The Termination of the Russian Oil Transit to Ventspils in 2003

7/31/2019 The Termination of the Russian Oil Transit to Ventspils in 2003

1/87


2/87

8

\bhak mi jmf|kf|z

\BHAK MI JMF\KF\Z &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

SXKIBJK &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

2& EF\XML[J\EMF &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

2&2 Z\X[J\[XK BFL \@K JMF\KF\ MI \@K \@KZEZ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

2&8 KDSEXEJBA HBJGNXM[FL& ^ @B\= ^ @KXK= ^ @KF= &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

2&: \ @K J@MEJK MI \@K JBZK &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

8& \@KMXK\EJBA IXBDK^MXG &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

8&2 J ABZZEJBA XKBAEZD BFL \@KXB\EMFBABJ\MX DMLKA &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

8&2&2 Xb|emfba Bj|mx Dmlka bssaekl &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

8&8 \ @K SA[XBAEZ\EJ LKJEZEMF$DBGEFN DMLKAZ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

8&8&2 Sa{xbaez|ej dmlka bsssaekl &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

8&: FKMJABZZEJBA XKBAEZ\ \@KMXU& \ @K DMLKA MI EF\KXFBA BFL KP\KXFBA SMABXE\U &&&&&&& 25

8&:&2 Fkmjabzzejba xkbaezd bssaekl &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

8&< Z[DDBXU &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

:& DK\@MLMAMNEJBA BSSXMBJ@ BFL MSKXB\EMFBAE_B\EMF &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 8

:&2 J BZK Z\[LU XKZKBXJ@ EFSMAE\EJBAZJEKFJK &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

:&8 MSKXB\EMFBAE_B\EMF &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&


3/87

:


4/87

&8&8 @usm|`kzez 8& Sa{xbaezd mi bj|mxz bfl ef|kxkz|z mf |`k Ab|yebf z{h$fb|emfba akyka &&& >3

>&8&: @usm|`kzez :& \`k fkmjabzzejba xkbaezd bfl |`k dmlka mi ef|kxfba-kp|kxfba smabxe|u & >8

>&: \ @K DM\EYB\EMF \M \[XF LM^F \@K \XBFZE\?LEIIKXKF\ Z\BX\\EFN$SMEF\Z EF \@K @USM\@KZKZ >9

>&< \ @K XKBJ\EMF \M Z\MS \@K \XBFZE\ NKFKXB\KL HU B ZK\ MI J[D[AB\EYK IBJ\MXZ &&&&&&&& >>


5/87

;


6/87


7/87

>

2& Ef|xml{j|emf

Ze k! nkmnxbsèjba amjb|emf! fb|{xba xkzm{xjkz bfl `{dbf lkykamsdkf| bxk bdmfn gkukakdkf|z hu ~èj` jm{f|xekz leiikx& \`kzk ibj|mxz bxk jakbxau edsmx|bf| ef z`bsefn |`kj`mejkz bybeabhak |m fb|emfba nmykxfdkf|z& Ab|yeb lmkz fm| `byk bfu nbz mx mea! hlmkz `byk b ~kaa$lkykamskl efixbz|x{j|{xk zuz|kd bfl ~kaa i{fj|emfefn smx|z mf |`kHba|ej Zkb |m |xbfzsmx| kfkxnu |m ~mxal dbxgk|z& \`k |xbfze| mi X{zzebf mea |`xm{nAb|yebf zkbsmx| mi Ykf|zseaz ez |`k z{hokj| ef |èz |`kzez&

Ab|yeb ez b zdbaa jm{f|xu ze|{b|kl mf |`k jmz| mi |`k Hba|ej Zkb& \`k nkmnxbsèjbaamjb|emf `bz sabukl bf edsmx|bf| xmak ef Ab|yebz èz|mxu! xkjkf| bz ~kaa bz lez|bf|&Lexkj| bjjkzz |m |`k jmxk sbf$K{xmskbf zkb xm{|kz `bz efia{kfjkl |`k kjmfmdejlkykamsdkf| mi |`k abxnkz| je|ekz mf |`k zkbjmbz|& Xenb bfl Ykf|zseaz `byk zefjkDellak Bnkz hkkf edsmx|bf| hm|` bz eflkskflkf| |xblk sbx|fkxz bfl bz |xbfze| smef|zimx |`k nmmlz jmdefn ixmd X{zzeb& Ab|kx! hkefn b sbx| mi |`k Zmyek| [femf! Ab|yebhkfkie|kl ixmd hen$zjbak dmlkxfe b|emf mi |`k |xbfzsmx| zuz|kd! ~èj` dblk Ab|yebf

zkbsmx|z kykf dmxk edsmx|bf| imx |`k |xbfze| mi X{zzebf defkxbaz |m ^kz|kxf K{xmskZde|` k| ba! 2559?2;8%& \xbfzsmx| jmxxelmxz nm bjxmzz |`k jm{f|xu hm|` ixmd Kbz| ^kz| bfl ixmd Fmx|` |m Zm{|`& \`{z! |`k sxmie|bhak nkmnxbsèjba amjb|emf bfllkykamskl smx|z bfl |xbfzsmx| efixbz|x{j|{xk baam~z Ab|yeb |m hk jmfzelkxkl b |xbfze|jm{f|xu&

\xbfze| ez {z{baau bllxkzzkl bz b zkj|mx ef |`k Ab|yebf kjmfmdu& \èz ez hkjb{zk dmz|

mi |`k |xbfzsmx| jmdsbfekz bxk ef |`k h{zefkzz mi sxmjkzzefn |xbfze| ixken`|! bfl |xbfzeedsaekz b ~elk xbfnk mi zkxyejkz! z{j` bz z|mxbnk! |xbfzsmx|b|emf bfl j{z|mdsxmjkl{xkz& Sxeyb|k jmdsbfekz ~mxgefn ~e|èf |èz zkj|mx bxk zenfeiejbf| |bpsbukxz ||`k fb|emfba |xkbz{xu& Mea |xbfze|! ef sbx|ej{abx! `bz hkkf èz|mxejbaau edsmx|bf| |m Ab|yebf kjmfmdu& H{ea| ef |`k 2593z! |`k mea seskaefk zuz|kd `bz hkkf b zbik bflkjmfmdejbaau hkfkiejeba ~bu mi |xbfzsmx|efn mea |m |`k K{xmskbf dbxgk|z Zsx{lz!

8332?9%& I{x|`kxdmxk! |`k mea |xbfze| xkdbefkl |m hk b sxemxe|u ef Ab|yebf kjmfmdzefjk xknbefefn eflkskflkfjk ef 2552 bfl |`k ezz{kz mi |xbfze| smaeju ~kxk |bgkf {s |m


8/87

0

|`k èn`kz| akykaz mi nmykxfdkf|& Fkykx|`kakzz! |`k mea |xbfze| yma{dkz yeb |`k Smx| Ykf|zseaz lkjxkbzkl z`bxsau ef 8338 bfl zefjk Obf{bxu 833:! mea |xbfze| yeb Smam|zg Ykf|zseaz seskaefk `bz hkkf j{| mii l{k |m |`k X{zzebf Nmykxfdkf| Jmddezzemf

Lkjezemf mi Lkjkdhkx 8338 Xknf{d! 833:%& ^ù b d{|{baau hkfkiejeba bnxkkdkf|~bz hxmgkf! ez b db||kx mi {fjkx|bef|u& \èz dbz|kxz |`kzez bedz |m kpsabef ~ù e| `bzmjj{xxkl hu ieflefn m{| ~`m ~kxk |`k dbef bj|mxz ef |`k ef|kxsabu bxm{fl |`k hxkbg!~`b| ~kxk |`kex dm|eykz bfl bj|{ba hk`byem{x&

2&2 Z|x{j|{xk bfl |`k jmf|kf| mi |`k |`kzez

\`k z{hokj| E bd ~xe|efn bhm{| ez fm| zm ~kaa xksxkzkf|kl ef zj`mabxau ae|kxb|{xk mxxkjkf| lkhb|kz bz! imx kpbdsak! |`k X{zzebf nbz jmfiaej|z ~e|` [gxbefk& \`kxkimxk! E~eaa neyk b xkblkx b hxeki sxkzkf|b|emf mi dbef bj|mxz |`b| ~kxk efymaykl ef |`k mea|xbfze| ef Ab|yeb bz ~kaa bz bf kdsexejba mykxyek~ mi |`k |xbfze| mxnbfezb|emf& E ~easxmjkkl ~e|` b |`kmxk|ejba ixbdk~mxg bfl b hxeki lezj{zzemf mi dk|`mlmamnejbaj`baakfnkz bfl |`k mskxb|emfbaezb|emf mi |`k dbef jmfjks|& E ~eaa {flkxaefk |`b| |`k|`kmxk|ejba {zk ez xb|`kx zedsaez|ej! |`{z! |`k sxkzkf|b|emf mi |`k dbef |`kmxekz ~eaa hkz`mx|& Du dbef z{nnkz|emfz imx ~ù |`k |xbfze| ~bz |kxdefb|kl xkz{a|kl ef |`xkkùsm|`kzkz |`b| ~eaa hk sxkzkf|kl ef j`bs|kxz im{x! ieyk bfl zep& \`k jmfja{lefnj`bs|kx ~eaa hk hm|` b z{ddbxu mi |`k |`kzez bfl |`k lezj{zzemf mi |`k dbef ieflefnz& E~eaa sxmjkkl ~e|` b hxeki sxkzkf|b|emf mi |`k dbef bj|mxz ef |`k |xbfze| h{zefkzz hm|` efAb|yeb bfl ef X{zzeb&

2&8 Kdsexejba hbjgnxm{fl& ^`b|= `kxk= ^`kf=

\`k Ab|yebf smx|z `byk èz|mxejbaau hkkf edsmx|bf| ef X{zzebf |xblk& L{xefn |`k Zmye|edkz! |`k efixbz|x{j|{xk lkykamskl jmfzelkxbhau! z|xkfn|`kfefn aefgz hk|~kkf Jkf|xbaX{zzeb bfl Hba|ej zkbsmx|z! bdmfn ~èj` |`k Ykf|zseaz smx| hkjbdk bf bhzma{|k akblkxef |xbfzèsdkf| Ae{`|m! 833:? :2%&


9/87


10/87


11/87


12/87

28

mea |xbfze| ez skx`bsz dmz| ef|kxkz|efn |m zj`mabxz ~e|èf sk|xmak{d z|{lekz! `m~kykx!|`k kjmfmdej edsbj| e| `bl imx |`k kykxu lbu aeik mi bf bykxbnk Ab|yebf dbgkz |èzjbzk xkakybf|au edsmx|bf| imx |`k nkfkxba b{lekfjk& \èz ef$lks|` z|{lu mi |`k |xbfze|

mi X{zzebf mea jbf hk bazm kdhkllkl ef b ~elkx z|{lu mi X{zzebf kfkxnu smaeju|m~bxlz ef|kxfb|emfba sbx|fkxz&

Zkjmflau! Gefn! Gkm`bfk bfl Ykxhb 255


13/87

2:

8& \`kmxk|ejba ixbdk~mxg

\`k dbef s{xsmzk mi |èz |`kzez ez |m kpsabef ~ù b d{|{baau hkfkiejeba bnxkkdkf| mfmea |xbfze| ~bz hxmgkf& \`xkk dbef r{kz|emfz fkkl |m hk bfz~kxkl? ~`m ~kxk |`k dbefbj|mxz7 ~`b| lel |`ku lm7 bfl ~ù=

