By: Sivani ReddyBy: Sivani Reddy

a a competition competition of space of space explorationexploration

The Space Race* The Space Race* 1957 to 19751957 to 1975

CausesCauses

►One Cause of the Space Race was the One Cause of the Space Race was the Cold War between the United States Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, the most and the Soviet Union, the most powerful countries after WWII.powerful countries after WWII.

►Both these countries were competing Both these countries were competing to be the number one world leader, so to be the number one world leader, so space was a critical area for battle.space was a critical area for battle.

OriginOrigin

The Space Race started when Russia The Space Race started when Russia sent Sputnik and the first man into space. sent Sputnik and the first man into space. The U.S. got the people thinking, “If Russia The U.S. got the people thinking, “If Russia can send satellites into space, then they can send satellites into space, then they can send nuclear weapons from space to can send nuclear weapons from space to the U.S. and destroy the U.S."the U.S. and destroy the U.S."

It also showed that Russia had better It also showed that Russia had better educated students to take Russia into educated students to take Russia into space, and the U.S. was falling behind in space, and the U.S. was falling behind in education.education.

SputnikSputnik

► The Soviet Union's The Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik — launch of Sputnik — the world’s first the world’s first artificial satellite — artificial satellite — in October 1957 in October 1957 kicked off a kicked off a decades-long ‘space decades-long ‘space race’ between the race’ between the Soviets and the Soviets and the United States.United States.

The Space Race DetailsThe Space Race Details

►Both sides, the United States and the Both sides, the United States and the U.S.S.R., tried to show the world its U.S.S.R., tried to show the world its superiority by being ahead in rocketry superiority by being ahead in rocketry and spaceflight. and spaceflight.

►At the end of the Cold War, they both At the end of the Cold War, they both agreed to build a space station and agreed to build a space station and pursue other joint ventures in space. A pursue other joint ventures in space. A competition that began in fear and competition that began in fear and hatred had turned into a partnership. hatred had turned into a partnership.

The Space Race DetailsThe Space Race Details

► At the start of the Space Race, there were no At the start of the Space Race, there were no set rules for it. There wasn’t a set goal, and set rules for it. There wasn’t a set goal, and nobody knew how to win it.nobody knew how to win it.

► For Americans, President Kennedy's declaration For Americans, President Kennedy's declaration focused the Space Race on one clear goal: focused the Space Race on one clear goal: landing people on the Moon before the Soviets, landing people on the Moon before the Soviets, so for the Americans, the Space Race became so for the Americans, the Space Race became a race to get to the Moon.a race to get to the Moon.

► For years, the Soviets officially denied trying to For years, the Soviets officially denied trying to get or “race” to the Moon. Now there is good get or “race” to the Moon. Now there is good evidence, that shows that they did actually evidence, that shows that they did actually compete to try to reach the Moon first.compete to try to reach the Moon first.

The Space Race DetailsThe Space Race Details

► The Space Race became a symbol of the political The Space Race became a symbol of the political contest between two enemy world powers. The way contest between two enemy world powers. The way the two competitors arranged to achieve their goals the two competitors arranged to achieve their goals in space showed their basic differences.in space showed their basic differences.

► The United States had different civilian and military The United States had different civilian and military agencies, and only the military space programs were agencies, and only the military space programs were secret. Civilian space activities, like the race to the secret. Civilian space activities, like the race to the Moon, were widely publicized for the world to see.Moon, were widely publicized for the world to see.

► In the Soviet Union, all space programs were put into In the Soviet Union, all space programs were put into a secret military-industrial bureaucracy. Launches a secret military-industrial bureaucracy. Launches were not announced previous to the launch, and only were not announced previous to the launch, and only successful missions were publicized.successful missions were publicized.

John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy► John F. Kennedy was the President John F. Kennedy was the President

of the United States at the time of of the United States at the time of the Space Race and was very the Space Race and was very involved with it.involved with it.

► "I believe that this nation should "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single him safely to the Earth. No single space project...will be more space project...will be more exciting, or more impressive to exciting, or more impressive to mankind, or more important...and mankind, or more important...and none will be so difficult or none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.”expensive to accomplish.”

