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THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR 1898
John Hay: “Splendid little war”
COMPETITION FOR EMPIRE
AFRICA, THE PACIFIC AND ASIA
WHY WAS THE U.S. SLOW TO ENTER THE RACE?
PRE-OCCUPIED WITH THE WEST. INDUSTRIALIZATION ASSIMILATION OF IMMIGRANTS AMERICAN IDEAL OF SELF-
DETERMINATION. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
WHY DO NATIONS SEEK EMPIRE?
FOR RESOURCESFOR CONTROL OF MARKETSFOR NATIONAL PRIDE
IN THE 19TH CENTURY DID THE US SEEK EMPIRE?
WE BOUGHT LOUISIANA FROM FRANCE
WE ANNEXED TEXAS WE SEIZED NORTHERN MEXICO WE TOOK CONTROL OF
OREGON COUNTRY.
THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR WAS A TURNING POINT
IT EXTENDED AMERICAN INFLUENCE
GAVE US CONTROL OF AN OVERSEAS EMPIRE.
GAVE US BASES FOR OUR NAVY THE PHILIPPINES, PUERTO RICO,
SAMOA, GUAM, AND CUBA
BUT IT CAUSED PROBLEMS TOO.
RULING SUBJECT PEOPLEVIOLATED OUR BASIC IDEALSPROBLEMS OF DEFENSEECONOMIC BURDENS.
WHY THE CHANGE IN POLICY?
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTNATIONAL PRIDEA NEW MANIFEST DESTINYTHE “WHITE MAN’S BURDEN.”JINGOISM
Rudyard Kipling
WHAT WERE THE STEPS TO EMPIRE?
1867 ALASKAPACIFIC ISLANDS: MIDWAY, SAMOAN
ISLANDS
HAWAII
1893 AMERICAN LEAD REVOLTPRES. CLEVELAND REFUSES TO
ANNEX1898 PRESIDENT MCKINLEY AGREES
TO ANNEX
President William
McKinley
THE CAUSES OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
HISTORICAL INTEREST IN CUBAOSTEND MANIFESTO 1854SYMPATHY FOR REBELS 1868 INFLUENCE OF “YELLOW
JOURNALISM”
YELLOW JOURNALISM
WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST NEW YORK JOURNAL
JOSEPH PULITZER NEW YORK WORLD– Both tried to out do each other; lesser competitors also
involved Hearst send artist Frederic Remington to Cuba to draw sketches When Remington reported conditions not bad enough to warrant
hostilities, Randolph replied, “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war.”
Remington depicted Spanish customs officials as brutally disrobing and searching an American woman.
PUBLIC DEMAND FOR INTERVENTION
Atrocities in Cuba were Sensationalized by YP
Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 and Spanish misrule damaged Cuba’s sugar-based economy– Cuban Rebellion in 1890s resulted in American
property losses, as well as Cuban and Spanish Re-concentration:
– About 100,000 died between 1896 and 1898– Spanish leader in Cuba: Valeriano Weyler seen as
“Butcher Weyler”
JINGOISM
WAR IS GLORIOUSWAR IS AN INSTRUMENT OF
NATIONAL POLICYU.S. IS A GREAT POWERSPAIN IS A PREFECT TARGET
THE DE LOME LETTER FEB. 1898
SPAIN’S MINISTER TO U.S.– February 9, 1898: Hearst sensationally headlined a
stolen private letter written by Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lome that portrayed McKinley as corrupt and indicated Spain lacked good faith in instituting reforms in Cuba.
PRIVATE LETTER CALLS MCKINLEY A WEAK POLITICIAN
PUBLIC IS OUTRAGED– U.S. uproar forced Dupuy de Lome to resign before
U.S. called for his recall
THE SINKING OF THE USS MAINE
6 DAYS AFTER DE LOME LETTERTHE USS MAINE BLOWS UP IN
HAVANA HARBOR– Feb. 15, 1898– Sent as a “friendly visit”
260 MEN KILLED.WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE?
The Explosion:– Spanish investigation announced explosion as
internal, presumably accidental– American version reported blast caused by a
submarine mine – 1976 U.S. Navy report showed blast inside the ship was accidental
– American accepted the submarine mine view and said Spanish Government was responsible.