\`k kfkxnu zkj|mx aekz mf |`k hmxlkxabfl hk|~kkf smae|ejz bfl kjmfmdu& E| ez |`kxkimfkjkzzbxu |m {flkxz|bfl `m~ d{j` smae|ejba ykxz{z `m~ d{j` kjmfmdej efia{kfjk~bz ef |`k lkjezemf |m z|ms |`k |xbfze|& I{x|`kxdmxk! e| ez fkjkzzbxu |m iefl m{| mf~èj` akyka |`k lkjezemf ~bz dblk bfl ~`b| |`k lxeyefn imxjkz hkèfl e| ~kxk&

Zkykxba |`kmxk|ejba jmfjks|z sm|kf|ebaau `byk kpsabfb|mxu yba{k ef {flkxz|bflefn |èzkykf|& Xkbaez| |`kmxu jbf zkxyk bz b i{flbdkf| imx sm|kf|eba bfz~kxz |m |èz r{kz|emf&Xkbaezd ez b z|b|k$jkf|xej yek~ mi ef|kxfb|emfba xkab|emfz bfl jmfzelkxz fb|emf$z||m hk {fe|bxu! xb|emfba bfl sxmie| zkkgefn bj|mxz Zde|`)^khhkx! 8338?2


14/87

2?822%& Fkmjabzzejba xkbaez|z bazm bzz{dk |`bsxedbxu bj|mxz ef |`k ef|kxfb|emfba zuz|kd bxk z|b|kz |`b| bj| bz eflkskflkf| {fe|z! h{||`k akblkxz mi |`k z|b|kz lm fm| fkjkzzbxeau `byk ixkklmd |m lexkj| |`kex z|b|kzxkzm{xjkz ef |`k lexkj|emf im{fl fkjkzzbxu |m zkj{xk fb|emfba ef|kxkz|z& \èz ez dbefau

hkjb{zk fkmjabzzejba xkbaez|z `byk b ~elkx jmfjks|{bae b|emf mi sm~kx& \`ku lkzjxehksm~kx fm| ef deae|bxu |kxdz! aegk jabzzejba xkbaez|z lm! h{| xb|`kx bz jbsbheae|ekz mixkzm{xjkz ~e|` ~èj` z|b|kz jbf efia{kfjk kbj` m|`kx Mxhbf! 8330?82%& Fkmjabzzejbxkbaezd ~eaa hk {zkl bz b |`kmxk|ejba ixbdk~mxg imx du |èxl ùsm|`kzez! ~`kxk E aefgX{zzebf smae|ejz |m e|z kp|kxfba smaejekz& @m~kykx! ~èak e| ez edsmx|bf| |m ènàe|`kmxk|ejba bssaejb|emf mi baa |`xkk dmlkaz! e| ez xb|`kx zedsaez|ej! bz E {zk mfau jmxbzz{ds|emfz bfl e| ez hkumfl |`k zjmsk mi |èz sbskx |m jmdsbxk mx |kz| |`kzk |`kmxekz&

8&2 Jabzzejba xkbaezd bfl |`k Xb|emfba Bj|mx Dmlka

B||kds|efn |m bfbau k |`k xkbj|emf mi Bdkxejbf nmykxfdkf| |m |`k sabjkdkf| mi Zmyek| dezzeakz ef J{hb ef |`k b{|{df 2598! Baaezmf imxd{ab|kz b zk| mi bzz{ds|emfz|`b| imxdz |`xkk dbef kpsabfb|mxu dmlkaz& @ez iexz| dmlka! |`k zm$jbaakl Xb|emfbaSmaeju Dmlka XBD%ez |`k kbzekz| |m {flkxz|bfl&:

: Xb|emfba Smaeju Dmlka `bz hkkf xklkiefkl ef|m Xb|emfba Bj|mx Dmlka ef Baaezmfz bfl _kaegm~cz Kzzkfjk mi Lkjezemf ?kpsabefefn |`k J{hbf Dezzeak Jxezez& 8 fl Kle|emf Fk~ Umxg? Amfndbf! 2555%

Ef kzzkfjk! e| jmf|befz |`k dbefsxmsmze|emfz mi xb|emfba j`mejk |`kmxu bfl |xble|emfba xkbaezd& Bjjmxlefn |m |èzdmlka! b fb|emf jbf hk |xkb|kl bz b {fe|bxu bj|mx ~e|` b zk| mi nmbaz bfl |`k bheae|u |ms{xz{e| |`kzk nmbaz& \`k bj|emfz |bgkf |m xkbae k fb|emfba nmbaz bxk bjj{xb|kaujbaj{ab|kl ~e|` xkzskj| |m |`k hbabfjk hk|~kkf |`k jmz| bfl |`k hkfkie| mi |`kzk


15/87

2;

bj|emfz& Lxb~efn mf |`k |xble|emfz mi jabzzejba xkbaezd! XBD lkiefkz b fb|emfz `kmi z|b|k mx `kbl mi nmykxfdkf| bz |`k {fe|bxu skxzmfeiejb|emf mi b z|b|k Baaezmf! 25995:$95%&

8&2&2 Xb|emfba Bj|mx Dmlka bssaeklMfk jbf bxn{k |`b| |`k |kxdefb|emf mi mea |xbfze| ~bz jb{zkl hu |kfzemfz ef imxkenfsmaeju hk|~kkf X{zzeb bfl Ab|yeb& Dmxk zskjeiej! X{zzeb ~bz jmfz|xbefkl ~e|` |`kj`bfnefn hbabfjk mi sm~kx ef |`k Hba|ej xknemf bfl ~bf|kl |m xknbef e|z smze|emf& \`ks{xz{e| mi fb|emfba ef|kxkz|z ~èj` ez fb|emfba zkj{xe|u bfl! jmfzkr{kf|au! bjmf|ef{m{z r{kz| imx sm~kx% ~m{al ef |èz jbzk hk |`k jmxk kpsabfb|emf imx |`k

lkjezemf dblk hu |`k X{zzebf nmykxfdkf|& Ef mxlkx |m xkbj` |èz nmba! X{zzeb jm{al ef|kxkz|kl ef dbfes{ab|efn |`k smae|ejba ze|{b|emf ef Ab|yeb& B `bxl sm~kx efz|x{dkf|!bz deae|bxu b||bjg! ~bz fm| bf ms|emf! zm |`k kjmfmdej sm~kx jm{al `byk zkxykl bz bz{e|bhak efz|x{dkf| |m efia{kfjk Ab|yebf smae|ejz&

Bz @{f|efn|mf edsmx|bf|au smef|z m{|! |`k kjmfmdej xkab|emfz bxk fm| mfau bhm{|bhzma{|k nbefz! xkab|eyk nbefz bazm db||kx7 b z|b|k dbu xkixbef ixmd kjmfmdej jm$

mskxb|emf ei e| hkaekykz e| dbu nbef dmxk ixmd fmf$jmmskxb|emf& \`b| ez!kjmfmdbj|eye|u ez b zm{xjk |m sm~kx& E| ez! eflkkl! sxmhbhau |`k dmz| edsmx|bf| zm{xjk mi


16/87

29

sm~kx! bfl ef |`k ~mxal ef ~èj` deae|bxu jmfiaej| hk|~kkf dbomx z|b|kz ez {faegkau!kjmfmdej sm~kx ~eaa hk efjxkbzefnau edsmx|bf| ef lk|kxdefefn |`k sxedbju mxz{hmxlefb|emf mi z|b|kz @{f|efn|mf! 255:? >2%&

\`{z! ei |`k xb|emfba bj|mx dmlka jm{al kpsabef |`k |kxdefb|emf mi |xbfze|! e| ~m{aldkbf |`b| X{zzeb ~bf|kl |m xknbef jmf|xma mykx |`k xknemf bfl kjmfmdej sxkzz{xk ~bzb |mma |m bjèkyk e|& \m iefl ~`k|`kx |`k |xbfze| |kxdefb|emf jmxxkab|kz ~e|` |`k fb|emfbimxkenf$smaeju |xkflz! e| ~eaa hk fkjkzzbxu |m kpbdefk |`k ef|kxsabu hk|~kkf fb|emfbagku bj|mxz! aegk nmykxfdkf|z! bfl iefl aefgbnkz |m kjmfmdej sxkzz{xk& Xb|emfba bj|mdmlka sxkz{ssmzkz |`b| X{zzeb ~bz bj|efn {fe|bxu bfl |`b| e| `bl sbx|ej{abx

kpskj|b|emfz |m ~`b| |`k Ab|yebf xkbj|emf ~eaa hk& \`{z! e| ~eaa hk fkjkzzbxu |mkpbdefk ~`k|`kx |`k z|b|k ~bz bj|efn bz b {fe|bxu bj|emf bfl ~`b| ~bz |`k dm|eyb|emf!|`k s{xsmzk |m |kxdefb|k |`k |xbfze|&

Mfk jm{al bxn{k |`b| |`k smae|ejba akblkxzès ef Ab|yeb ~bz sbx|ej{abxau `mz|eak |m jmmskxb|emf ~e|` X{zzeb b| |`k |edk |`b| |`k bnxkkdkf| ~bz `ba|kl& \`k fb|emfbaez|ejb|dmzs`kxk! bz ~kaa bz |`k bf|ejesb|emf mi K[ bfl FB\M dkdhkxzès! jm{al bxd |`k

Ab|yebf nmykxfdkf| ~e|` dmxk jmfielkfjk |`b| jb{zkl e| |m xkbj| ef b dbffkx |`b| ~bzfm| kjmfmdejbaau xb|emfba& E| ez |`kxkimxk fkjkzzbxu |m kpbdefk |`k mykxbaa sej|{xk|`k heab|kxba xkab|emfz bfl smae|ejba deaek{ ef Ab|yeb ef |`k |edk skxeml mi |`k |xbfze|hxkbglm~f& \`k ùsm|`kzez E m{|aefk ez |`k imaam~efn?

