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The Stone AgeThe Stone Age
The Early HominidsThe Early Hominids
Early CivilizationsEarly Civilizations
The Neolithic PeriodThe Neolithic Period
The Question of EvolutionThe Question of Evolution
• The origins of humankind are strongly debated today by scientists and theologians
• Scientists agree evolution is strongly supported by fossil evidence
• Theologians look to written word in Bible
The Question of EvolutionThe Question of Evolution
• Archaeologist, study ancient cultures through the recovery of artifacts and human remains
• Culture, is a people’s way of life based on their customs, art, and ideas
• Artifacts are ancient human made tools or goods
• Anthropologists study human cultures
The Early HominidsThe Early Hominids• Australopithecus, a
ground dwelling ape believed to be earliest ancestor of man
• Homo habilis believed to have lived 2.5 million years ago fossils were discovered in Tanzania, Africa
• Habilis walked like man and had a developed and usable thumb
The Early HominidsThe Early Hominids• Homo erectus appeared
in Africa around 1.8 million years ago
• Erectus used fire and were first to migrate to areas in Europe, Asia and Middle East
• Homo sapiens sapiens, birth of the thinking man
• Adapted to his climate by wearing fur clothes and using fire
The Paleolithic Period The Paleolithic Period 600,000-10,000 B.C.600,000-10,000 B.C.
• Hunter-gatherer culture clans (clans typically had 20-30 members)
• Diet consisted mostly of plants
• Moved to regions seasonally and traded with other clans as they traveled
The Paleolithic Period The Paleolithic Period 600,000-10,000 B.C.600,000-10,000 B.C.
• Sewed animal skins into clothes and shelter
• Used stone tools like stone axes and stone spears
• In time made specialized items like: flints, needles, spear launchers and ritual items
• Gender roles not specific
The Paleolithic Period The Paleolithic Period 600,000-10,000 B.C.600,000-10,000 B.C.
• Introduced cave paintings that reinforced rituals
• Warfare was over territory and short termed
• Did not suffer diseases because of small populations and movement
• Were not materialistic because they constantly moved
The Neolithic Period 10,000-The Neolithic Period 10,000-3,000 B.C.3,000 B.C.
• The Middle East was the natural home of wheat and barely which were easy to grow
• Animals in this region were easy to domesticate (sheep, goats, horses, pigs and cows)
• Animals provided a food source and labor source
• This leads to sedimentary living
The Neolithic Period 10,000-The Neolithic Period 10,000-3,000 B.C.3,000 B.C.
• Living in a fixed settlements lead to the beginning of ownership of belongings
• This leads to an established social order
• Emergence of slavery
The Neolithic Period 10,000-The Neolithic Period 10,000-3,000 B.C.3,000 B.C.
• Various ways to become a slave in Middle East– Parents sell children– Sold themselves into slavery– Born into slavery
• Slaves could buy their freedom• Child could be free if father was free• Being a slave was based on bad luck or
parents status. It was not based on race.
The Neolithic Period 10,000-The Neolithic Period 10,000-3,000 B.C.3,000 B.C.
• Because villages had more people warfare changed
• Fighting was now worth while because losers became slaves and their goods and property went to the victors
• Build of walls to protect villages
The Neolithic Period 10,000-The Neolithic Period 10,000-3,000 B.C.3,000 B.C.
• Neolithic Revolution (agriculture revolution) was the transition from a hunter-gather society to a food producing society
• Humans settled down to cultivate crops and domesticate animals
• Slash and burn farming is the practice of clearing forest areas of trees and then burning the area to make a clear field for crops (ash acted as a fertilizer)
The Neolithic Period 10,000-The Neolithic Period 10,000-3,000 B.C.3,000 B.C.
• As families grew around each other they formed a clan
• Groups of clans formed a tribe
• Tribes were unified based on common speech, culture, religion and occupied land
The Neolithic Period 10,000-The Neolithic Period 10,000-3,000 B.C.3,000 B.C.
• Wonder of world around them led to belief that spirits inhabited animals, plants and weather (animisms)
• This led to the worshipping of spirits and belief in afterlife
• Spirits or gods of fertility emerge (female)
• Emergence of shamans to heal and ward off evil spirits
The Neolithic Period 10,000-The Neolithic Period 10,000-3,000 B.C.3,000 B.C.
• Emergence of bronze (copper and tin)
• Simple science is seen through emergence of inventions (pottery and weaving) and domestication and husbandry of animals
• Specialized skills emerge like weavers, and metal workers
The Neolithic Period 10,000-The Neolithic Period 10,000-3,000 B.C.3,000 B.C.
• Emergence of government was based on beliefs of clan or tribe
• Enforcement of behavior was to maintain order and protection of tribe
• Incest, rape, threat to peace of tribe and witchcraft were punishable by death
• Elders determined rulings
The Neolithic Period 10,000-The Neolithic Period 10,000-3,000 B.C.3,000 B.C.
• The family was the basic socialization unit
• Marriage is monogamous
• Extended families supported each other
• Men and women develop roles within the family