THESTATEOFBASICSERVICEDELIVERYINSOUTHAFRICAIn-depthanalysisoftheCommunitySurvey2016data

Dr Pali Lehohla

Introduction

Municipalities:themostbasicunitsofgovernmentaretaskedwithprovidingbasicservicesandfosteringdevelopmentintheregionstheymanage

Basicservicesarethefundamentalbuildingblocksofimprovedqualityoflife.Adequatesuppliesofsafewaterandadequatesanitationarenecessaryforlife,well-beingandhumandignity

Localgovernmentlargelyunderstoodintermsofservicedelivery

Problem

Althoughthecountryhasmadegreatprogresssince1994toimprovethequalityoflifeofSouthAfricanresidentsbyextendingbasicservicestopreviouslyun- andunder-servicedhouseholds,particularlyinruralandinformalareas,theremainingbacklogisthemostdifficulttoservice

Inaddition,theexpansion ofservicewasoftendoneattheexpenseofexistingservicesasmaintenancewasneglected

TYPE A

TYPE B1

TYPE B2

TYPE B3

TYPE B4

Metropolitanmunicipalities(metros)

Secondarycities,localmunicipalitieswiththelargestbudgets

Localmunicipalitieswithalargetownascore

Localmunicipalitieswithsmalltowns,relativelysmallpopulation,significantproportionof

urbanpopulationbutwithnolargetownascore

Localmunicipalitieswhicharemainlyruralwithcommunaltenureandwith,

atmost,oneortwosmalltownsintheirarea

MIIFclassification

GeographicalLocationofMunicipalCategories

278Municipalities8 Metros44 DistrictMunicipalities226 LocalMunicipalities

AtthetimeofCS2016

WATERSERVICES

“Sections24and27oftheBillsofRightsgrantsspecificrightstoaccesstosufficientwater,andSection27providesthat'everyonehastherighttohaveaccesstosufficientwater' andthat'thestatemusttakereasonablelegislativeandothermeasures,withinitsavailableresources,toachievetheprogressiverealisationoftheserights'.”

89,9%

10,1%

44,4%

30,0%

13,5%

1,9% 4,3%

95,7%

SourcesofWater

Approximately89,8% ofhouseholdsinSouthAfricausedpipedwaterasmainsourceofdrinkingwater.

44,4% retrievedwaterinsidethedwellingor30% insidetheiryardswhile1,9%retrieveditfromaneighbour’stapand13,5%accesseditfromacommunaltap.

4,3% ofhouseholdsstillreliedonwaterfromunsafesourcessuchasrivers,streams,wellsorsprings

MunicipalaccesstoimprovedwaterIn78municipalities,98% ormorehouseholdshadaccesstowater

Lessthan50%ofhouseholdshadaccesstoimprovedwaterin20municipalities(11inEC,9inKZN)

Backlog:EC(24,9%),LP(20,0%),KZN

(14,6%),NW(13,9%)stillrelyunimprovedsourcesofwater

Thelowestaccesstoimprovedwater wasreportedinNgquzaHill(19,4%),PortStJohns(20,3%)andMbizana (23,3%).

Municipalbackloginaccessimprovedwater

1,5%

5,3%

8,8% 9,9%

27,5%

8,7%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

A B1 B2 B3 B4 SouthAfrica

1,5m householdsnationallyhadnoaccesstoimprovedwater

891224householdsofthetotalbacklogwasreportedinB4municipalities

Thelowestbacklogwasreportedinurbanmunicipalities,whilethehighestwasreportedinruralareas

WaterReliability

15,5% 22,3%

25,8% 34,9%

45,8%

7,1% 15,0%

23,4% 26,3%

28,9% 30,2% 30,5%

36,6%

38,0% 41,3%

0 10 20 30 40 50

MunicipalCategoryA

MunicipalCategoryb1

MunicipalCategoryb2

MunicipalCategoryB3

MunicipalCategoryB4

WesternCape

Gauteng

SouthAfrica

NorthernCape

KwaZulu-Natal

FreeState

EasternCape

Mpumalanga

NorthWest

Limpopo

Percentage

InterruptionsmostcommoninBigfive:FalseBay(85,1%),

Modimolle(79,5%)andMohokare (78,4%);

andleastcommoninBaviaans andEmthanjeni(both1,5%)andHantam

(1,6%).