\`k mea |xbfze| ~bz z|msskl hkjb{zk mi b X{zzebf mhokj|eyk |m lkikfl e|z fb|emfba

ef|kxkz|z&

8&8 \`k sa{xbaez|ej lkjezemf$dbgefn dmlkaz

\`k kzzkfjk mi |èz kpsabfb|emf jm{al hk im{fl ef b r{e|k leiikxkf| |`kmxk|ejbabssxmbj`& Baaezmfz kyba{b|emf mi lkjezemf$dbgefn sxmjkzz xkz{a|kl ef |`kelkf|eiejb|emf mi |`xkk dbef dmlkaz? |`k Xb|emfba Bj|mx Dmlka! |`k Mxnbfe b|emfba

Hk`byem{x Dmlka MHD% bfl |`k H{xkb{jxb|ej Smae|ejz Dmlka HSD%& \`k zkjmfl


17/87

2>

|~m dmlkaz jmdhefkl! dbgk {s ~`b| ez gfm~f bz |`k h{xkb{jxb|ej smae|ejz dmlka&Ba|`m{n` |`kzk dmlkaz `byk zmdk skj{aebxe|ekz bfl bxk fm| elkf|ejba! |`k amnej mi ènàu leiikxkf|eb|kl lkjezemf$dbgefn z|x{j|{xk bfl |`k sa{xbaezd mi bj|mxz {fe|k |`kzk

|~m dmlkaz& Jmfzkr{kf|au! |`kzk dmlkaz bxk {zkl zed{a|bfkm{zau ~`kf E kpsabef ~ù|`k |xbfze| |m Ykf|zseaz `bz hkkf |{xfkl lm~f&

Ef |`k Mxnbfe b|emfba Hk`byem{x Dmlka! ef|kxfb|emfba xkab|emfz bxk zkkf bz b xkz{|`k ef|kxsabu hk|~kkf |`k duxebl mi mxnbfezb|emfz jmfz|e|{|efn |`k z|b|k& \èzjmfnamdkxb|k mi ammzkau baaekl mxnbfe b|emfz ez mi|kf `kblkl hu b zefnak akblkxnmykxfdkf|! h{| efz|kbl mi bj|efn bz b {fe|bxu b{|mfmdm{z bj|mx! |`k nmykxfdkf| bj|z

|`xm{n` mxnbfe b|emfba zkfzmxz e| skxjkeykz& Dmlkxf nmykxfdkf|z bxk jmdsxezkl mf{dkxm{z mxnbfe b|emfz& Kbj` mi |`kzk `bz e|z {fer{k j{a|{xk bfl sbx|ej{abx bnkflb&\`kzk mxnbfezb|emfz sbx|ejesb|k ef |`k lbeau lkjezemf$dbgefn mi |`k z|b|k& \`k ~bukbj` mxnbfe b|emf jmf|xeh{|kz |m |`k lkjezemf$dbgefn ez aede|kl hu b xbfnk mi ibj|mxzz{j` bz mxnbfe b|emfba j{a|{xk! efiakpeheae|u mi h{xkb{jxbju z|x{nnaefn imx h{lnk|bxxkzm{xjkz bfl ef|kx$ bfl ef|xb$mxnbfe b|emf jmdd{fejb|emf& \`kzk ibj|mxz z`bsk |`k~bu ef ~èj` nmykxfdkf| bnkfjekz xkbj| |m j{xxkf| ezz{kz& Nmykxfdkf|ba hk`byem{xjbf hk |`kxkimxk {flkxz|mml bz m{|s{|z mi abxnk mxnbfe b|emfz i{fj|emfefn Baaezmf!2595? 950%&

Aegk |`k MHD! Baaezmfz h{xkb{jxb|ej smae|ejz dmlka imj{zkz mf |`k z{h$z|b|k bj|mBaaezmf lkzjxehkz lkjezemf dbgefn bz |`k m{|jmdk mi hbxnbefefn bfl smae|ejbajmdsk|e|emf hk|~kkf z|b|k gku smaeju dbgkxz Baaezmf! 2595? >3>%& Ef |èz dmlka!

Baaezmf lkzjxehkz |`k z|b|k lkjezemf$dbgefn bz |`k hbxnbefefn mi dbfu efleyel{babj|mxz! kbj` ~e|` e|z m~f fm|emf mi ~`b| fb|emfba nmbaz bxk! bfl kbj` ~e|` e|z skxzmfbalkzexkz bfl bdhe|emfz& \`kzk bj|mxz z`bxk sm~kx bfl kpkx| b lknxkk mi efia{kfjk l{k|m e|z smze|emfz ef |`k nmykxfdkf| èkxbxjù! imxdba bfl efimxdba xkab|emfzèsz ~e|`kbj` m|`kx! bfl |`k fb|{xk mi |`k ezz{k hkefn bllxkzzkl& Ba|`m{n` |`kzk bj|mxz mi|kflezbnxkk mf ~`b| |`k hkz| lkjezemf ez! |`k smaeju ez xkzmaykl hu jmdsk|e|eyk smae|ejz&z`mx|! nmykxfdkf| lkjezemf$dbgefn ez fm| b jakbx sxmjkzz! h{| xb|`kx e| ez b xkz{a| m


18/87

20

jmdsxmdezk! jmbae|emf! jmdsk|e|emf! bfl jmfi{zemf bdmfn nmykxfdkf| miiejebaz ~`mzkk leiikxkf| ibjkz mi bf ezz{k Baaezmf! 2595? >3>$>30%&

8&8&2 Sa{xbaez|ej dmlka bsssaekl

\`k xb|emfba bj|mx dmlka bfl xkbaezd ef nkfkxba `byk hkkf jxe|ejezkl imx |`kexzedsaez|ej ~bu mi imxkenf smaeju$dbgefn bfl z|kblu baaknebfjk |m |`k elkb mi b fb|emfbz|b|k bz b {fe|bxu bj|mx& Bjjmxlefn |m bf ba|kxfb|eyk dmlka$$|`k sa{xbaez|ej mfk$$lkjezemfz ef imxkenf smae|ejz bxk dblk |`xm{n` |`k sxmjkzz mi hbxnbefefn! jmdsk|e|emfbfl jmdsaebfjk mi d{a|esak z{h$fb|emfba bj|mxz& Sxeyb|k jmdsbfekz! h{xkb{jxb|z!

smae|ejba kae|kz bfl efz|e|{|emfz bxk |`k gku bj|mxz ef |`k lkjezemf$dbgefn& Baa mi |`kznxm{sz dbu `byk leiikxkf| nmbaz bfl leiikxkf| bzz{ds|emfz mi ~`b| dkbfz z`m{al hk{zkl |m bjèkyk |`kzk nmbaz Baaezmf! 2595? 95>$950%& \`k kpsabfb|emf mi jb{zkz |`bakbl |m |xbfze| z|ms dbu |`kxkimxk hk im{fl ef |`k kpbdefb|emf mi |`k ef|kxsabu hk|~kkfybxem{z z{h$fb|emfba Ab|yebf bj|mxz& \`b| ez! |`k kykf|z mf |`k Ab|yebf z{h$fb|emfbaakyka jm{al `byk sxmymgkl |`k xkbj|emf |m |kxdefb|k |`k mea |xbfze|& \`k sxejk bflmxnbfe b|emfba sb||kxfz bxm{fl |`k |xbfze| jm{al hk |`k ibj|mxz |`b| efia{kfjkl |`kX{zzebf lkjezemf&

Ei mfk bssaekz |`k Mxnbfezb|emfba Hk`byem{x Dmlka |m kpsabef ~ù |`k |xbfze| ~bz|kxdefb|kl! mfk jbf bzz{dk |`b| |`k Ab|yebf nmykxfdkf|ba hk`byem{x kpsxkzzkl|`xm{n` z|b|k mxnbfezb|emfz `bz z`bskl |`k kz|bhaez`kl |xbfze| sb||kxfz |`b| jm{al `byksxmymgkl |`k lkjezemf |m z|ms |`k |xbfze|&

Baa |`kzk jmfzelkxb|emfz akbl |m |`k bzz{ds|emf |`b| |`k jb{zk mi |`k mea |xbfze||kxdefb|emf jm{al hk im{fl hu kpbdefefn |`k hbxnbefefn sb||kxfz mi leiikxkf| z{hfb|emfba bj|mxz& \`k ba|kxfb|eyk ùsm|`kzez E m{|aefk ez?

\`k z|ms mi |`k mea |xbfze| ~bz jb{zkl hu lkykamsdkf| mf |`k Ab|yebf z{h$fb|emfba

akyka&


19/87

25

8&: Fkmjabzzejba xkbaez| | kmxu& \`k dmlka mi ef|kxfba bflkp|kxfba smabxe|u

Iefbaau! ef mxlkx |m kpsabef |`k |xbfze| |kxdefb|emf! ~k jbf kpbdefk |`k jmdsakpe|u mi xkab|emfz hk|~kkf X{zzebf fb|emfba nmykxfdkf| bfl X{zzebf mea jmdsbfekz! bzz{defn|`b| |`kzk `bl leiikxkf| ef|kxkz|z ef |`k mea |xbfze|&

Bz ~bz bxn{kl sxkyem{zau! |`k xkbaez| kpsabfb|emf mi |`k imxkenf smaeju lkjezemfz jbhk jxe|eje kl imx e|z zedsaez|ej ~bu mi ammgefn b| ef|kxfb|emfba xkab|emfz& \`kfkmjabzzejba bssxmbj` `bz b hxmblkx skxzskj|eyk mi imxkenf smaeju dbgefn bz b z|bx|smef|& \`k hbzej elkb ez |`b| imxkenf smaeju lkjezemfz bxk efia{kfjkl hu lmdkz|ejjmfz|xbef|z bfl |`k lez|xeh{|emf mi sm~kx mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba bxkfb Mxhbf! 8330?83%\m kpsabef `m~ |`k ef|kxfba bfl kp|kxfba smae|ejz ef|kxdep! bfl {flkx ~èj`jmfle|emfz mfk sxklmdefb|kz mykx |`k m|`kx! ez b jkf|xba |bzg mi fkmjabzzejba xkbaez

Bdmfn edsmx|bf| bssxmbj`kz jmdhefefn lmdkz|ej bfl ef|kxfb|emfba smae|ejz! mfk jbfdkf|emf smae`k{xez|ej |`kmxu! ~èj` ~mxgz ixmd |`k bzz{ds|emf |`b| imxkenf smaejusxkikxkfjkz bfl lkjezemfz bxk |`k xkz{a| mi bf kyba{b|emf mi jm{f|xuz deae|bxu!kjmfmdej! bfl smae|ejba ledkfzemfz Bamfz! 833>? 82:%&

[zefn smae`k{xez|ej |`kmxu bz b z|bx|efn smef|! Bamfz imj{zkz mf |`k lez|efj|emfhk|~kkf ledkfzemfz xkiakj|efn lmdkz|ej jmfzelkxb|emfz bfl |`mzk xkiakj|efnef|kxfb|emfba jmfzelkxb|emfz Bamfz! 833>?82?828%& I{x|`kxdmxk! èn` ef|kxfba smabxe|u ~eaa neyk |`k z|b|


20/87

83

akblkxzès dmxk ixkklmd |m dbfmk{yxk ef |`k ef|kxfb|emfba bxkfb |`bf |`k am~ smabxe|ujm{al `byk lmfk& Dmxk zskjeiejbaau! |`k am~kx |`k lknxkk mi efz|e|{|emfbae b|emf ~e|`|`k z|b|k bfl |`k èn`kx |`k lknxkk mi sm~kx jkf|xbaezb|emf ~e|èf |`k lkjezemf$dbgefn

bj|mxz! |`k èn`kx |`k ef|kxfba smabxe|u& Xmhkx| S{|fbd `bz bazm {zkl |èz bxn{dkf| efèz |~m$akyka nbdk dmlka! |`k mfk |`b| E `byk {zkl bz b z|bx|efn smef| imx du |èxlùsm|`kzez ef |`k kbxau z|bnk mi ùsm|`kze efn& @m~kykx! E lkjelkl |m {zk Bamfzczdmlka mi ef|kxfba-kp|kxfba smabxe|u ~`kf e| jbdk jakbx |`b| |~m$akyka nbdk ez fm| |`khkz| |`kmxk|ejba ixbdk~mxg&?82? 82;%& Zefjk efleyel{baz bxk dbgefn jmfjxk|k imxkenf smaeju j`mejkz! efkjkzzbxu |m efjmxsmxb|k |`kex skxjks|emf xknbxlefn ~`b| sm~kx jbsbheae|ekz dbu hk