President John F. Kennedy, President John F. Kennedy, 19611961

► ““We have a long way to go in the We have a long way to go in the space race. We started late. But space race. We started late. But this is the new ocean, and I believe this is the new ocean, and I believe the United States must sail on it the United States must sail on it and be in a position second to and be in a position second to none.”none.”

President John F. Kennedy, President John F. Kennedy, 1962 1962

Valeriy PolyakovValeriy Polyakov

Valeriy Polyakov is a Valeriy Polyakov is a Russian astronaut Russian astronaut that holds the record that holds the record of longest space of longest space flight in history. He flight in history. He stayed on the Mir stayed on the Mir Space Station for 15 Space Station for 15 month, and has over month, and has over 22 more months of 22 more months of space experience.space experience.

Neil Alden ArmstrongNeil Alden Armstrong

Neil Armstrong was the Neil Armstrong was the commander of Apollo commander of Apollo 11 which was the fist 11 which was the fist spacecraft with humans spacecraft with humans to land on the moon. to land on the moon. He was the first human He was the first human to set foot on the to set foot on the moon. When he got moon. When he got there he said the word, there he said the word, “That’s one small step “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for man, one giant leap for mankind.” After this, for mankind.” After this, he became the Deputy he became the Deputy Associate Administrator Associate Administrator of Aeronautics at NASA.of Aeronautics at NASA.

ConclusionConclusion► Technology, in aerospace engineering and electronic

communication, advanced a lot during this period. The effects of the Space Race went way beyond rocketry, physics, and astronomy. "Space age technology" extended to fields as different as home economics and forest defoliation studies, and the desire to win the race changed the ways in which students learned science.

► American concerns that they had fallen so quickly behind the Soviets in the race to space led to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on math and physical sciences in American schools. The United States' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from childhood education through the post-graduate level. To this day over twelve hundred American high schools have their own planetarium installations, a direct effect of the Space Race.

ConclusionConclusion► Scientists helped develop space exploration

technologies whose uses range from the kitchen to athletic fields. Dried watermelon and ready-to-eat foods, in particular food sterilization, package sealing techniques, stay-dry clothing, and even no-fog ski goggles have their roots in space science.

► Today over a thousand artificial satellites orbit earth, relaying communications data around the planet and facilitating remote sensing of data on weather, vegetation, and human movements to nations who own them. Also, much of the micro-technology which drives everyday activities from time-keeping to enjoying music derives from research initially driven by the Space Race.

► With all these advances since the first Sputnik was launched, the former Soviet Union's R-7 rocket, that marked the beginning the space race, is still in use today, servicing the ISS.

ResultsResults

►Although the pace of space exploration has Although the pace of space exploration has slowed, it continues to advance long after slowed, it continues to advance long after the end of the Space Race. The United the end of the Space Race. The United States launched the first reusable space States launched the first reusable space shuttle on the 20th anniversary of Gagarin's shuttle on the 20th anniversary of Gagarin's flight, April 12, 1981. On November 15, flight, April 12, 1981. On November 15, 1988, the Soviet Union launched Buran, 1988, the Soviet Union launched Buran, their first and only reusable spacecraft. their first and only reusable spacecraft. These and many other nations continue to These and many other nations continue to launch probes, many types of satellites, and launch probes, many types of satellites, and large space telescopes. large space telescopes.

Brevard County, FloridaBrevard County, Florida

►Brevard County Brevard County Florida is the Florida is the home of the home of the Kennedy Space Kennedy Space Center and the Center and the United States’ United States’ space shuttle space shuttle launch site. launch site.

Primary SourcePrimary Source

► This primary source is a Summary of Discussion, 357th Meeting This primary source is a Summary of Discussion, 357th Meeting of the National Security Council concerning "U.S. Objectives in of the National Security Council concerning "U.S. Objectives in Space Exploration and Science”Space Exploration and Science”

TimeLineTimeLine► October 4, 1957October 4, 1957- - Sputnik 1Sputnik 1, the first man-made object to , the first man-made object to

orbit the Earth, is launched by the U.S.S.R., and stays in orbit the Earth, is launched by the U.S.S.R., and stays in orbit until January 4, 1958. orbit until January 4, 1958.