– Yellow Press Helped…– AMERICANS CRIED: “Remember the Maine! To
HELL WITH SPAIN!”
DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE
MCKINLEY RESISTS CALL FOR WAR
BUSINESS INTERESTS DID NOT WANT WAR
NEWS PAPERS CLAIM SPAIN DESTROYED THE MAINE
U.S. SENDS DEMANDS TO SPAINSPAIN AGREES TO MOST DEMANDS
MCKINLEY YIELDS TO JINGO PRESSURE
APRIL 24, 1898 CONGRESS DECLARES WAR. STATED REASON: TO LIBERATE CUBA FROM SPAIN AND TO
END THE BARBARIC INHUMANE TREATMENT OF THE CUBAN PEOPLE.
POLITICALLY, MCKINLEY WAS AFRAID NOT TO GO TO WAR.– Mark Hanna and Wall Street did not want to go to war: might
interfere with trade in Cuba– Demands of preserving Republican Party biggest factor in
decision for war.
SENT WAR MESSAGE TO CONGRESS ON APRIL 11, 1898
KEY EVENTS OF THE WAR
FIRST BATTLE OF THE WAR TO FREE CUBA TAKES PLACE IN THE PHILIPPINES.
NAVAL SUCCESSES– US army small and weak compared to
Spain; US navy slightly less powerful than Spains.
MANILA BAY – GEORGE DEWEY- 6 DAYS AFTER DECLARATION– Dewey victorious at Manila Bay– While Secretary of War was away, Undersecretary of
War Roosevelt cabled Dewey to attack Spain's Philippines in the event of war….McKinley confirmed
– May 1898 Dewey’s 6 warships sailed into Manila Harbor and destroyed all 10 of Spain’s ten warships; 400 Spaniards killed and wounded; 1 American death (heat stroke)
– Germans arrived with 5 warships; more powerful than Dewey
Dewey threatened German commander with war “as soon as you like”
False story emerged that British prevented Germans from destroying U.S. fleet
– Three months later, American troops finally arrived and captured Manila in August – Aided by Filipino insurgents commanded by their well-educated, part-Chinese leader; Emilio Aguinaldo (Brought from exile)
– US annexation of Philippines, Aguinaldo led an insurrection against the U.S.
ADMIRALS: SAMPSON AND SCHLEY “BATTLE OF SANTIAGO BAY” DEFEATS SPANISH FLEET– July 1st, Spanish fleet completely destroyed– USS Oregon used more firepower than Spain’s 4
armored cruisers combined – About 500 Spaniards killed; only one American
– Santiago surrendered by Spain shortly thereafter– US casualties; about 379 dead in battle; over 5,000
dead due to disease.
LAND WAR.
ARMY ILL PREPARED FOR WAR. TEDDY ROOSEVELT RESIGNS AS ASS. SEC. OF
NAVY JOINS “THE ROUGH RIDERS” BATTLE OF SAN JUAN HILL AND KETTLE HILL.
– San Juan Hill: “Rough Riders” charged up after the hill had been largely won by the
– The RR first took Kettle Hills; and there were heavy causalities– Heavy fighting at El Caney as well
GENERAL MILES TAKES PUERTO RICO– US sought to take the island before the war with Spain ended– Most of population regarded U.S. soldiers as liberating heroes– Spain signed Armistice on August 12, 1898
THE PHILIPPINES
U.S. TAKE MANILA, BUT NOT THE REST OF THE PHILIPPINES
FILIPINOS VIEW US AS LIBERATORS.WAR ENDS JULY 16, 1898ONLY 400 AMERICANS KILLED BY THE
WARBUT MORE THAN 4000 DIE FROM DISEASE
& BAD MEAT.