{zkl |m lkikfl |`mzk ef|kxkz|z! bfl |`kex skxjks|emf mi ef|kxfb|emfba kykf|z bfl `m~|`ku |xbfzab|k |`kd ef|m jmfjxk|k bj|emf& Blle|emfbaau! fkmjabzzejba xkbaezd leiikxzixmd jabzzejba xkbaezd ef |kxdz mi dm|eyb|emf mi z|b|kz hk`byem{x& E| jabedz |`b| z|b

< \~m$akyka nbdk mi Xmhkx| S{|fbd `bz hkkf {zkl bz b |`kmxk|ejba nxm{fl imx |`k bfbauzez bz b z|bx|efn smef|! ènàen`|efn|`b| |`k lkjezemfz jmfzelkxefn ef|kxfb|emfba m{|jmdkz jbf hk efia{kfjkl hu |`k ef|kxsabu hk|~kkf z|b|k bfl sxeyb|k bj|mxz&\`k dmlka `bz hkkf |{xfkl {szelk$lm~f! bz E `byk jmfjkf|xb|kl mf |`k ibj|mxz |`b| lm fm| efjxkbzk h{| lkjxkbzk |`k ~ef$zk|mi |`k sbx|ekz& @m~kykx |`k dbef elkb ef S{|fbdz |~m$akyka dmlka `bz hkkf |`k fkjkzze|u mi lmdkz|ej xb|eiejb|emf mi |`klkjezemf dblk mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba akyka! |`k elkb |`b| ez bhzkf| ef du ùsm|`kzez&


21/87


22/87

88

xknbef sm~kxi{a smze|emf mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba bxkfb& Ef m|`kx ~mxlz! z|b|k sm~kxjmfzmaelb|emf ez fkjkzzbxu imx |`k z|b|k |m hk z|xmfn bj|mx hkèfl e|z fb|emfba hmxlkx~eaa dkbf~èak fm| lezj{zz |`k ef|kxfb|emfba bdhe|emfz mi |`k X{zzebf z|b|k! bz e| ez

hkumfl |`k z{hokj| mi |èz |`kzez& @m~kykx! |èz bzz{ds|emf ez edsmx|bf| |m {flkxz|bfl~ù X{zzeb xkbj|kl bz ez `bz lmfk& \`k |èxl ùsm|`kzez E m{|aefk ez |`kxkimxk?

\`k z|ms mi mea |xbfze| |m Ykf|zseaz ~bz jb{zkl hu sm~kx jmfzmaelb|emf mykx |`k mea

efl{z|xu ef |`k `bflz mi X{zzebf z|b|k bz b dkbfz |m bjèkyk b amfn$|kxd imxkenf

smaeju mhokj|eyk! |`b| ez! |m efjxkbzk X{zzebz ef|kxfb|emfba efia{kfjk&

8&< Z{ddbxu

\`xkk |`kmxk|ejba bssxmbj`kz ~kxk {zkl |m imxd{ab|k ùsm|`kzkz |`b| jm{al kpsabef~ù |`k mea |xbfze| |m |`k zkb smx| mi Ykf|zseaz ~bz |kxdefb|kl&

\`k smef| mi lksbx|{xk imx du iexz| ùsm|`kzez ez jabzzejba xkbaezd bfl |`k xb|emfbabj|mx dmlka& Xkbaezd ez b z|b|k jkf|xej |`kmxu! ~`kxk |`k z|b|k z|x{nnakz |m z{xyeyk efef|kxfb|emfba bfbxjù! dbgefn sm~kx hm|` bf efz|x{dkf| ef |èz z|x{nnak bfl e|z{a|edb|k nmba& Fb|emfba zkj{xe|u sxeyeaknkz baa m|`kx z|b|k ef|kxkz|z! ~èj` ez bazmjkf|xba ef Baaezmfz xb|emfba bj|mx dmlka& \`k bssaejb|emf mi |èz dmlka xkz{a|kl efsxklej|emf |`b| |`k X{zzebf zkj{xe|u ef|kxkz|z! k&n& |m xknbef sm~kx ef |`k Hba|ej xknejm{al `byk efia{kfjkl |`k lkjezemf |m z|ms {zefn Ab|yeb bz b |xbfze| jm{f|xu& Ef m|`kx~mxlz! |`k lkjezemf ez bf m{|jmdk mi imxkenf smaeju hk|~kkf X{zzeb bfl Ab|yeb&

E `byk {zkl Baaezmfz sa{xbaez|ej dmlka bz b z|bx|efn smef| imx du zkjmfl ùsm|`kzez\`k imj{z j`bfnkl ixmd èn` smae|ejz |m lmdkz|ej smae|ejz ef Ab|yeb& \`k dbefbzz{ds|emf `kxk ez |`b| |`k kykf|z mf |`k Ab|yebf z{h$fb|emfba akyka$$hk |`mzkkjmfmdej jmfle|emfz mi |xbfze| mx sb||kxfz mi m~fkxzès$$jm{al `byk sxmymgkl |`kxkbj|emf |m z|ms |`k |xbfze|& \`k dmlkaz ~kxk {zkl ef b dmz| zedsak ~bu! bz E `bykkdsamukl mfau |`k jmxk bxn{dkf| |`b| |`k ybxek|u mi z{h$fb|emfba bj|mxz bfl |`k

ef|kxsabu hk|~kkf |`kd jbf `byk bf edsbj| mf kp|kxfba xkab|emfz&


23/87

8:

Iefbaau! E `byk z{nnkz|kl |`b| |`k |xbfze| hxkbg jbf hk {flkxz|mml bz b z{hmxlefb|ksxml{j| mi X{zzebf ef|kxfba kfkxnu smaeju& Fkmjabzzejba xkbaezd bfl |`k dmlka mi ef|kxfba-kp|kxfba smabxe|u `byk ~mxgkl bz b hbzk imx |èz ùsm|`kzez& E `byk z{nnkz

|`b| |`k xkmxekf|b|emf mi X{zzebf sk|xmak{d smaeju `bz jb{zkl |`k |xbfze| z|ms&Dmxkmykx! |èz lkjezemf ez bf kpsxkzzemf mi nkfkxba sxefjesak |m bymel |èxl sbx|ekmea |xbfze|& \`k {flkxauefn dm|eyb|emf `kxk ez |`k skxjks|emf mi kjmfmdej z|xkfn|` bzbf edsmx|bf| |mma |m xknbef X{zzebf ef|kxfb|emfba sm~kx&

Hkimxk z|bx|efn ~e|` |`k kdsexejba bfbauzez mi du ùsm|`kzkz! E ~eaa lezj{zzdk|`mlmamnejba j`baakfnkz bfl mskxb|emfbaezb|emf mi |`k dbef jmfjks|z&


24/87

8


25/87


26/87

89

Jbzk z|{lu dk|`ml ez hm|` ~elkau z{ssmx|kl bfl ~elkau jxe|ejezkl& \`k z{ssmx|kxz{flkxaefk |`k {|eae|u mi nmefn |m |`k jmxk mi bf kpbdefkl s`kfmdkfb bfl ef$lks|`z|{lu |`b| hxefn dmxk gfm~aklnk mf |`k iekal! ~`eak |`k jxe|ejz smef| |m |`k j`baakfnkz

~`kf xkaebheae|u bfl dkbz{xkdkf| ybaele|u ez yba{kl! bz ~kaa bz |m b zdbaa$F sxmhakd;

Iexz|! |`k jbzk z|{lu dk|`ml neykz b zj`mabx badmz| {fhm{flkl ixkklmd |m xkzkbxj`lkzenf& ^`eak z|b|ez|ejba dk|`ml mhaenkz |m imaam~ z|xej| db|`kdb|ejba x{akz! jmlefnbfl z|bflbxl mskxb|emfz! |`k jbzk z|{lu jbf hk i{ u bxm{fl |`k klnkz Nkxxefn!255


27/87


28/87


29/87

85

Baaezmfz sa{xbaez|ej dmlka ez |`k fkp| ba|kxfb|eyk |`kmxk|ejba jmfjks| |m |`kmskxb|emfbaezb|emf& Efz|kbl mi lkiefefn |`k xkab|emfz mf |`k |ms fb|emfba akyka! E z|`k imj{z |m |`k ef|kxsabu mf |`k Ab|yebf lmdkz|ej akyka& Dbgefn b dkbz{xkdkf|

edsaekz |`k kpez|kfjk mi b jmfz|bf|& Ef |èz sbx|ej{abx jbzk! |èz jmfz|bf| jbf hk{flkxz|mml bz kz|bhaez`kl kjmfmdej jmfle|emfz |m |`k mea |xbfze|& \`b| ez |`b| b xbselzèi| ef |`k sxejk bfl mx% |`k mxnbfe b|emfba sb||kxfz bxm{fl |`k |xbfze| jm{allk|kxdefb|k |`k lkjezemf |m z|ms |`k mea iam~ |m |`k smx| mi Ykf|zseaz&

Iefbaau! fkmjabzzejba xkbaezd bfl |`k dmlka mi ef|kxfba-kp|kxfba smabxe|u ~eaa hk {zkbz |`k |èxl |`kmxk|ejba nxm{fl imx |`k mskxb|emfbaezb|emf& \`k lezbnxkkdkf|z hk|~kkf

|`k X{zzebf z|b|k b{|`mxe|ekz bfl mea jmdsbfekz jm{al `byk dblk bf edsbj| mf |`kz|b|k lkjezemf |m z|ms |`k |xbfze|& \`k |xbfze| z|ms jbf |`kxkimxk eflejb|k |`k ~ez` |m nk|dmxk jmf|xma mykx ~`b| ez jmfzelkxkl bz b ye|ba fb|emfba ef|kxkz| ef X{zzeb! |`k meaefl{z|xu& \`k sm~kx jmfzmaelb|emfz mykx |`k mea efl{z|xu ~eaa ef |èz jbzk zkxyk bz beflejb|mx mi ef|kxfba smabxe|u& \`k kp|kxfba smabxe|u ~eaa hk kpsxkzzkl hu |`k sm~kxlez|xeh{|emf ef |`k Hba|ej xknemf zskjeiejbaau bfl mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba bxkfb ef b ~elkxskxzskj|eyk& Jmfzkr{kf|au! e| ~eaa hk fkjkzzbxu |m iefl eflejb|mxz mf ibj| |`b| X{zzebfb{|`mxe|ekz `bl lezsbxe|ekz ef |xbfze| ezz{k ~e|` |`k mea jmdsbfekz bfl eflejb|mxz |`b|jm{al lkzjxehk X{zzebz z|bflefn mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba bxkfb& \`k ~bu |m lm |èz ~eaa|`k kpbdefb|emf mi miiejeba kpsxkzzemfz dblk hu |ms smae|ejebfz bfl bfbauzez mi |`kae|kxb|{xk |`b| lkzjxehkz mi xkab|emf hk|~kkf |`k z|b|k bfl |`k mea jmdsbfekz ef 8338$833:&

^`b| ez jmddmf imx baa |`kzk z{nnkz|emfz ez |`k edsmx|bfjk mi lkiefefn |`kjmxxkab|emf hk|~kkf |`k j`bfnk |`b| `bsskfkl ef |`k |xbfze| sxmjkzz bfl |`k j`bfnkz efsmae|ejba! kjmfmdejba mx lmdkz|ej smaejekz mi z|xb|knej edsmx|bfjk& Ei z{j` jmxxkalmkz kpez|! mfk jbf lezj{zz ~`k|`kx |`kxk ez b jbz{ba xkab|emfzès hk|~kkf |`k |xbfze||kxdefb|emf bfl |`k kpsabfb|emfz z{nnkz|kl ef du ùsm|`kzkz&

