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The structure and Function of Macromolecules
IB Biology HL
Mr. E. McIntyre
The Principles of Polymers
Condensation (dehydration)
Hydrolysis
Monomers Polymers
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
• Carbohydrates include both sugars and their polymers.
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides
Different views of the same monosaccharide monomer
Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose
Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharides
Figure 5.5x1 Disaccharides. Glucose (left), moltose (middle), and sucrose (right).
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides
Glycogen:
Figure 5.6a Storage polysaccharides, starch and chloroplast in a plant cell
Figure 5.6b Storage polysaccharides, glycogen
Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures compared
Figure 5.7x1 Starch and cellulose, molecular models. Starch (left) and cellulose (right)
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls
Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion, termite and Trichonympha
Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion, cow
Figure 5.9 Chitin, monarch emerging and surgical thread
Unnumbered Figure (page 65) Monomer of chitin
Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
02_19_fatty side chains.jpg
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids
Figure 5.11x Butter and oil
The partial hydrogenation reconfigures most of the double bonds that do not become chemically saturated, twisting them so that the hydrogen atoms end up on different sides of the chain.
Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid
02_20_lipid membranes.jpg
Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments
Figure 5.14 Cholesterol: a steroid
Figure 5.14x Cholesterol, computer model
Proteins have many structures and many functions
Proteins constitute most of the dry mass of a cell. Percent of total cell weight
Component E. coli Mammalian cell
H2O 70 70Inorganic ions 1 1Proteins 18 18RNA 6 1.1DNA 1 0.25Phospholipids 2 3Polysaccharides 2 2Miscellaneous small metabolites 3 3
Total cell volume 210-12cm3 410-9cm3
Relative cell volume 1 2000
Protein structure and Function
Functions of proteins:
Antibodies, toxins, hormones, antifreezing, antibioling, elastic fibers, etc.
On membrane: channels and pumps - traffic control
Enzymes: Control chemical reactions (metabolism)
Message: from one cell to another, or from membrane to nucleus.
Movement: Actin, tubulin, kinesin.
Table 5.1 An Overview of Protein Functions
Unnumbered Figure (page 68) Amino acid structure
Unnumbered Figure (page 82) L-amino acid and D-amino acid
Figure 5.15a The 20 amino acids of proteins
Figure 5.15b The 20 amino acids of proteins
Figure 5.15c The 20 amino acids of proteins
Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain
02_31_protein fold.jpg
Figure 5.17 Functional conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme
Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein
Sickle-cell anemia
Glutamic acid
Valine
Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease
Figure 5.19x Sickle cells, light micrograph
Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein
Figure 5.21 Spider silk: a structural protein
Figure 5.22 Examples of bonds contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein
Figure 5.23 The quarternary structure of proteins
Figure 5.24 Review: the four levels of protein structure
Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein
Figure 5.26 DNA to RNA to protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell
Figure 5.27 The structures of nucleotides and polynucleotides
Figure 5.28 The double helix
Figure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick
Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin
Table 5.2 Polypeptide Sequence as Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships