THE SUSTAINABILITY THE SUSTAINABILITY OF AIRPORTS OF AIRPORTS

Dr Milan JanicDr Milan JanicSenior Researcher Senior Researcher

Delft University of TechnologyDelft University of TechnologyThe Netherlands The Netherlands

eemail: mail: M.JM.Janic@tudelft.nlanic@tudelft.nl

Contents Contents

1 Introduction

2 Concept of the airport sustainable development

3 The indicator system for assessing the airport sustainability

4 Trading-off between the effects and impacts using the indicator system

5 Conclusions

1 Introduction1 Introduction (1) (1)

The air transportation is expected The air transportation is expected to grow at an average annual rate to grow at an average annual rate of of 5%5% in passenger and in passenger and 6.5%6.5% in in freight volumes over the next two freight volumes over the next two decades;decades;

The system has created positive The system has created positive effects and negative impacts for effects and negative impacts for the society and environment;the society and environment;

Full awarenessFull awareness of the air transport of the air transport system’s negative impacts on the system’s negative impacts on the society and the environment.society and the environment.

2 A concept of the airport sustainable2 A concept of the airport sustainable development (1) development (1)

The airport as the system The airport as the system The main principles for achieving The main principles for achieving

the airport sustainability the airport sustainability Analysis of effects – benefits Analysis of effects – benefits Analysis of impacts – externalities Analysis of impacts – externalities

An airport as the systemAn airport as the system

Landside area:Landside area:

Ground access systems, Ground access systems,

Passenger (& freight) terminal complex; Passenger (& freight) terminal complex;

Interfaces, supporting facilities. Interfaces, supporting facilities. Airside area:Airside area:

Terminal airspace; airport zone;Terminal airspace; airport zone;

Runways, taxiways, apron/gate complex.Runways, taxiways, apron/gate complex.

2 A concept of the airport sustainable2 A concept of the airport sustainable development ( development (22))

2 2 A concept of the airport sustainableA concept of the airport sustainable development ( development (33))

The main principles The main principles

Continuously Continuously diminishing thediminishing the negative impactsnegative impacts

Constraining the airport growthConstraining the airport growth

Continuously Continuously widening the positive gapwidening the positive gap between between the positive effects and negative impacts the positive effects and negative impacts

Managing the sustainable growth. Managing the sustainable growth.

2 2 A concept of the airport A concept of the airport sustainable development (sustainable development (44))

The main actorsThe main actors

The airport operator;The airport operator; Airlines;Airlines; The access transport mode operators; The access transport mode operators; Users – passengers and freight shippers; Users – passengers and freight shippers; Local population; Local population; Local (& national) authorities (policy Local (& national) authorities (policy

makers) makers)

2 2 A concept of the airport A concept of the airport sustainable development (sustainable development (55))

Tra

ffic/B

en

efits

/Co

sts

Time

Benefits Costs Traffic

Figure 1 A simplified scheme of managing possible (desirable) unconstrained sustainable growth of a given airport

2 2 A concept of the airport sustainableA concept of the airport sustainable development ( development (66))

Analysis of effects – benefits: Analysis of effects – benefits:

• Users – air passengersUsers – air passengers welfare;welfare;

• Important regional economic drivingImportant regional economic driving forces – forces – direct and indirect employmentdirect and indirect employment; ;

• Contribution to the regional Contribution to the regional GDP. GDP.

2 2 A concept of the airport sustainableA concept of the airport sustainable development development ((77))

Analysis of impacts – externalities:Analysis of impacts – externalities:

Noise;Noise; Air pollution;Air pollution; Congestion and delays; Congestion and delays; Land use (take); Land use (take); Waste; Waste; AircraftAircraft incidents and accidents.incidents and accidents.

3 The indicator system for assessing 3 The indicator system for assessing

th thee airport sustainability airport sustainability (1)(1)

Principles and requirements: Principles and requirements:

Multidimensionality of performance;Multidimensionality of performance; Complexity of setting up the sustainabilityComplexity of setting up the sustainability targets;targets; Complexity of the assessment of Complexity of the assessment of the marginal and global contributions the marginal and global contributions of particular policies. of particular policies.

3 The indicator system for assessing3 The indicator system for assessing th thee airport sustainability airport sustainability ((22))

Dimensions of Dimensions of performance: performance:

Infrastructural;Infrastructural; Technical/technological;Technical/technological; Operational;Operational; Economic;Economic; Social;Social; Environmental;Environmental; Institutional/policy. Institutional/policy.