► January 31, 1958January 31, 1958- - Explorer 1Explorer 1, the first U.S. satellite in , the first U.S. satellite in orbit, lifts off at Cape Canaveral using a modified Jupiter-C orbit, lifts off at Cape Canaveral using a modified Jupiter-C rocket. It carries a scientific experiment of James A. Van rocket. It carries a scientific experiment of James A. Van Allen, and discovers the Earth's radiation belt.Allen, and discovers the Earth's radiation belt.

► October 1, 1958October 1, 1958- N.A.S.A. is founded, taking over existing - N.A.S.A. is founded, taking over existing National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics.National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics.

► October 11, 1958October 11, 1958- - Pioneer 1Pioneer 1, U.S. - IGY space probe, , U.S. - IGY space probe, launched to a height of 70,700 miles.launched to a height of 70,700 miles.

► January 2, 1959January 2, 1959- - Luna 1Luna 1, first man-made satellite to orbit , first man-made satellite to orbit the sun, is launched by the U.S.S.R.the sun, is launched by the U.S.S.R.

► April 1, 1960April 1, 1960- - Tiros 1Tiros 1, the first successful weather , the first successful weather satellite, is launched by the U.S.satellite, is launched by the U.S.

TimeLineTimeLine ► April 12, 1961April 12, 1961- - Vostok 1Vostok 1 is launched by the U.S.S.R., carrying is launched by the U.S.S.R., carrying

Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gargarin, the first man in space. He orbits the Earth Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gargarin, the first man in space. He orbits the Earth once.once.

► March 18, 1965March 18, 1965- The first space walk is made from Soviet - The first space walk is made from Soviet Voskhod 2Voskhod 2 by Cosmonaut Alexei A. Leonov. Duration is 12 minutes.by Cosmonaut Alexei A. Leonov. Duration is 12 minutes.

► March 1, 1966March 1, 1966- Soviet - Soviet Venera 3Venera 3 impacts on Venus, the first spacecraft impacts on Venus, the first spacecraft to reach another planet. It fails to return data.to reach another planet. It fails to return data.

► 19681968- The United States launches Apollo 8, the first manned space - The United States launches Apollo 8, the first manned space mission to orbit the moon.mission to orbit the moon.

► July 20, 1969July 20, 1969- Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, Jr. make the first - Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, Jr. make the first manned soft landing on the Moon, and the first moonwalk, using manned soft landing on the Moon, and the first moonwalk, using Apollo Apollo 1111..

► April 11, 1970April 11, 1970- - Apollo 13Apollo 13 is launched, suffering an explosion in its SM is launched, suffering an explosion in its SM oxygen tanks. Its Moon landing is aborted, and the crew, James A. oxygen tanks. Its Moon landing is aborted, and the crew, James A. Lovell, Jr., John L. Swigert, Jr. and Fred W. Haise, Jr., return safely.Lovell, Jr., John L. Swigert, Jr. and Fred W. Haise, Jr., return safely.

► June 24, 1974June 24, 1974- Soviet - Soviet Salyut 3Salyut 3, their first military space station, is , their first military space station, is launched. It remains in orbit until January 1975.launched. It remains in orbit until January 1975.

BiographyBiography► Space RaceSpace Race. 2002. Smithsonian National Air and Space . 2002. Smithsonian National Air and Space

Museum. 29 Apr. 2008 Museum. 29 Apr. 2008 <http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/gal114.ht<http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/gal114.htm>.m>.

► The Space RaceThe Space Race. 31 July 2007. 29 Apr. 2008 . 31 July 2007. 29 Apr. 2008 <http://www.thespacerace.com/>. <http://www.thespacerace.com/>.

► "Space Race." "Space Race." WikipediaWikipedia. 8 May 2008. 9 May 2008 . 8 May 2008. 9 May 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_race#Cold_War_ro<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_race#Cold_War_roots>. ots>.

► "United States Flag." "United States Flag." Maps of Teh World.ComMaps of Teh World.Com. MapXL . MapXL Inc. 9 May 2008 Inc. 9 May 2008 <http://www.mapsofworld.com/flags/united-states-<http://www.mapsofworld.com/flags/united-states-flag.html>. flag.html>.

► "Sputnik and the Space Race." "Sputnik and the Space Race." Eisenhower ArchivesEisenhower Archives. . Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum. 9 Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum. 9 May 2008 May 2008 <http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Sputnik/Sputn<http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Sputnik/Sputnikdocuments.html>. ikdocuments.html>.