The spread of Islam over mainland Asia

China

Frontier

ChinaChina Proper

Mongolia

India

Japan

Taiwan

The Koreas

R. Huang He (Yellow)

R. Xi Jiang (Pearl)

Beijing

Shanghai

Hong Kong

R. Chang Jiang (Yangzi)

“Ganesh Invocation”,

Ananda

Reminders: East Asia is dominated by one-party China, but even multiparty alternatives (Japan, etc.) also have a modern history of largely (U.S.-) controlled economic development, challenging democracy. Post-Cold War retreat of US support contributes to weakening conditions.

Ganges R.

Brahmaputra R.Indus

R.

(Tibet)

China

India

Paki

stan Nepal Bhuta

n

W. Pakistan

Burma

E. Pakistan

after 1947

Bengal

Punjab

Kashmir

Srinagar

AmritsarLahore

Islamabad

The Farakka Barrage

(est.1976)

(Calcutta, 65km N of the sea)

Hugli R.

Brahmaputra R.

W. Pakistan

Burma

E. Pakistan

India

Ceylonafter 1947after 1971

Sri Lanka

BangladeshPakistan

Myanmar

after 1989

Myanmar

(Burma)

Tonlé Sap

Mekong R.

West PapuaAmbon

Aceh

East

Timo

rTim

o

r

Lest

e