TREATY OF PARIS DEC. 1898
U.S. GETS GUAM, PUERTO RICO– Cuba freed from Spain– U.S. received Pacific island of Guam which they had
captured early in the war.– US gained Puerto Rico, the last vestige of Spain’s
American empire. OCCUPIES CUBA Anti-Imperialist League Insular cases
TELLER RESOLUTION PASSED BEFORE THE WAR: PROMISES CUBAN INDEPENDENCE. U.S. WILL NOT ANNEX CUBA– Proclaimed to the world that when the U.S.
had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom – Europeans skeptical
Us Took Manila the day after Spain sued for peace– Philippines thus not one of the spoils of war
U.S. PAYS SPAIN $20 MILLION FOR THE PHILIPPINES
McKinley’s dilemma– Valuable Philippines larger than British Isles; population of 7
million– Did not feel US should give islands back to Spain, esp. after
fighting a war to free Cuba– If left alone, Philippines might fall into anarchy – Perhaps
Germany would then seize it creating a world War.– Least of evils was to take Philippines and leave independence
for later.
ELECTION OF 1900
KEY ISSUE IMPERIALISM– Anti-Imperialist League
Formed to oppose McKinley’s expansionism Group includes presidents of Stanford and Harvard
Universities, philosopher William James, and Mark Twain; Samuel Gompers and Andrew Carnegie
Filipinos wanted freedom and annexation violated philosophy in the DOI
Democrats tended to be Anti-Imperialist – William Jennings Bryan
BRYAN VS. MCKINLEY
REPUBLICANS MAKE T.R. VICE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE
BRYAN: “IMPERIALISM IS THE PARAMOUNT ISSUE”
SHOULD WE KEEP THE PHILIPPINES?
MCKINLEY’S ANSWER COMES FROM GOD.– Told him to take all the Philippines and
Christianize and civilize them after he had knelt seeking divine guidance
WE HAVE A DUTY TO UPLIFT AND CHRISTIANIZE THE PHILIPPINES.
THE PLATT AMENDMENT
CUBA IS INDEPENDENT, THE U.S. CAN INTERVENE WHENEVER WE DEEM IT NECESSARY.
Protect Cuba Forced into the Platt Amendment Provisions:
– Cuba my not contract a debt beyond their resources– U.S. might intervene to restore order and to provide
protection– US control Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
Post War Nationalism after the Spanish American War
Established America’s first overseas empire US got more respect Monroe Doctrine given a significant boost. Britain ally with US Philippines drew US into Asian affairs Mahan’s view of necessity for larger navy prevailed Elihu Root improved War Department War served to further heal the rift between North and South Nationalism the result of an urban, mass-culture, industrial
society.
THE OPEN DOOR POLICY AND “BIG STICK”
DIPLOMACY.
VICTORY OVER SPAIN GIVES U.S. AN EMPIRE.
• THE PHILIPPINES WELCOME LIBERATION• U.S. DECIDES TO STAY• THE PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION 1899 – 1902
• Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippines independent
• 4,300 Americans and 57,000.• WILLIAM TAFT U.S. GOVERNOR.
• McKinley appointed Philippine Commission to make recommendations in 1901
• Taft: called Filipinos his “little brown brothers”• Got Independence July 4, 1946
CHINA & THE OPEN DOOR POLICY.
• U.S. INVOLVEMENT STARTS IN 1830’S• THE CHINESE EMPIRE IS IN DECLINE.• EUROPEAN “SPHERES OF INFLUENCE”• 1899 BRITISH WANT A JOINT US
/BRITISH DECLARATION• MCKINLEY REFUSES
SEC OF STATE JOHN HAY
• CIRCULATES AN OPEN DOOR NOTE UNILATERALLY.(Summer of 1899)
• Issued by Secretary of State John Hay
• DECLARES CHINESE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY SHOULD BE RESPECTED.
• CHINA SHOULD BE OPEN TO ALL.
• Open Door gained wide acceptance in US• Policy did not gain international acceptance
THE “BOXER REBELLION.”
• 1900 THE UNIVERSAL FIST OF HARMONY= THE BOXERS.• DEMAND CHINA FOR THE CHINESE.• WANT TO EXPEL THE “FOREIGN DEVILS.”• ALLIED ARMY BREAK THE SIEGE.