E ~eaa fm~ |{xf |m |`k kdsexejba lezj{zzemf mi du iexz| ùsm|`kzez&


30/87

:3


31/87

:2


32/87

:8

@ez|mxejbaau! Ab|yebf imxkenf smaeju `bz hkkf sxkmjj{sekl ~e|` X{zzebbsxkmjj{sb|emf |`b| `bz hkkf he||kx Sxel`bd)Ybf`bfkf! 255


33/87


34/87

:

Ef|kxkz|efnau! |`k abjg mi b hmxlkx |xkb|u lel fm| z|bfl m{| bz bf mhz|bjak |m Ab|yeb |m omefefn |`k K[! bz |`k jm{f|xu xkjkeykl bf miiejeba efye|b|emf ef Lkjkdhkx 8338&Ba|`m{n` |`k K[ `bz edsakdkf|kl sbx|ej{abx smaejekz |`b| z`m{al `byk z|es{ab|klAb|yeb |m mskf hmxlkx lezs{|kz Omkffekde ef Z|k||kx k| ba! 8330? 2: ~`ej` smef|kl |`b| Bhxkfk lez|xej| ef |`k kbz| Ab|yeb ~bz b Ab|yebf|kxxe|mxu


36/87

:9

nkfkxba jmfle|emfz imx fknm|eb|emfz xkdbefkl |`k zbdk |`xm{n`m{| 8338 bfl 833:! |`kmiiejeba efye|b|emf |m omef |`k K[~e|` e|z bjr{ez dkdhkxz`es sxk$jmfle|emfzimxjklAb|yeb |m bhmaez` |`k Ab|yebf ia{kfju xkr{exkdkf| imx |`mzk ~`m ~bf| |m x{f imx

kakj|emf&

%& @m~ky8338! |`k nmykxfdkf| ef|xml{jkl bf efjxkbzkl sxmsmx|emf mi Ab|yebf$abfn{bnk


37/87

:>

j{xxej{ab |`b| sxmymgkl z|xmfn mssmze|emf bdmfn |`k X{zzebf$zskbgefn sms{ab|emf&\`k X{zzebf nmykxfdkf| `bz bazm jmflkdfkl |`k kl{jb|emfba sxmnxbd bfl kpsxkzzklz{ssmx| |m |`k sxm|kz|mxz E ykz|eob! 8338b%&

\`ez xkbj|emf jbf hk efjmxsmxb|kl ef |`k X{zzebf imxkenf smaeju z|xb|knu sxkzkf|klbi|kx Yabledex S{|ef hkjbdk b Sxkzelkf| ef ab|k 2555& E| z|b|kl (xkzskj| imx X{zzeb.zef|kxkz|z! efja{lefn |`k i{flbdkf|ba ezz{k mi |`k xen`|z mi X{zzebf zskbgefn xkzelkf|z(~bz (b dbflb|mxu sxkxkr{eze|k( imx edsxmyefn heab|kxba xkab|emfz F[SE xksmx|!8333%&5


38/87

:0

kpsxkzzkl bhm{| i{|{xk Baaebfjk f{jakbx lksamudkf| ef |`k xknemf& ê|` xknbxl |m |èzjmfjkxf! bf {ffbdkl X{zzebf Lkikfjk Defez|xu miiejeba ~bz r{m|kl jabedefn |`b|?^k `byk efimxdb|emf |`b| zmdk Hba|ej `kblz mi z|b|k `byk baxkblu kpsxkzzkl |`kex

xkblefkzz |m lksamu bfu |usk mi FB\M ~kbsmf! efja{lefn |bj|ejba f{jakbx bxdz! bi|kx

|`kex jm{f|xekz omef |`k Baaebfjk Z`m{degèf! 833;%& Jmfzkr{kf|au! |`k mskxb|emfbajbsbje|u mi X{zzebz fbyba imxjkz ef |`k Hba|ej Zkb jm{al sm|kf|ebaau hk jmfz|xbefklbfl e|z bheae|u |m zkj{xk bex lkikfjk mykx |`k Hba|ej Zkb i{x|`kx aede|kl& \èz! ef |{xf!jm{al akbl |m deae|bxu y{afkxbheae|u mf |`k X{zzebf hmxlkx ~e|` |`k Hba|ej Z|b|kz&

\`k X{zzebf jmfjkxf bhm{| deae|bxu edhbabfjk bfl |`k lksamudkf| mi f{jakbx bxdz ef

|`k Hba|ej xknemf `bz xkjkeykl xkzsmfzk ixmd |`k Ab|yebf Sxedk Defez|kx ~`m z|b|kl|`b| |`k ezz{k mi |bj|ejba f{jakbx lksamudkf| `bl b| fm smef| hkkf xbezkl hu FB\Mmiiejebaz& Bz ~kaa! |`k Ab|yebf Defez|kx mi Imxkenf Biibexz dblk b z|b|kdkf| |`b|Ab|yeb b||bj`kz nxkb| edsmx|bfjk |m |`k fmxdz bfl mhaenb|emfz mi |`k JIK \xkb|u bflkpsxkzzkz b ~eaaefnfkzz |m bjjklk |m |`k blms|kl blbs|kl |xkb|u Bzzmjeb|kl Sxkzz!8338%&


39/87

:5

kfyexmfdkf|! |`k |kfzemfz bxm{fl |`k hmxlkx |xkb|u bfl defmxe|u ezz{kz! bfl Ab|yebzFB\M bssaejb|emf&

Nkfkxbaau! |`k aknbjekz mi èz|mxu bfl |`k jmf|xmykxzeba ef|kxsxk|b|emf mi èz|mxejblkykamsdkf| `bl kakyb|kl smae|ejba |kfzemf hk|~kkf X{zzeb bfl Ab|yeb& \`k zenfefn mi|`k hmxlkx |xkb|u bz ~kaa bz |`k je|e kfzès smaeju |m~bxlz X{zzebf defmxe|ekz `bykhkkf dbef mhz|bjakz |m jmfz|x{j|eyk jm$mskxb|emf ef m|`kx iekalz& Ba|`m{n` lesamdbxkab|emfz `bl fkykx hkkf mskfau `mz|eak! imxkenf smaeju `bz hkkf jmdsaejb|kl&

Ef nkfkxba! |`k smae|ejba deaek{ ef Ab|yeb ef 8338$833: ~bz sxm$^kz|kxf bfl `bl bf{fjkx|bef yek~ mi |`k imxkenf z|xb|knu mx ef|kf|emfz mi |`k X{zzebf Iklkxb|emf& \`kbssaejb|emfz |m FB\M bfl |m |`k K[ ~kxk |`kxkimxk skxjkeykl bz ye|baau edsmx|bf| imxAb|yebf fb|emfba zkj{xe|u& @m~kykx! X{zzeb `bl jmfjkxfz bhm{| e|z deae|bxuy{afkxbheae|u! ~èj` ~bz jb{zkl hu |`k amzz mi zenfeiejbf| zkbsmx|z bfl deae|bxu hbzkzef |`k Hba|ej xknemf& \`k efye|b|emf |m omef FB\M |`b| jbdk ef 8338 xbezkl jmfjkxfzbhm{| FB\M kfabxnkdkf|! bz Ab|yeb ~bz fm| b dkdhkx mi JKI \xkb|u b| |`b| smef|&\èz jm{al! |`kxkimxk! hk skxjkeykl bz b j`baakfnk |m |`k deae|bxu zkj{xe|u mi X{zzeb&

|èz jmf|kp|! |`k |kxdefb|emf mi |`k mea |xbfze| jm{al hk ef|kxsxk|kl bz b X{zzebfsmae|ejba xkbj|emf |m lmdkz|ej smae|ejz ef Ab|yeb&

@m~kykx! |`k fknm|eb|emfz |m omef |`k FB\M bfl |`k K[ `bl hkkf mfnmefn imx zkykxbukbxz bfl Ab|yebf bldezzemf |m hm|` {femfz ~bz bf|ejesb|kl bz kbxau bz 8338 ~`kf|`k jm{f|xu nm| e|z miiejeba efye|b|emf |m omef |`k FB\M baaebfjk%& Jmfzkr{kf|au!j{||efn mii |`k |xbfze| ~m{al fm| `byk bfu edsbj| mf Ab|yebf dkdhkxzès |m |`k

FB\M& ^bz |`k X{zzebf dm|eyb|emf xk|baeb|emf ef |èz jbzk= ^`b| ~bz |`k xb|emfbakimx |èz lkjezemf= Bz ibx bz |`k imxkenf smaeju hk|~kkf |`kzk |~m jm{f|xekz ~bzjmdsaejb|kl bfl fm bfu zenfeiejbf| j`bfnk `bsskfkl ef 8338! |`k kpsabfb|emf mi |`klkjezemf jm{al hk |`b| zedsak bxn{dkf| |`b| X{zzeb nbyk {s mf xknbefefn jmf|xma ef|`k fkbx fken`hm{x`mml bfl |`k z|ms mi mea |xbfze| hkjbdk b j{adefb|emf mi |èzsxmjkzz& @m~kykx! mfk dbu bxn{k |`b| |`k {zk mi s{fez`dkf| sxkz{ssmzkz |`b| mfk

`bz baxkblu lkaeykxkl ~bxfefnz mx |`xkb|z |`b| |`ku ~m{al bj| ef |èz ~bu& @m~kykx! fm|`xkb|z mx ~bxfefnz ~kxk dblk |m |kxdefb|k |`k |xbfze| bxxbfnkdkf| zkxem{zau&


40/87


41/87


42/87


43/87


44/87


45/87


46/87

%

Xkkl! 8338? ;%&

\`k sxeyb|e b|emf mi Ykf|seaz Fbi|b jbf z{xnk bz bf kpbdsak mi |`ez |kflkfju& YF ~bzsbx|ebaau sxeyb|e kl ef 255>! xkz{a|efn ef bf kf|kxsxezk ~`kxk


47/87

`bz lezbhakl |`k Ab|yebf Z|b|k |m sbx|ejesb|k ef lez|xeh{|emf mi sxmie|z bfl `bz mhaenkle| |m ym|k zedeabxau |m |`k jm$z`bxk`malkx! |`k Ab|yebf Mea \xbfze| Lekfb! 833:b%&efz|bfjk! ~`kf |`k X{zzebf A{gmea kpsxkzzkl b lkzexk |m sxeyb|ezk |`k z|b|k z`bxk ef

YF ef 2550 e| `bz kpskxekfjkl b Ab|yebf z|bflmii& \`k xki{zba |m ak| X{zzebf meajmdsbfekz |m omef |`k sxeyb|ezb|emf sxmjkzz mi YF ~bz dbefau jmddkf|b|kl bzefjmfzez|kfjekz ef sxejk E ykz|eob! 833:%& E| ez edsmx|bf| |m fm|ejk |`b| |`k Ab|yebfnmykxfdkf| bfl |`k YF `bl `bl! b| akbz| miiejebaau! zedeabx smze|emfz ef |èz ezz{k! bzAkdhkxnz bfl m|`kx zdbaakx z`bxk`malkxz `bz s{haejbaau bssxmykl z|b|k lkjezemf fm| zkaa z|b|k z`bxkz |m bfu X{zzebf mea jmdsbfu&