Percentageofhouseholdsthatexperiencedwaterinterruptionsduringthepreviousthreemonthsbymunicipalcategory

Mostwaterinterruptionsoccurredinruralmunicipalities,andprovinceswithlargeruralpopulations,leastinmetrosandurbanprovinces

PerceptionsofService

70,4%

59,6%

56,9%

52,5%

35,3%

7,6%

16,0%

18,5%

19,4%

35,2%

A

B1

B2

B3

B4

Mun

icipalCategory

Good Average Poor

Thepercentageofhouseholdsthatratedwaterservicesas‘good’wasthehighestinmetros. Thepercentagedeclinesacrosstheothermunicipalcategoriesuntilreachingitslowest figureinB4orruralmunicipalities

*WaterInfrastructureQualityIndex(IQI)

*Thewaterqualityinfrastructureindexdescribestheengineeringinfrastructureintermsofthelevelofservicethathouseholdshaveaccessto.Theindexprovidesanindicationofthequalityofinfrastructureprovidedandisexpressedasanumberbetweenoneandfive.

ThebestqualityofinfrastructureforwaterwasreportedintheWC. Theaverage

weightedwaterIQIscoreislowestinLimpopo (3,37),

followedbyEasternCape (3,53),NorthWest(3,73)andKwaZulu-Natal

(3,83).

SANITATIONSERVICES

Whatdoes‘improvedsanitation’mean?Improvedsanitation Unimprovedsanitation

Flushorpour-flushto:• Pipedsewersystem• Septictank• Pitlatrine

Ventilatedimprovedpit(VIP)latrine

Pitlatrinewithslab

Compostingtoilet

Flushorpour-flushtoelsewhere(ie nottopipedsewersystem,septictankorpitlatrine)

Pitlatrinewithoutslab/openpit

Bucket

Hangingtoiletorhanginglatrine

Sharedfacilitiesofanytype

Nofacilities- bushorfield

Municipalaccesstoimprovedsanitation13,7% - usepittoiletswithoutventilation2,2%- somebucketsystem2,4%- nosanitationatall

ThepoorestaccesstoimprovedsanitationwasnotedinMaphumulo(16,1%),Makhuduthamaga (20,8%),Mfolozi (21,7%),Nongoma(23,5%)andBushbuckridge(24,3%).

75,5%useimprovedsanitation-Ventilatedpittoilets

(VIP)

Municipalbackloginaccesstoimprovedsanitation

12,7%

24,1% 25,4% 25,9%

50,6%

24,4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

A B1 B2 B3 B4 SouthAfrica

4,1millionhouseholdsnationallyhadnoaccesstoimprovedsanitation

1,6millionofthetotalbacklogwasreportedinB4municipalities

Locationofsanitationfacilityoutsidetheyard

Sanitationoutsidethedwellingandoutsidetheyardisprevalentindenselypopulatedinformal

settlementsandisnoticeableinmunicipalitieswherehouseholdsfromthesesettlementsmakeupa

largeproportionofallusers.

PerceptionsofSanitationServices

75,0% 51,3%

63,8% 61,6%

51,8% 51,2%

70,2% 50,3% 50,6%

60,7%

66,8% 61,4%

59,6% 58,4%

46,0%

9,4% 19,6%

18,0% 18,7%

21,5% 21,2%

11,2%

23,1% 20,5%

16,5%

13,0% 16,1%

18,0% 18,5%

23,9%

WesternCapeEasternCape

NorthernCapeFreeState

KwaZuluNatalNorthWest

GautengMpumalanga

LimpopoSouthAfrica

CategoryACategoryB1CategoryB2CategoryB3CategoryB4

Good Average Poor

B4municipalitiesshowtheleastsatisfactionwithsanitationserviceswhilethemostsatisfiedarethemetros

SanitationInfrastructureQualityIndex(IQI)ThehighestindexscoreswerecalculatedforWesternCape(4,8)andGauteng,whileLimpopo(3,6)scoredthelowest

161535householdsinKwaZulu-Nataland137985householdsinEasternCapelackedanyaccesstosanitation.

