Date post: | 29-Mar-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | davon-funnell |
View: | 219 times |
Download: | 2 times |
1
The Story of Filipinos
Survival and Hope Lecture delivered in the class of Prof.
Domingo, Asian Languages & Cultures Department ,
UCLA on May 15, 2012
2
The context of the title
How Poor are most Filipinos?
What are the reasons for poverty?
What makes the Philippines a natural disaster” hotspot”?
3
How poor are most Filipinos?
2006 statistics, National Statistics Office, 2007
A quarter of the Filipinos –more or less 20 million of our countrymen lived on a little over one $1 a day (Php 44.00)
Nearly half of the Filipinos – about 44 % of the Filipinos survived on less than $2 a day (Php 88.00)
Your café latte costs more than the amount it takes for half of our countrymen to survive.
4
Poorest Provinces in the Year 2010
Province Percent
Sulu 63.2
Masbate 62.8
Tawi-tawi 56.5
Ifugao 55.6
Romblon 55.2
Maguindanao 55.1
Lanao del Sur 55.0
Sultan Kudarat 54.3
Camiguin 53.1
Camarines Norte 52.7
5
ARMM and Bicol Regions: The poorest of the Poor
All four provinces of ARMM are among the 10 poorest provinces in the country Tawi-tawi Maguindanao Lanao del Sur Sultan Kudarat
Two of the 6 provinces in Bicol Region Masbate Camarines Norte
6
Reason Percent
No. of votes
Corruption in government and society
68 365
High prices of goods and low wages
6 30
Poor and inefficient tax collection
1 7
Our ballooning population
10 51
Other factors 15 83
7
Living Conditions of the Poor
Experience food insecurity
Struggle to pay housing costs
Cannot afford health care
Likely to drop out at Grade 4
Difficulty in managing their money
More likely to smoke, gamble, and drink alcohol
8
Living Conditions of the Poor
Have no capacity to buy in bulk, cannot take advantage of sales
Supermarkets are not found in poor communities
No bank account Live in a day to day basis Predatory lending practices (Bombay 5-6
interest) Do not have “nest egg” of cash or assets for
emergency
9
Is it economic inequality?
Gini coefficient
• The greater the number means that• Wealth is not equally spread across the
country’s population
highest
• Nambia ranked 1 • Philippines ranked 37 out of 134 countries
Our Asia
n neighbor
s
• Thailand ranked 50th• Indonesia ranked 66th
• Vietnam ranked 78th
10
Poverty and Natural Calamities: Ingredients to an increase in Poverty
11
Philippines is a “natural disaster hotspot”
The Philippine government estimates that between 2005 and 2010, the country needs some 3.8 million new homes (Habitat for Humanity, 2009).
Disaster is one of the causes of homelessness in the country.
12
Typhoon Vulnerability Map of the Philippines
Source: PAGASA-PCARDD, 2008
13
Introduction
Nature of Disaster a disaster occurs when a natural phenomenon
brings damage or loss to the major social, organizational and physical facilities of a community to the degree that the essential functions of the society are interrupted or destroyed resulting in individual stress and social disorganization of varying severity.