• Millions of Chinese enraged over Open Door Policy
• Multinational force of 18,000 arrived to put down rebellion
• Victorious they assessed an indemnity of $333 million (US got $24.5 mil)
HAY ISSUES A 2ND OPEN DOOR NOTE.
• U.S. IS TOO WEAK TO UNILATERALLY ENFORCE THE DEMAND.
• BUT CLEVER DIPLOMACY WORKS.• Sought to eliminate carving up China with
Boxer outrages as a pretext• Hay did not ask for formal acceptances• China thus spared partition during these
years.
MCKINLEY’S ASSASSINATION
• PRESIDENT VISITS PAN AMERICAN EXPO IN BUFFALO, N.Y.• SHOT BY AN ANARCHIST LEON CZOLGOSZ, SEPT. 6, 1901
• From Poland• DIES SEPT. 14TH.• THEODORE ROOSEVELT BECOMES PRESIDENT.
• TR became the youngest president thus far in US History at 42.
• Pledged would carry out policies of her predecessor• 1st president to play significant role in world affairs• “Speak softly but carry a big stick and you will go far”• Major proponent of military and naval preparedness
THE US. AND LATIN AMERICA
• US VIEWS THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE AS OUR SPHERE OF INFLUENCE.
• WE MAKE HEAVY USE OF THE “BIG STICK.”
• AFRICAN SLOGAN: “SPEAK SOFTLY BUT CARRY A BIG STICK.”
THE PANAMA CANAL
• CLAYTON BULWER TREATY OF 1850: U.S. AND BRITAIN WILL CREATE A CANAL AND JOINTLY RUN IT.
• THE FRENCH MAKE THE FIRST ATTEMPT. THEY BUILT THE SUEZ CANAL.
• THE FRENCH FAIL.
1898 VOYAGE OF USS OREGON
DEMONSTRATES THE NEED.
• TR IS PRESIDENT, WANTS THE U.S. TO BUILD THE CANAL.
• HAY PAUNCEFORTE TREATY 1901: RELEASES US FROM THE CLAYTON TREATY.
• HAY/ HERRAN TREATY 1903: WITH COLOMBIA
COLOMBIAN SENATE REJECTS THE TREATY.
• TR CALLS THEM BANDITS• TR HELPS ENGINEER THE PANAMA
REVOLUTION OF 1903• HAY /BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY 1903• TR Role• Canal Completed in 1914 at initiated
cost of $400 million
PANAMA CANAL
• 50 MILES LONG• STARTED BY FRENCH COMPLETED
ABOUT 1/3RD OF THE WORK• 20,000 FRENCHMEN DIED IN THE
EFFORT• AMERICANS BEGIN WORK 1904 AND
COMPLETE IT IN 1914.
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904
• MONROE DOCTRINE BAR EUROPEAN INTERVENTION IN LATIN AMERICA
• SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES HIDE BEHIND IT.
• TR ANNOUNCES U.S. WILL BE POLICEMAN OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
• CUBA: US kept high tariffs against Cuban sugar at behest of US sugar owners
THE DRAGO DOCTRINE
• INTERVENTION IS WRONG, A VIOLATION OF SOVEREIGNTY.
• IN 20TH CENTURY U.S. WILL INTERVENE OFTEN.• DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1905• CUBA 1906• NICARAGUA 1911• HAITI 1915• DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1924
RELATIONS WITH JAPAN
• 1853 COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY FORCES JAPAN TO OPEN TO THE WEST.
• JAPAN QUICKLY MODERNIZES• RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904
• TR eager to prevent either side from gaining a monopoly in Asia but did not seek war
• TR MEDIATES TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH 1904
• JAPAN CONTROLS KOREA & PART OF MANCHURIA
• TR WIN NOBEL PEACE PRIZE.1906
MORE ON JAPAN
• SAN FRANCISCO BOARD OF EDUCATION INCIDENT 1906
• FEAR OF “THE YELLOW PERIL”• 1907 “GENTLEMAN’S AGREEMENT.”• ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT 1908
• AGREE TO AFFIRM OPEN DOOR TO CHINA• STATUS QUO IN THE PACIFIC.
• Lansing-Ishii Agreement 1917
THAT’S ALL….