SOLIDWASTEREMOVALSERVICES

SolidWasteDisposalServices

82,7%

64,4%

62,5%

54,2%

11,6%

89,4%

75,4%

72,3%

75,0%

42,4%

0 20 40 60 80 100

Metro

Secondarycities

Largetowns

Smalltowns

Ruralmunicipalities

Expandedstandard Kerbsideremoval

HouseholdswithanappropriatelevelofaccesstosolidwastedisposalservicesbymunicipalcategoriesusingDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs(DEA)definition,2016

*DEA’sexpandedstandardtakesintoaccounttheappropriateaccess,giventhelocalconditions.

*

Usingtheexpandeddefinitionleadstoanincreaseinthe

percentageofhouseholdsthatareconsideredtohave

appropriateaccesstosolidwasteservicesacrossalltypes

ofmunicipalities

PerceptionsofSolidWasteServices

40,9% 43,8% 45,3%

50,4% 53,4%

56,4% 63,6%

66,3% 77,8%

63,5% 59,5%

62,6% 56,7%

31,2% 57,7%

27,6% 24,4%

26,9%

19,5% 18,8% 19,0%

15,0% 15,2%

5,7%

13,7% 16,5%

14,8% 18,0%

34,3% 17,5%

LimpopoEasternCapeMpumalangaKwaZuluNatal

NorthWestFreeStateGauteng

NorthernCapeWesternCape

AB1B2B3B4

SouthAfrica

Good Average Poor

B4municipalitiesshowtheleastsatisfactionwithsolidwasteserviceswhilethemostsatisfiedarethemetros

SolidWasteInfrastructureQualityIndex(IQI)Thehighestqualityserviceswererecordedinmetros(4,5)andthelowestwererecordedinB4municipalities(2,3)–basicallymeanslittleserviceprovided

ThehighestindexscoreswererecordedforGeorge(4,87),PrinceAlbert(4,86),

Knysna (4,84)andCamdeboo (4,84)whilethe

poorestscoreswerecalculatedforNtabankulu(1,77),Maphumulo(1,80),PostStJohns(1,80)and

Nongoma(1,87)

ELECTRICITYSERVICES

Schedule4Boftheconstitution(1996)allocatestheauthoritytodistributeelectricitytomunicipalities intheirareasofjurisdictionsubjecttolegislationandregulationbynationalandprovincialgovernment

NDPtargettoincreasepercentageofhouseholdswithaccesstogridelectricityto

90%by2030,andtoprovidenon-gridoptionstotheremaininghouseholds

88,7% 88,6%

86,5% 86,0%

85,7%

84,3% 85,6% 85,6%

87,2% 87,2%

87,6% 88,6%

91,4% 91,9%

92,7%

MunicipalcategoryAMunicipalcategoryB1MunicipalcategoryB2MunicipalcategoryB3MunicipalcategoryB4

EasternCapeGauteng

KwaZuluNatalNorthWest

NorthernCapeSouthAfricaMpumalanga

LimpopoFreeState

WesternCape

Percentageofhouseholdswithaccesstoelectricitybyprovinceandmunicipalcategory

Nationally87,6%haveaccesstoelectricity

ThelowestaccesstoelectricityisECat84,3%andhighestWCat92,7%

MunicipalbackloginElectricityServicesThelargestbacklogwasrecordedinUmhlabuyalingana (81,5%),Jozini (58,4%),Ntabankulu

(47,2%),Maphumulo(43,0%),Emadlangeni (42,8%)andMsinga

(42,7%).

