and most favorable child care moment. This was the longest and most favorable child care assistance.assistance.

And they lifted up the the amount of family allowance too. And they lifted up the the amount of family allowance too. These measures increased the number of the population These measures increased the number of the population and the number of births again.and the number of births again.

• Number of Number of population increasepopulation increasess

• Large familiesLarge families

• TThe number of he number of illegal abortions illegal abortions increased, many increased, many young women died young women died or were imprisonedor were imprisoned

• After 1955 After 1955 drastically reduced drastically reduced the number of the number of birthsbirths

The abortion ban lifted in June 1956, a childless tax in 1956 was abolished after the revolution.

CausesCauses::

-Women begWomen begaan n workwork

- - Educational Educational growthgrowth

- - UUrbanizationrbanization

- - Depleted the Depleted the number of number of religious religious practicespractices

Educational evolutionEducational evolution

College

Graduation

grade 8

Vocational diploma without graduation

less than grade 8

Government Government measures to stop measures to stop the falling birth the falling birth

raterate

-They increased They increased the amount of the amount of family allowancefamily allowance

-They built They built nurseries and nurseries and kindergartenskindergartens

-They increased They increased the Paid maternity the Paid maternity leaveleave

-In 1967 they In 1967 they introduced the introduced the maternity leavematernity leave

Panel housing onsetPanel housing onset

Family Family allowanceallowance

Kindergartens Kindergartens and nurseriesand nurseries

1980-2011 The decrease of the number of births

live births

mortality

natural increase or decrease

Effects:Effects: •Usually there were families with two children

Babysitters appeard:

jobs

Women bear later and later

Families

1981980 MATERNITY aid0 MATERNITY aid

19871987 Mother Mother allowceallowce

(6000 Ft)(6000 Ft)

19901990Fiancial support of Fiancial support of parents and school parents and school

childrenchildren

Family taxationFamily taxation

A big family in the pastGoverment has increased the population from 1980 until 2011

A tipycal family today

8-9-10-11 slide:8-9-10-11 slide: Since 1980 until todaySince 1980 until today Around 1980, the birth rate started to fall again. The causes of the decline Around 1980, the birth rate started to fall again. The causes of the decline

of birth rate were the following:of birth rate were the following: There was an economic and social crisis as a result the living standards There was an economic and social crisis as a result the living standards

became worse. became worse. The health status of the population deteriorated, it became worse. The health status of the population deteriorated, it became worse. The number of suicides and the number of alcoholics increased. The number of suicides and the number of alcoholics increased. Drug appeared.Drug appeared. There appeared big differences between the property and financial There appeared big differences between the property and financial

situation of the population.situation of the population.

Nobody can be sure of having their job and the unemployment has Nobody can be sure of having their job and the unemployment has appeared.appeared.

There are fewer manual workers than intellectual ones.There are fewer manual workers than intellectual ones. The proportion of university and college students have doubled.The proportion of university and college students have doubled. Fewer people have got married, and the number of divorces has Fewer people have got married, and the number of divorces has

increased. Young people have got married later and they have undertaken increased. Young people have got married later and they have undertaken children later and fewer and fewer children have been born. More and children later and fewer and fewer children have been born. More and more people became graduates and the learning time expanded to 25-26 more people became graduates and the learning time expanded to 25-26 years of age. years of age.

In general, couples undertake children at the age of 30.In general, couples undertake children at the age of 30. In 1980 they introduced the child care allowance, called "maternity leave" In 1980 they introduced the child care allowance, called "maternity leave"

in Hungary called GYED, the education allowance and tax incentive.in Hungary called GYED, the education allowance and tax incentive. These days the population continues to decline, large families become These days the population continues to decline, large families become

disintegrated and there are more and more one-child families. Since the disintegrated and there are more and more one-child families. Since the 1970s the number of people who lived outside marriage increased 1970s the number of people who lived outside marriage increased significantly. In 1990 one third of families lived without children.significantly. In 1990 one third of families lived without children.

• structures and development of the population

• Improvement of living conditions• social poverty in a transforming

society• educational expansion/ educational

opportunities• modernization• diversity of the modern social

structure

• population growth• declining birth rates • population gets older • immigration needs ---------> problems of

integration • immigration dynamics/ long term

consequences of the second world war (e.g. Eastern Germany)

• economic miracle• earnings grow • prosperity explosion (living conditions and

consumer goods)

• income poverty• risk groups• homeless peoples

• extension of the number of schools• more young people visit secondary schools • abolition of „Hauptschule“

• development of the social structures in reunited Germany e.g. Berlin

• 4 social layers (elite, middle class, working class, lower class)

• exterior features (profession, income, possession, influence) and interior features (behaviour, life experience)

Belgium

Belgiumgood in languages three official languages

DutchFrench German

very social easy to have contact with foreign countries

FestivalsPukkelpop

Rock Werchter

Les Ardentes

Tomorrowland

Dour

Social event Gentse feesten

16-26 July

100,000 visitors/day

Artists from over the whole world

Social eventRonde van Vlaanderen

2 million visitors, 50 million watching

One of most famous races

National feast

Social eventWaregem koerse

End of August

Horse event

80,000 visitors/day

StatisticsBelgium with 349 inhabitants per square

kilometer is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe.

Population: 10,431,477

30,528 sq kmFlemish 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other

11%

Statistics

Statistics3 main languages

Dutch FrenchGermanDutch (official) 60%, French (official)

40%, German (official) less than 1%Other languages

EnglishSpanishLatin

StatisticsWe are the eleventh happiest country in

the World Good lifestyle

Good Economy

Statistics0-14 years: 15.9% (male 846,706/female

812,486) 15-64 years: 66.1% (male 3,475,404/female

3,416,060) 65 years and over: 18% (male 783,895/female

1,096,926)

Median age: total: 42.3 yearsmale: 41 yearsfemale: 43.6 years

StatisticsReligion

Roman Catholic 75% other 25%

Protestants 10,2% Islam 5,5% Jews 1,4 % Buddhism 0,2% Other

CONCLUSION

The growth of population is decreasing

The populations is getting older

In all countries families have 1 or 2 children except in Hungary (3 or 4)

All the countries need special government policy for helping parents and the young people

This presentations was created during the partners meeting 2-8 October 2011 by:

•Julius Seidl•Vincent Bott•Domien De Coninck •Guillaume Delange•Maria Machkova•Stela Nacheva•Viktoria Csomos•Fae Treadaway