Bfm|`kx edsmx|bf| bzskj| ez xkab|kl |m |`k lknxkk mi Ab|yebf jmfielkfjk |`b| |`kX{zzebf mea jmdsbfekz ~eaa {zk Ykf|zseaz bz e|z dbef Hba|ej ibjeae|u& \`k Ab|yebf mejmdsbfekz `byk jmfz|bf|au kpsxkzzkl |`kex zkj{xe|u |`b| |`k X{zzebf mea sxml{jkxz bxklkskflkf| mf |`k Ab|yebf |xbfze| xm{|k bfl |`k smze|emf mi Ykf|zseaz ez zkj{xkl bz mfkmi |`k dmz| ms|edba j`mejkz mi |`k mea kpsmx| |m |`k ^kz|kxf K{xmsk \`k Hba|ejJm{xzk! 8332%& @m~kykx! |èz jmfielkfjk ~bz hbzkl mf b ~xmfn jbaj{ab|emf& Neyk|`b| |`k Ab|yebf mea h{zefkzz ~bz b~bxk mi |`k nxm~efn Sxedmxzg ibjeae|u! |`k xb|emfbyba{k$dbpede efn bj|emf ~m{al hk |`k mfk |`b| ~m{al dbgk Ykf|zseaz kykf dmxkb||xbj|eyk imx |`k X{zzebf jmdsbfekz& \`k sxeyb|ezb|emf mi |`k Ykf|zseaz Fbi|b jm{alhk {zkl imx |`b| s{xsmzk! bfl |`k X{zzebf zelk `bz smef|kl m{| |`b| |`ku ~eaa j`mmzk|`mzk smx|z |`b| `byk X{zzebf jbse|ba \kaknxbs`! 8338b%& \`{z! |`k Ab|yebf bj|mxz`byk `bl b zenfeiejbf| efz|x{dkf| |`b| nbyk |`kd b xkab|eyk ixkklmd |m bj| bjjmxlefn|m |`kex m~f ef|kxkz|z bfl |èz ixkklmd |m bj| jm{al biikj| |`k mea |xbfze| ef ~`mak&

E `byk zm ibx lkzjxehkl |`k mykxbaa sej|{xk mi |`k xkab|emfz hk|~kkf |`k Ab|yebf z|b|kbfl Ykf|zseaz mea kfyexmfdkf|! dbefau {zefn YF bz bf kpbdsak& \`k xkab|emfzhk|~kkf |`k fb|emfba nmykxfdkf| bfl |`k mea jmdsbfekz `byk |~m zelkz& Mf |`k mfk`bfl! |`k efia{kfjk mi |`k mea jmdsbfekz mf |`k fb|emfba smae|ejz jbf hk xkykbakl hukpbdefefn |`k iefbfjefn sxmjkl{xkz hu |`k smae|ejba sbx|ekz ef |`k nmykxfdkf|bajmbae|emfz& @m~kykx ykxu ae||ak jmfjxk|k kyelkfjk mf dkj`bfezdz mi z|b|k jbs|{xk |m

hbjg {s |`k FNMcz z{xykuz ez bybeabhak bz |`k fb|emfba nmykxfdkf| `bz xkskb|klau


48/87


49/87


50/87


51/87

;2

E `byk bazm dblk b lkzjxes|emf mi m~fkxzès ef mea |xbfze| h{zefkzz hu ènàen`|efn |`ykx|ejba z|x{j|{xk bfl |`kxkimxk b èkxbxjèzd mi sm~kx& \`k xkab|emf hk|~kkf fb|emfbsmae|ejba kae|k bfl |`k mea jmdsbfekz ~bz lezj{zzkl bz b db||kx mi z|b|k jbs|{xk ef

Ab|yeb! ~`kxk h{zefkzz ef|kxkz|z efia{kfjk fb|emfba smae|ejz |`xm{n` iefbfjefn smae|ejbsbx|ekz bfl amhhuefn |ms$smae|ejebfz&

\`k ieflefnz jbf hk z`mx|au z{ddbxe kl bz imaam~efn?

\`k Ab|yebf z|b|k bfl Ykf|zseaz Fbi|b `bl lkfekl X{zzebf jbse|ba |m kf|kxsxeyb|ezb|emf mi YF! h{| hm|` zelkz ~bf|kl |m `byk |`k |xbfze| mi X{zzebf mea&

\`k Ab|yebf z|b|k z{iikxkl kjmfmdejbaau hkjb{zk mi jmfielkf|eba z`bxkbnxkkdkf| |`b| f{aaeiekl e|z bheae|u |m sbx|ejesb|k ef |`k lez|xeh{|emf mi sxmie|&

\`k efia{kfjk mi Ykf|zseaz Fbi|b mf |`k fb|emfba smae|ejba aeik jbf hk |xbjkl|`xm{n` |`k iefbfjefn |`k jmbae|emf nmykxfdkf| sbx|u! |`k [femf mi Nxkkf bflIbxdkxz bfl Akdhkxncz sbx|ejesb|emf ef jmbae|emf fknm|eb|emfz& \èz jbf hk{flkxz|mml bz b jmf|ef{b|emf mi kz|bhaez`kl imxd mi z|b|k jbs|{xk zuz|kd ef

Ab|yeb&

\`k kakj|emfz mi 8338 bfl Xkszkcz smae|ejba bdhe|emf |m defede k |`k efia{kfjkmi sbx|ej{abx h{zefkzz z|x{j|{xkz mf z|b|k smaeju$dbgefn `bz z`bskl |`k xkab|emfhk|~kkf Ykf|seaz mea jmdsbfekz bfl |`k nmykxfdkf|&

\`b| Ykf|zseaz Fbi|b `bz xkokj|kl \xbfzfki|cz sxmsmzba |m efykz| zenfeiejbf|au ef

dmlkxfezb|emf mi |`k seskaefk ef |`k zkbsmx| xknemf! zefjk |`k jmfle|emf ~bz |mak| \xbfzfki| |m omef |`k sxeyb|e b|emf mi YF&

\`k sxeyb|ezb|emf mi |`k z|b|k z`bxk ef YF jbf hk {flkxz|mml bz |`k dmz| zenfeiejbf|ikb|{xk ef |`k Ab|yebf$X{zzebf |xbfze| xkab|emfz ef 8338& \`k jbsbje|u |m lkfu X{zzebfjbse|ba ef |`k sxeyb|ezb|emf mi YF {flkxaefkz |`k dbef sxmsmze|emf |`b| |`k Ab|yebf z{hfb|emfba bj|mxz! |`k Ab|yebf nmykxfdkf| bfl |`k mea kz|bhaez`dkf| ef Ykf|zseaz! `byk

`bl jmf|xma mykx |`k ibjeae|u |`b| ~bz z|xmfnau lkzexkl hu |`k X{zzebf zelk&


52/87

;8

Jmfzkr{kf|au! |`ez lkjezemf |m gkks |`k X{zzebf jbse|ba m{| mi YF jm{al `byk `bl bzseaamykx kiikj| |m |`k X{zzebf zelk& Bfm|`kx jkf|xba mhzkxyb|emf ~bz |`b| |`k Ab|yebfmea kz|bhaez`dkf| `bl fm| jmfzelkxkl |`k smzzeheae|u |m ammzk |`k mea |xbfze|! bz |`k

xb|emfba bj|mxz z`m{al `byk lmfk& Hm|` |`k z|b|k b{|`mxe|ekz bfl YF ~bz jmfielbf| |`b|X{zzeb ~eaa gkks {zefn Ykf|zseaz! hkjb{zk e| ~bz kjmfmdejbaau hkfkiejebaau& \`ezjbaj{ab|emf |{xfkl |m hk b ib{a|u mfk&


53/87

;:


54/87

;?825%& E| bazm jabedz |`b| |`ksmae|ejba ef|kxkz| mi |`k z|b|k jmdkz sxemx |m e|z kjmfmdej bfl elkmamnejba bedz&I{x|`kxdmxk! |`k lez|xeh{|emf mi sm~kx ez b jkf|xba kakdkf| ef |èz dmlka& Mf |`klmdkz|ej akyka! |èz edsaekz |`b| |`k jkf|xbae b|emf mi sm~kx èn` ef|kxfba smabxe|u%kfbhakz z|b|kz |m bj| dmxk {fjmfle|emfbaau bfl eflkskflkf|au mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfbabxkfb! ~èak |`k lkjkf|xbae b|emf mi sm~kx mhaenkz |m |bgk ef|m jmfzelkxb|emfsxksmze|emfz mi zkykxba sbx|ekz bfl |`{z aede|z ixkklmd |m bj|& E| bazm dkbfz |`b| |`kz|b|k ~eaa b||bj` dmxk edsmx|bfjk |m e|z kp|kxfba ef|kxkz|z xkab|eyk |m e|z ef|kxfbaef|kxkz|z Bamfz! 833>?883%&

\`{z! `m~ ~m{al |èz dmlka kpsabef |`k mea |xbfze| hxkbg |m Ykf|zseaz= Bz duùsm|`kzez z{nnkz|z! |`k |xbfze| hxkbg ez bf kpsxkzzemf mi nkfkxba X{zzebf ~ez` |mbymel |èxl sbx|ekz ef |xbfze| xm{|kz7 ef m|`kx ~mxlz! lmdkz|ej smae|ejz `byk efia{kfjk|`k lkjezemf |m z|ms |`k |xbfze|& \èz ez aefgkl |m |`k fkp| skxjks|emf! |`b| |`k meaefl{z|xu ez edsmx|bf| imx X{zzebf kjmfmdu! ~èj` ef |{xf ez edsmx|bf| ef bjèkyefn |`kamfn$|kxd nmba! k&n& |m xkz|mxk X{zzebz sm~kx smze|emf mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba \`kxkimxk! bjjmxlefn |m Bamfzcz dmlka! |`k èn` ef|kxfba smabxe|u ~eaa dbgk e| hk||kximx X{zzeb |m |bgk bjjm{f| mi e|z kp|kxfba ef|kxkz|z& E| bazm sxklej|z |`b| |`k kjmfmdebfl elkmamnejba ef|kxkz|z ~eaa hk lmdefb|efn ef |`k sxkikxkfjkz dblk hu |`knmykxfdkf|& Bz X{zzebf smae|ejba zuz|kd ef 8338$833: jbf hk lkzjxehkl bz b

jkf|xbaezkl mfk! ~e|` |`k Sxkzelkf| bfl |`k sxedk defez|kx hkamfnefn |m |`k zbdksmae|ejba sbx|u \`k [fe|kl X{zzeb% bfl b am~ akyka mi efz|e|{baezb|emf Xmzk)D{fxm8338?