Oliver-Smith, 1992:13
14 Mount Pinatubo eruption on June 15, 1991
15
The Lahar flow buried many Barangays
16
Residents wade in floodwater caused by typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy) Cainta, Rizal, Sept 30, 2009
17
Case StudyBicol Region: A Typhoon Prone Area During rainy season almost all typhoons
(average of 20 annually) passes through the Bicol region and the surrounding areas of the scenic Mount Mayon
Mount Mayon is one of the 22 active volcanoes in the country
The places around Mount Mayon have always been most vulnerable to disaster
18
The Scenic Mount Mayon
Photp courtesyOf Evasco,KBicol University
19
The Typhoon Reming (November 2006) : The Event that Changed their Lives
20
How Typhoon Reming became a Disaster
Total cost of damage Php 4,817,070,173.00 709 persons dead 2,190 injured 753 missing persons 2,895,464 population affected 203,498 families rendered homeless 3,130 families or 16,649 persons sought
refuge to evacuation centers Source: UNHCDR and NDCC Oct. 2007
21
How Typhoon Reming became a Disaster Two typhoons brought about continuous
heavy rain in the towns of Guinobatan, Camalig,Daraga, and Legaspi City in Albay, Bicol Milenyo (Xangse) Reming (Durian)
The Mayon Volcano area was submerged with knee deep mud that made the roads not passable
Triggered a combination of mud , volcanic ash , boulders from the slopes of Mt. Mayon
Reming had a maximum sustained winds of 190 kph and gust of up to 225 kph
22
Lost of Lives
Photo courtesyOf Evasco,KBicol University
23
Damage Infrastructure
Photo courtesy by Evasco,K
24
Lost of livelihood Barangay Binitayin
25
Locale of the study
Anislag resettlement Site,Daraga,Albay
26
Note on the methodology The use of narrative analysis is relevant for
it captures the event that changed the lives of the people and
how they continue to find meanings on the common experiences they have had and how they rebuild the community through combination of their resiliency to hardship, their adaptation to unfamiliar circumstances and their resistance to change.
27
On the methodology The narratives are complemented with
observations and interviews to shed light on the reality in the resettlement area.
The purpose of which is to give a voice to resettled individuals, families and the members of the communities who otherwise might not be heard.
The output is a written record of the lives of the resettlers from their perspectives and from their own words.
28
On Methodology
Demography without Numbers (Scheper-Hughes, 1997) Anthropologically informed demography Instead of counting the homeless victims of
natural disaster, their traumatic experiences were recounted
Instead of counting the resettled families, their support system (network) were documented
Research findings have application to public policy and everyday life.
29
The In-0ut Seeker-Provider (IOSP) Framework (Varda,et al 2007)
30
The Vulnerability Perspective ( Donner and Rodriguez, 2008)
Assumes that a real disaster occurs when it strikes an under privileged population
“Characteristics of a person or group and their situation that influences their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural hazard”
31
Results and Discussion
The Affected residents have common experiences after typhoon Reming
All were homeless Livelihoods were disrupted Everyone panic with rising floodwater and strong current The flight after the panic was to move to neighbor’s
houses with second floor Schooling of children were disrupted Schools serve as evacuation centers Relief goods were donated regularly by various agencies
GOs and NGO Became home beneficiaries in the Anislag Resettlement
Area Everyone assisted in building homes
32
Life Before Typhoon Reming: The Beginning of the Story Men were farmers
Husband of Gina was a Cement factory worker
Some were tricycle drivers Family of Danilo owned a sari-sari store
Women were vegetable gardeners, cloth and basket weavers Jennifer was in buy and sell Felicitas was a dressmaker Mylene was peanut vendor Gina was a laundrywoman
33
But each has their own stories to tell about their experiences with disaster (“Differential Vulnerability”)
Different populations face different levels of risk and vulnerability
Some were worse hit than others
Some recovered faster than others
Some were more satisfied in the resettlement area than others
Some enjoyed better housing conditions than others
34
Mercuria lost her husband and 5 children
Only 1 child (11 year old boy)of her 6 children survived