Duetothelimitedabilitytogeneraterevenuefrompoorareas,municipalitiesareslowtoextendelectricityservicestotheseareas(predominantly

locatedinruralareas)

ReliabilityofElectricityServices48,4% ofhouseholdsthatexperienced

interruptionsreportedthatitlastedmorethantwodaysMostCommonAreas

Modimolle (66,6%),TheBigFiveFalseBay(59,5%),Ventersdorp (50,6%),GreatKei(49,7%)andInkwanca (46,8%),

LeastCommonAreas

Hantam (0,8%),Kareeberg (1,3%),Siyathemba (1,4%),Mier (1,6%)andTshwelopele andMolemole(both2,5%).

ServiceProvidersofElectricityServices

Municipalities providedelectricityservicestothemajorityofhouseholdsin:FreeState(78,4%), NorthernCape(70,7%)Gauteng(60,5%)andMpumalanga(58,7%)

Eskom wasparticularlyactiveinmoreruralprovincessuchas:Limpopo(79,7%),NorthWest(67,3%)andEasternCape(63,75).

PerceptionsofElectricityServices

56,5%

60,4%

63,7%

63,8%

64,1%

64,8%

69,2%

70,6%

72,6%

72,7%

63,6%

64,6%

64,8%

67,2%

66,0%

11,4%

10,5%

9,4%

10,1%

10,9%

9,5%

6,8%

6,2%

7,9%

7,0%

10,3%

9,6%

9,8%

7,7%

8,8%

EasternCapeKwaZuluNatal

NorthWestMpumalanga

GautengSouthAfrica

LimpopoFreeState

NorthernCapeWesternCape

MunicipalCategoryAMunicipalCategoryB1MunicipalCategoryB2MunicipalCategoryB3MunicipalCategoryB4

Good Average Poor

Least satisfiedwereinmetros,most satisfiedinmoreruralmunicipalities,particularlyB3andB4

64,8% ofSAhouseholdsweresatisfiedwiththeservices

ElectricityServicesInfrastructureQualityIndex(IQI)

*onebeingthelowest(noservice)andfivethehighest(electricityinthehome)

ThehighestindexscoreswerecalculatedforAganang (5,0)followedby22municipalitieswithindexscoresof4,9,includingBa-Phalaorwa,Bitou,Moretele,uMhlathuze,Camdeboo,Fetakgomo.

Ahighindexscoredoesnotimplythatallhouseholdsinaparticularmunicipalityhaveaccesstoelectricityintheirhomes,butratherthatasubstantialproportionof

householdsdo

CompositeservicedeliveryindexscoreHotspotanalysisofcompositeservicedeliveryindexbylocalmunicipality,2016

Compositeservicedeliverywashighestinmetros(4,6)andlowestin

B4ruralmunicipalities(3,3)ItwasLowestinruralprovincessuchasEC(3,8),MP(3,9)andLP(3,6).

PerceptionsofService

Citizensatisfaction,thefundamentalgoalofademocraticsystem(IDASA,2010).Municipalitiesfaceenormouschallengestofulfilthedevelopmentalmandateandcustomersatisfactionprovidesameasureofhowwelllocalmunicipalitiesaredoing

TheperceptionsofservicedeliverywasmeasuredintheCommunitySurvey2016usingsimplequestionsaimedatestablishingoverallsatisfactionwiththeoverallqualityofbasicservicesusingthreeresponsecategories,good,averageorpoor

Perceiveddifficultiesbymunicipality

10,2%

11,4%

15,7%

ViolenceandCrime

EmploymentOpportunities

Electricity

Householdsinmetropolitanmunicipalitiesweremostconcernedabout:

TheperceivedlackofsafeandreliablewaterwithB1municipalitiesratingthisat15,5%growingto43,2%inB4municipalities

HouseholdsinB1,B2,B3andB4municipalitiesweremostconcernedabout:

75% ofhouseholds

nationallydidnotbelievethatmunicipalitiesweretryingtosolvetheproblemsordifficultiestheyhaveidentified.Thefigureisrelativelyconsistentacrossall

municipalcategories

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