56/87

;9

~bz& \`k sm~kx lez|xeh{|emf mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba bxkfb ~eaa hk bazm lkzjxehkl bz |`kkp|kxfba smabxe|u efia{kfjkz mf |`k z|b|k sxkikxkfjkz Bamfz! 833>?829%&

9&8 \`k ef|kxfba smabxe|u

9&8&2 \`k ef|kxkz|z mi |`k X{zzebf mea jmdsbfekz

X{zzebf mea efl{z|xu ez efjxkbzefnau edsmx|bf| sabukx ef |`k namhba kfkxnu dbxgk| bflez |mlbu |`k zkjmfl abxnkz| mea sxml{jkx ef |`k ~mxal ^mk`xka! 8335?2%& Ef |`k kbxa

8333z! e| jmfzez|kl mi zkykxba dbomx mea sxml{jkxz! z{j` bz A{gmea! Z{xn{|! U{gmzZehfki|&

\m hknef ~e|`! ef |`k 2553z! |`k X{zzebf z|b|k lel fm| `byk bfu abxnk z|bgk ef X{zzebfmea sxml{j|emf bfl |`k mea jmdsbfekz kfomukl ixkklmd ixmd z|b|k dbfbnkdkf|& Bi|kxlkdmfmsmae b|emf bfl aehkxbae b|emf mi |`k mea sxejkz ef |`k kbxau 2553z! |`k meakf|kxsxezkz dbpedezkl |`kex sxmie|z hu kpsbflefn |`k mea sxml{j|emf bfl dmyefn dmz|

mi |`k sxmie|z |m biieaeb|kl |xblefn jmdsbfekz za{fl! 8339?:88%& \`k abxnkz| sbx| mi |`k mea kpsmx|z 50+% ~kxk |`k K{xmskbf dbxgk|z bfl |`k kpsmx| xm{|kz ~kxk sxedbxea|`k |x{fg seskaefkz Deamy k| ba 8339?85


57/87

;>

eflkskflkf| ixmd |`k X{zzebf b{|`mxe|ekz& Bz xkiakj|kl ef ab|kx lkykamsdkf|z z|b|kbjj{zb|emf mi abxnk$zjbak |bp kybzemf bfl ab|kx hbfgx{s|ju mi U{gmz%! e| ez r{e|kjkx|bef |`b| |`kzk bj|emfz ~kxk jxkb|efn lkks jmfjkxfz ef |`k X{zzebf nmykxfdkf|

Mxhbf! 8330?9


58/87

;0

X{zzebf z|b|k& E| `bz |xbfzimxdkl e|zkai ixmd b deae|bxu z{skxsm~kx |m bf kfkxnuz{skxsm~kx! bfl xkbae efn |`k ye|ba edsmx|bfjk mi kfkxnk|ejz! S{|ef `bz |bgkf zkykxbaz|ksz ef efjxkbzefn z|b|k jmf|xma mykx kfkxnu efl{z|xu&

Sbx|ej{abxau! ef |`k sk|xmak{d efl{z|xu! |`k xkz{a| mi |`k fk~ jm{xzk ef fb|emfbazkj{xe|u z|xb|knu ez xkiakj|kl hu b zèi| ixmd |`k aehkxba dmlka mi 2553z! ~èj`kds`bzezkl |`k edsmx|bfjk mi sxeyb|k sxeyb|ezb|emf mi |`k kfkxnu bzzk|z! |m |`knxm~efn z|b|k jmf|xma mykx kfkxnu efl{z|xu& za{fl lkzjxehkz |èz sbx|ej{abx |kflkfjubz b dmlka mi z|b|k jbse|baezd |`b| hbzejbaau dkbfz |`b| |`k z|b|k z`m{al `byk b| akbz|;2+ mi |`k z|bgk ef |`k abxnkz| kfkxnu jmdsbfekz za{fl! 8339? :8


59/87


60/87

93

jmdsbfekz jm{al {zk! hu |èz z|xkfn|`kfefn e|z sm~kx ef |`k mea efl{z|xu& E| ez ~mx|`fm|efn! |`b| |`k z|b|k `bz bazm hkkf bxn{efn imx |`k fkjkzze|u mi |xbfze| leykxzeiejb|emf&Fkykx|`kakzz! jmf|xbxu |m |`k sxeyb|k kf|kxsxezkz |`b| ~kxk dmxk iakpehak ef j`mmzefn

imxkenf zkbsmx|z bfl seskaefk zuz|kdz! e| ibym{xkl {zefn kpja{zeykau X{zzebf |xbfze|bzzk|z& Dmxkmykx! |`kzk bzzk|z d{z| hk jmf|xmaakl hu |`k z|b|k \xbfzfki|&Jmfzkr{kf|au! |`k xbfnk mi ms|emfz imx |`k sxeyb|k mea jmdsbfekz ~bz zenfeiejbf|auaede|kl&

\`k m|`kx bzskj| mi |`k jmf|xma mykx |`k seskaefk ez |`k kjmfmdej sxkzz{xk e| jxkb|kz!~èj` ez z{iiejekf| |m jmf|xeh{|k |m j`bfnk ef |`k jmdsbfekzc z|xb|knu& Bf kpbdsak ez

|`k smze|emf mi |`k A{gmea! X{zzebf zkjmfl abxnkz| mea jmdsbfu! bi|kx U{gmz& \`kjmdsbfu `bz b 23 + z`bxk |`b| ez m~fkl hu JmfmjmSèaaesz bfl `bz hkkf xkab|eykaueflkskflkf| ef e|z h{zefkzz lkykamsdkf|& @m~kykx! A{gmeacz sxkzelkf|! Ybne|Bakgskxmy! `bz hkkf sbx|ej{abxau jakbx ef èz z|b|kdkf|! |`b| A{gmea z`m{al hkjmfzelkxkl bz b fb|emfba X{zzebf jmdsbfu! |`b| bhmyk baa sxmie|z ~mxg ef mxlkx |mh{eal b jmf|kdsmxbxu ènàu lkykamskl kjmfmdu! b nxkb| sm~kx! X{zzeb& Zde|`!833:? 8%&

Z{ddb z{ddbxe{d! e| ez aegkau |`b| X{zzeb ~eaa jmf|ef{k |m xkl{jk |`k lkskflkfju mfmea |xbfze| yeb |`k Hba|ej Z|b|kz& Bz Ae{`|m 833:?? 825%& @kfjk! |`k z|bhea~e|èf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba zuz|kd ~eaa biikj| |`k edsmx|bfjk b z|b|k b||bj`kz |m e|z


61/87

92

smae|ejba! kjmfmdej mx elkmamnejba ef|kxkz|z& Z`mx|au! bz |`k z|bheae|u efjxkbzkz! |kxd hkfkie|z ~eaa hk yba{kl èn`kx bfl |`k z|b|k ~eaa b||bj` yba{k |m e|z kjmfmdej bflelkmamnejba ef|kxkz|z& Iefbaau! |`k am~kx |`k kp|kxfba smabxe|u! |`k dmxk edsmx|bfjk

z|b|k ~eaa neyk |m e|z kp|kxfba ef|kxkz|z xkab|eyk |m e|z ef|kxfba ef|kxkz|z Bamfz!833>?883% Jmfzelkxefn |èz! ~`b| ~bz |`k sm~kx lez|xeh{|emf bfl ~`b| ~bz |`kskxjks|emf mi |`k X{zzebf akblkxzès bhm{| sm~kx lez|xeh{|emf ef |`k hkneffefn mi 8333z=

\`k hxkbg mi |`k jmdd{fez| zuz|kd ef K{xmsk ef |`k kbxau 2553z `bz bazm hxmgkf |`kzuz|kd mi hesmabxe|u! ~`kxk |`k |~m z{skxsm~kxz! [ZB bfl [ZZX `bl hkkf hbabfjefn

kbj` m|`kx imx ?88:%& ^bz! imx efz|bfjk!Efleb nk||efn |m hk b smak= Jbf ~k jmfzelkx Obsbf! b deae|bxu l~bxi! b smabx sm~kx=@m~ dbfu smakz bxk |`kxk |mlbu= Zmdk zj`mabxz bxn{k |`b| |`k zuz|kd ez mf |`k ~bu|m hkjmdk d{a|esmabx ~e|` dellak sm~kxz nk||efn dmxk efia{kfjk! ~èak m|`kxz bxn{ke| ez nk||efn |m hk b {fesmabx! ~e|` |`k [ZB bz `knkdmfu& ^`b| |`k zj`mabxz lm bnxkkmf ez |`k ibj| |`b| |èz skxeml ez b skxeml mi |xbfze|emf imx |`k ef|kxfb|emfba mxlkxz|kx{l! 8332? :


62/87

98

sm~kx! fm| e|z deae|bxu sm~kx Mxhbf! 8330?9:$9?:9;$:90%&

Mykxbaa! |`k {fjkx|bef|u mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba bxkfb |`b| |`k kbxau 8333z jbf hk

lkzjxehkl bz! bjjmxlefn |m Bamfz xkzkdhakz |m |`k am~ kp|kxfba smabxe|u Bamfz! 83388:%& \èz dkbfz |`b| X{zzeb ~m{al `byk sbel dmxk b||kf|emf |m e|z kp|kxfba ef|kxkz|zbfl |xekl |m zkj{xk e|z ef|kxfb|emfba smze|emf& @m~kykx! |èz jabz` ~e|` |`k bj|{baimxkenf smaeju m{|jmdkz bfl |`k x`k|mxej |`b| jbdk ixmd Sxkzelkf| S{|ef&2:

2: Bz ~bz dkf|emfkl bhmyk! S{|ef `bz efz|kbl |`b| |`k imxkenf smaeju d{z| hk z{hmxlefb|kl |m lmdkz|ej kjmfmdej ef|kxkz|zS{|ef ef Jmddkxzbf|! 8338%

@k efzez|kl|`b| |`k imxkenf smaeju z`m{al hk z{hmxlefb|kl |m |`k lmdkz|ej amfn$|kxd kjmfmdejef|kxkz|z! ~èj` ei ~k bssau |`k dmlka mi ef|kxfba-kp|kxfba smabxe|u! ~m{al dkbf |`b|

X{zzeb skxjkeykl |`k ef|kxfb|emfba zuz|kd bz dmxk z|bhak bfl {fesmabx |`bf d{a|esmabxX{dkx! 833>? 8


63/87

9:

9&< Z{ddbxu

Ef |èz j`bs|kx! E `byk imj{zkl mf |`k xkab|emf hk|~kkf |`k X{zzebf z|b|k bfl |`ksxeyb|k mea jmdsbfekz& \`k bxn{dkf|b|emf imx |èz ùsm|`kzez ~bz hbzkl mf |`k dmlkami ef|kxfba-kp|kxfba smabxe|u bfl fkmjabzzejba xkbaezd& Fkmjabzzejba xkbaezd ènà|`b| |`k imxkenf smaeju m{|jmdkz z`m{al hk zkkf bz b xkz{a| mi ef|kxfb|emfba jmfz|xbebfl lmdkz|ej efjkf|eykz& \`k dmlka ~bz {zkl |m elkf|eiu ~`kf! {flkx ~`b|jmfle|emfz! |`k z|b|k b||bj`kz dmxk b||kf|emf |m e|z lmdkz|ej xkab|eyk |m kp|kxfbaef|kxkz|z&

\`k xkab|emfzès hk|~kkf |`k z|b|k bfl |`k sxeyb|k mea jmdsbfekz ~bz {zkl bz bfkpbdsak mi sm~kx jmfzmaelb|emf ef |`k mea efl{z|xu& \`k |xbfzsmx| ezz{kz zkkdkl |m b dbomx r{kz|emf mi lezbnxkkdkf| hk|~kkf |`k X{zzebf z|b|k bfl zmdk sxeyb|kjmdsbfekz bfl ~kxk {zkl bz b |mma |m nk| dmxk jmf|xma mykx mea jmdsbfekz& Ba|`mhm|` zelkz blde| |`k fkjkzze|u mi |`k leykxzeiejb|emf mi |`k |xbfze| xm{|z! |`kex z|xb|knu`bz hkkf jxe|ejbaau leiikxkf|& \`k mea jmdsbfekz im{fl |`kdzkaykz lexkj|au lkskflkf|mf |`k z|b|k \xbfzfki|! |`k ibj|mx |`b| `bl s{| aede|b|emfz mf |`kex kpsmx| smaejekz& \èz

ze|{b|emf zkkdkl |m hk z|xkfn|`kfefn bz |`k z|b|k `bl |{xfkl lm~f U{gmz b||kds| |mh{eal e|z m~f seskaefk zuz|kd&