3 The indicator system for assessing3 The indicator system for assessing the airport sustainability (3) the airport sustainability (3)

Assumptions:Assumptions:

Reflecting preferences of actors involved; Facilitating the airport’s dimensions of performance; Measuring the airport benefits and impacts in both

absolute and relative terms; Defining the “target” value for particular indicators as Defining the “target” value for particular indicators as

“benchmarks” for assessing the achievements;“benchmarks” for assessing the achievements; Including inter dependency of particular indicators Including inter dependency of particular indicators

and their measures. and their measures.

Operational indicator: Operational indicator:

3 The indicator system for assessing3 The indicator system for assessing the airport sustainability ( the airport sustainability (44))

Figure 2 Typical relationships between demand, ultimate capacity, and the average aircraft/flight delay at London Heathrow airport (UK) (Compiled from: ACL, 2007)

Da = 0,4439e0,0968 AD

R2 = 0,8596

0

5

10

15

20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 AD - Arrival demand - atm/h

Da

-Ave

rage

del

ay -

min

/arr

ival

3 The indicator system for assessing3 The indicator system for assessing the airport sustainability ( the airport sustainability (55))

Economic indicators: Economic indicators:

Pr = 1.4672 Ln(WLU) - 2.0651R2 = 0.8631

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55WLU - Workload Units per year - million

Pr

- Pro

fitab

ility

- (e

uro/

WLU

)

Figure 3 Example of profitability of Amsterdam Schiphol airport: the period 1990-2000 (Compiled from: Schiphol Airport 2004)

P = -0.4911 WLU2 + 47.708 WLU - 202.91R2 = 0.9961

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

950

1000

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

WLU - Workload Units per year - million

P -

Pro

duct

ivity

- W

LU/e

mpl

oyee

Figure 4 An example of the labor productivity at Amsterdam Schiphol airport for the period 1990-2000 (Compiled from Schiphol Airport 2004)

3 The indicator system for assessing3 The indicator system for assessing the airport sustainability ( the airport sustainability (66))

Social indicators:Social indicators:

Direct employment:Direct employment: 1.4 thousand 1.4 thousand employees per 1 million accommodated employees per 1 million accommodated passengers (European airports)passengers (European airports)

Total employment:: Increases more than Increases more than proportionally with increasing the numberproportionally with increasing the number

of passengersof passengers

22;901.0;209.44702.1)( 2 NRNNEd

3 The indicator system for assessing3 The indicator system for assessing the airport sustainability ( the airport sustainability (77))

Environmental indicators:Environmental indicators:

5

9

13

17

21

25

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Time - year

Inte

ns

ity

of

lan

d u

se

- W

LU

/ha

- 0

00

Figure 5 An example of the efficiency of land use at Amsterdam Schiphol airport (Compiled from Schiphol Airport 2004; Janic, 2007)

Four London airports: W = 0.002 P + 0.1654

R2 = 0.9494

Frankfurt Main airport W = -0.0048P + 0.679

R2 = 0.7365

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

P - number of passengers - million/year

W -

wa

ste

- k

g/p

ass

en

ge

r.

Figure 6 Examples of the waste efficiency at European airports (Compiled from: Fraport 2001; BAA 2004; Janic, 2007)

The operational capacity vs noise cap quota): The operational capacity vs noise cap quota):

4 Trading-off between the effects and impacts using the indicator system (1)

Figure 7 Relationships between the airport operational capacity, the noise cap (quota) and the average noise per individual noise event – aircraft movement

60

70

80

90

100

110

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

The airport noise capacity - a/c operations per hour

Th

e av

erag

e n

ois

e p

er i

nd

ivid

ual

eve

nt-

dB

(A)

Noise cap (quota)Leq = 70 dB(A)

Leq – Noise cap (quota) - dB(A)

The airport operational capacity – arrivals

The airport operational capacity – departures

The airport operational capacity – departures

Noise cap (quota)Leq = 50 dB(A)

Noise cap (quota)Leq = 60 dB(A)

The generic inter-relationships between The generic inter-relationships between the effects and impacts;the effects and impacts;

Setting up the caps (quotas) on particular Setting up the caps (quotas) on particular impacts constraints them but also constrainsimpacts constraints them but also constrains

the related benefits.the related benefits.

4 Trading-off between the effects and impacts using the indicator system (2)

5 Conclusions 5 Conclusions

Achieving sustainability of a given Achieving sustainability of a given airport is a complex processairport is a complex process

Permanent trading-off between Permanent trading-off between benefits and impacts is needed benefits and impacts is needed respecting particular often respecting particular often confronting interests of actors confronting interests of actors involved;involved;

The proposed indicator system could The proposed indicator system could be of some value for designing the be of some value for designing the monitoring system. monitoring system.