Husband, a pastor also perished
House is near the river, suffered temporary amnesia
One of the 61 DSWD beneficiary
35
Gina : A Compassionate Beneficiary An entrepreneur makes rice cake (puto)
Son is a member of Compassion- receive Php1,500.00 worth of school supplies and uniforms
Live in tents from March to August 2007
Perceived the resettlement area as safe
36
Jennifer no previous experience with Disaster No past experience with flashflood
Suffered from hunger
One year old child was place in a basin for safety during the flood
No government warnings received
Neighbors rescued them
37
House made of Stone, saves many families in the neighborhood
38
Felicitas, the dressmaker Water was already chest high when she was
rescued
Stayed for 5 months in Bagumbayan elementary school
Relocated in tents for I year
Friends dug her sewing machine and was repaired
Thankful that the flashflood occurred in the morning
39
Mylene’s husband was not home when their house was swept away by water current At home with her 5 children
Husband was away attending a town fiesta
Children held on to cable wire to prevent from drowning
Grateful to the following organizations: Red Cross, ABS-CBN and government officials, governor, congressman and mayor of Legaspi
40
Relief Goods: Sardinas, Noodles, Bigas (SNB)
41
Marites, the pregnant woman Was 2 months pregnant when they home was
washed away by the current
Sought refuge to the neighbor’s house and later moved to Tuazon building
Swore to never return to the old village
42
Rebecca’s story Happy reunion with husband after the chaos and panic Husband took her and children to the
neighbor’s house
Husband panic when he did not find his family in the house where he left them
Tricycle was buried under mud debris and recovered a week after
A child is a Compassion beneficiary and their house was built by Compassion
43
Irma and the wedding feast Lost six pigs intended for the wedding of her
husband’s younger sister
estimated cost of properties that were destroyed was Php30,000.00 to Php 40,000.00
Sought shelter at their neighbor’s house
Walked shoulder to shoulder in chest high water where it took them an hour to walk to the school house which was only a five minute walk
44
The stories of the Farmers; Flaviano, Rodolfo and Edmundo Rodolfo, farms a 2 hectare farm lot for 35
years
Built canals around his rice field to let the rainwater carry the sand downstream
The old folks belief that typhoons do not always occur in succession was not always true
Today he buys rice whereas in the past he was self sufficient with rice
45
The stories of the Farmers; Flaviano, Rodolfo and Edmundo Edmundo is a 45 year old high school
graduate Worked as construction worker during off-farm
season heard rumors that the govt. Is no longer interested
in rehabilitating their farms or their community But plans to convert it to a ecotourism area
Flaviano is 41 year old with BS accountancy degree Farming his .44ha land since he was 20 years old A bachelor No plans to live elsewhere
46
Name /sex/age
Village of destination/Village
of origin
Household size
Number and age range of children
Highest Educational
attainment and place of birth
1.Jennifer Rodriguez/F/23
COPE/Binitayan 4 2 (3-4) High school
graduate/Binitayan
2.Felicitas Himor/F/66 Gawad
Kalinga/Binitayan 2
Grandchild (7)
Elem. Graduate
3.Gina Almares/F/33 St.Benedict Village/
Tagas3 1 (3)
Grae 4 (Tagas)
4.Marites Encinas/F/31 Compassion
Village/Binitayan 5
3 (11-2) College Graduate
5.Rebecca Loncaros/F/37
Compassion Village/Binitayan
4 2 (13-8) High school
graduate/ Mindanao
6.Mercuria Basas/F/30 DSWD/ Binitayan 2
1 (5 children drowned including husband)
7.Eduardo Lisay/M/45 St Vincentian Family Village
Malobago 4 2
High School graduate Alcala, Daraga
8..Rodolfo Llemeneses/M/59
St Vincentian Family Village
Malobago 5 3 Malobago
47
Behavior Percentage
Evacuated 80.77
Stayed at Home 5.77
Was Stranded 1.92
Helped by other People 1.92
Warned Neighbors 1.92
Observed Water Level 0.96
Not at Home 5.77
None 0.96
Total 100
Behavior of Respondents During Disaster in Daraga, Albay, Philippines, 2008.
48
Response Percentage
Neighbors 50.5
Barangay Officials 20.79
Relatives 14.85
None 4.95
Acquaintance 3.96
Church People 3.96
Friends 0.99
Total 100
Responses of Disaster-stricken Individuals‟ in Daraga, Albay, Philippines, 2008.
49
Source Percentage
None 34.17
Neighbors 25.83
Friends 14.17
Radio 10.83
Relatives 8.33
Church 5.83
Newspaper 0.83
Total 99.99
Sources of Warning, Daraga, Albay, Philippines, 2008.
50
Sandy Farmlands
Photp courtesyOf Evasco,KBicol University
51
Flooded Farms
52
Frequently experienced emotion Percentage
Anxiety 84
Worry 84
Fear 81
Sadness 78
Self-pity 73
Hopelessness 56
Emotions Experienced by Respondents in Daraga, Albay, Philippines, 2008.
53
Life After Typhoon Reming
Reming left many damage properties , caused lost of lives and lost livelihood in short period of time
But the recovery of the affected residents from the typhoon is slower and took longer time
54
The 300 core houses built by the Daughter of Charity in Anislag Resettlement Site
55
Number of Relocated Families by Barangay, Anislag, Albay
Barangay Number of Families
Malobago 360Lower Binitayan 580Tagas, Biscara, Mayon
193
Total 1133Source: Municipal Social Welfare, Daraga, Albay, 2008
56
Life After Typhoon Reming Since the threat of flashflood and mudslides
becomes a regular destructive feature in their community of origin, farmers in particular have evolved certain adaptations with regard to
Crops they plant . Farmers have discovered that rice do not grow well in sandy soil, instead they planted kankong (water spinach) , sitaw (string beans) ,okra eggplant and sweet potatoes.
Maintaining two residences. Farmers go to the old community during the weekends to tend to their crops and stay in the resettlement areas during weekdays
57
On the IOSP Framework
58
Furthermore, Social network (attachments) is a cause of differential responses to disaster
Quadrant 1: In Seeker -Family members who are themselves disaster victims seeking post-disaster assistance for their families
Quadrant 2: Out Seeker-The Municipal Social Welfare and Development (MSWD) and the Office of the Municipal Mayor are two government offices seeking assistance to provide resources for disaster evacuees.
59
Quadrant 3: In Provider- Network members who are in the disaster area providing something to the other network members. This Includes neighbors and barangay officials who immediately assist the disaster victims even if they are victims themselves.
Quadrant 4:Out Provider - Those who are out of the disaster area who are providing something to the other network members. This includes local and internal non-government organizations and foundations: CARE, Daughters of Charity, WFP, ABS CBN, GMA, Red Cross and OxFam
60
4 ways for which social networks change over the course of disaster1. Pre-disaster network
very strong community ties close proximity in the houses (no physical boundary
between houses) Mostly farmers –existence of social networks
2. Ad hoc social network Victims got to know each other in
evacuation centers. sharing of common experiences about
the disaster sharing of common need, concerns,
fears and anxieties by evacuees
61
3. The emergent network Albay Mabuhay (created to address the needs of the
disaster victims) Anislag Livelihood Center (established to train
victims so that they will have new sources of income) The organizations and sponsors also helped the
victims by providing them houses.
4. Stationary ties- unaffected by disasters and relocations.
Family members and kins that supported one another Preservation of the neighborhood system in the
whole barangay
62
On the Vulnerability Perspective Population growth and distribution
The population structure changes as the size of the population remains high in spite of the declining growth rate due to displacement.
Social diversity Poverty is the primary factor that affects how
individuals perceive risk Women may not have enough resources to
confront disaster due to low education and limited skills
Farmers : soil becomes infertile, non- transferrable skills especially the aging farmers
63
Disaster as social status leveler
The occurrence of disaster diminishes social distances among social classes or blurred the boundaries that may be existing among social classes before the disaster
Disaster Response Risk perception, responding on the basis of
interacting with other people (i.e. observing people evacuate), information seeking (i.e. warning received), and observation of social cues of reinforcement (i.e. “There’s serious danger”).
64
New norms emerge; more aware of their social ties and commitments (Turner,1957 and Miller, 2000
Join organizations to be informed and to enjoy benefits
Neighborhood system is important
There is formation of new order and regularity after the chaos
65
More Poor People after the disaster
But……..
66
Bayanihan (cooperation) Spirit at Work
67Houses on stilts in Bacolor, Pampanga ,Phil.1998
Post Disaster resilience and resettlement
68
Perpetual smiles of the Filipinos
69
Is it more fun in the PHILIPPINES?
Something for you to Ponder….
70
Salamat and Mabuhay!
For your kind attention and I can now take your questions.