\`k ùsm|`kzez ~bz imxd{ab|kl mf |`k elkb |`b| |`k |xbfze| ~bz |m hk z|msskl hkjb{zkX{zzeb |xekz |m jexj{dykf| |`k |èxl sbx|ekz ef |xbfze| xm{|kz hu bfu dkbfz& ê|` m|`kx~mxlz! |`k z|ms jbffm| hk lexkj|au jmffkj|kl ~e|` Ab|yeb bz b z|b|k mx bf kjmfmdejsbx|fkx& \`k |edefn ~`kf \xbfzfki| jamzkl |`k seskaefk |m Ykf|zseaz dbu z|xkfn|`kf|èz elkb& \`k ukbx 833: ~bz b skbg ukbx imx X{zzebf jx{lk mea sxml{j|emf bfl |`kfkjkzze|u |m {zk dmxk kpskfzeyk bfl akzz kiikj|eyk xbea~bu xm{|kz `bz jmf|xeh{|kl |m|`k lkjaefk ef xkykf{kz& @m~kykx! |`k z|b|k `bl s{| bzelk ~`b| e| `bz jbaakl bz z`mx|$|kxd sxmie| zkkgefn nmbaz mi |`k mea jmdsbfekz! bfl `bl imj{zkl mf |`k zkj{xefn mi |`kz|b|k dmfmsmau mykx |`k seskaefk zuz|kd bfl |`k {zk mi fb|emfba |xbfze| bzzk|z bzfkjkzzbxu dkbfz imx z{z|befbhak lkykamsdkf| mi fb|emfba kjmfmdu&


64/87

9

hk|~kkf X{zzeb bfl Ab|yeb mx |`k X{zzebf kfkxnu smaeju ef 8338$833:& E `byk bazm{zkl miiejeba lmj{dkf|z bybeabhak mf |`k Ef|kxfk| ze|kz mi |`k Sxkzelkf| mi |`k X{zzebfIklkxb|emf bfl |`k miiejeba Ef|kxfk| xkzm{xjkz mi |`k Ab|yebf Imxkenf Defez|xu&

\`k abjg mi sxedbxu lb|b zm{xjkz! kpjks| |`k fk~zsbskx bx|ejakz |`b| E `byk {zkl! jbf`byk b lbdbnefn kiikj| mf |`k xkaebheae|u bfl |`k kp|kxfba ybaele|u mi |`ez |`kzez Gefn!Gkm`bfk bfl Ykxhb! 255


68/87

90

E `byk bssaekl |`xkk leiikxkf| |`kmxk|ejba dmlkaz |m kpsabef ~ù |èz lkjezemf ~bz|bgkf bfl E ~eaa fm~ |{xf |m |`k lezj{zzemf mi |`k dbef ieflefnz ef du bfbauzez&

>&8 \`k lezj{zzemf mi |`k ieflefnz

L{xefn |`k ~`mak ukbx mi |`k 8338! X{zzebf z|b|k dmfmsmau! \xbfzfki|! ~bz xkl{jefnmea |xbfze| |m |`k zkbsmx| mi Ykf|zseaz bfl! zefjk Obf{bxu 833:! mea |xbfze| yeb |`kSmam|zg Ykf|zseaz seskaefk ~bz j{| mii l{k |m |`k X{zzebf Nmykxfdkf| JmddezzemfLkjezemf mi Lkjkdhkx 8338 Xknf{d! 833:%& Ef mxlkx |m kpsabef ~ù |`k mea |xbfze|

~bz z|msskl E lkjelkl |m imj{z mf |`k imxkenf smaeju xkab|emfz hk|~kkf Ab|yeb bflX{zzeb! |`k ybxem{z mi ef|kxkz|z bdmfn |`k bj|mxz mf |`k Ab|yebf zelk! sxeyb|k bz ~kaabz z|b|k bfl! iefbaau! mf |`k lmdkz|ej mea z|xb|knu mi |`k X{zzebf z|b|k&

>&8&2 @usm|`kzez 2! |`k Xb|emfba Bj|mx Dmlka (XBD% bfl èn`smae|ejz

[zefn Baaezmfz xb|emfba bj|mx dmlka E `byk imxd{ab|kl b ùsm|`kzez! ~èj` zbuz |`b|X{zzeb bfl Ab|yeb! bj|efn ef |`k hkz| |xble|emfz mi xkbaezd! e&k& lkikflefn |`kex jmxkfb|emfba ef|kxkz|z! `byk dblk |`kex xkab|emf zm jmdsaejb|kl |`b| |èz `bz efia{kfjkl |`k|xbfze|& ê|` m|`kx ~mxlz! |`k jmdsakpe|u ef |`k èn` smae|ejz `bz jxkb|kl hbljmfle|emfz imx |`k |xbfze| mi |`k X{zzebf mea&

Kfz{xefn fb|emfba zkj{xe|u ez b i{flbdkf|ba |bzg mi X{zzebz kfkxnu smaeju bfl b jmxezz{k ef |èz smaeju ez |xbfze| lkskflkfju& Jmfzkr{kf|au! |`k |xbfze| z|ms jbf hk zkkf bzb xkbj|emf |m lkikfl |`k X{zzebf fb|emfba ef|kxkz|z& ^`b| `bz jmdk ixmd |`k bfbauzez ez|`b|! ukz! |`k xkab|emfz hk|~kkf Ab|yeb bfl X{zzeb ~kxk jmdsaejb|kl bfl dmxk{fixekflau |`bf ixekflau ef 8338$833:! h{| |`ku `byk fm| hkkf jx{jebaau ~mxzkjmdsbxkl ~e|` sxkyem{z ukbxz& \`k smae|ejba akblkxzès ef Ab|yeb `bz hkkf sxm$K{xmskbf bfl bf|e$X{zzebf kykx zefjk Ab|yeb nm| e|z eflkskflkfjk ef 2552 bfl |`kkakj|emfz mi Fk~ Kxb sbx|u ef 8338 `bz hkkf b jmf|ef{b|emf mi |`k kz|bhaez`kl sb||kxfz

mi smae|ejz H{nbozge! 8338%


69/87

95

\`k m|`kx bzskj|z {zkl ef |`k bfbauzez ~kxk |`k X{zzebf defmxe|u ezz{kz bfl |`kbnxkkdkf| mi |`k hmxlkx |xkb|u hk|~kkf X{zzeb bfl Ab|yeb& ê|` |`k xknbxl |m |`kX{zzebf defmxe|u sxmhakdz ef Ab|yeb! |`k X{zzebf z|b|k `bz mf zkykxba mjjbzemfz

dbxgkl e|z ~bxefkzz mi |`k ~bu |`k X{zzebf abfn{bnk bfl |`k X{zzebf$zskbgefndefmxe|ekz bxk |xkb|kl ef Ab|yeb& S{|ef `bz kpsaeje|au kpsxkzzkl |`b| |`k X{zzebf z|b|kjmfzelkxz |`k smze|emf mi |`k X{zzebf$zskbgefn xkzelkf|z ef |`k fken`hm{xefn jm{f|xekbz b db||kx mi fb|emfba zkj{xe|u S{|ef! 2555%& @m~kykx! |`k fknm|eb|emfz mf |`k hm|xkb|u bfl |`k X{zzebf defmxe|u z|b|{z ef Ab|yeb xksxkzkf| |`k amfn$|kxd ezz{kz |`b|lmdefb|kl imxkenf smae|ejz amfn hkimxk 8338& \`k mfau zenfeiejbf| j`bfnk |`b|`bsskfkl ef 8338 ez |`k ef|xml{j|emf mi Ab|yebf abfn{bnk bz b lmdefb|efn abfn{bnk ef|`k zj`mmaz |`b| mfjk `bl X{zzebf bz |`kex dbef |kbjèfn abfn{bnk ^kex! 8338%&@m~kykx! e| ez leiiej{a| |m hkaekyk |`b| X{zzeb jm{al `byk xkbj|kl zm z|xmfnau mf |èezz{k bz |`k |xbfze| |m Ykf|zseaz `bz hkkf hkfkiejeba |m |`k X{zzebf zelk bz ~kaa&Dmxkmykx! |èz ùsm|`kzez h{ealz mf |`k xb|emfba bj|mx dmlka! ~èj` edsaejb|kz |`b||`k z|b|k ez bj|efn xb|emfbaau& \`kxkimxk! |`k lmdkz|ej smaejekz mykx defmxe|u z|b|{zjm{al `byk efia{kfjkl |`k X{zzebf xkbj|emf mfau ei X{zzeb zb~ e|zkai bhak |m j`bfnk

|`kzk smaejekz hu! imx kpbdsak jmf|xeh{|efn |m |`k j`bfnk ef |`k Ab|yebf nmykxfdkf|dbgefn e| dmxk X{zzeb$ixekflau! ~èj` ef |èz sbx|ej{abx jbzk ~bz fm| xkbaez|ej&

Ab|yebf bssaejb|emf imx FB\M ~bz bfm|`kx ibj|mx |`b| dblk |`k heab|kxba xkab|emfzjmdsakp bfl |`k miiejeba efye|b|emf |m omef |`k baaebfjk ef 8338 `bz z`bskl |`k X{zzebfsmaejekz ef |`k Hba|ej xknemf& Bjjmxlefn |m XBD! |`k dbef fb|emfba ef|kxkz| ez |`kfb|emfba zkj{xe|u& Hu `byefn b FB\M jm{f|xu bz e|z lexkj| fken`hm{x! |`k h{iikx mfk

|`b| |`k Hba|ej jm{f|xekz ~kxk edsmx|bf| imx! ~m{al hk nmfk& \èz ~m{al `byklkz|xmukl |`k deae|bxu hbabfjk ef |`k xknemf bfl |`k X{zzebf smze|emf ~m{al hkzenfeiejbf|au ~kbgkfkl& @m~kykx! bnbef! |`k fknm|eb|emfz |m omef |`k FB\M `bykabz|kl imx badmz| b lkjblk bfl |`k miiejeba efye|b|emf |`b| Ab|yeb `bz nm| ef Sxbn{k ef8338 `bz hkkf |`kex z{jjkzzi{a iefez`& ^`b| ~bz |`k dm|eyb|emf hkèfl |`k X{zzebflkjezemf |m |{xf lm~f |`k mea |xbfze|= \m |`xkb|kf |`k Ab|yebf z|b|k ixmd omefefn

FB\M= Dbfu zj`mabxz lm hkaekyk |`b| X{zzeb.z xkbj|emf |m |`k fk~ FB\Mkfabxnkdkf| `bz fm| hkkf bz `mz|eak bz dbfu kpskj|kl Malhkxn k| ba! 833>? :


70/87

>3

Mj|mhkx 8332! bz X{zzebf$Bdkxejbf jmmskxb|emf mf |kxxmxezd ~bz dmyefn imx~bxlS{|ef ~bz zbuefn |`b| ei FB\M ~bz |m jmf|ef{k (hkjmdefn dmxk smae|ejba |`bfdeae|bxu( X{zzeb den`| xkjmfzelkx e|z mssmze|emf |m kfabxnkdkf| Hbky! 8330? :9%&

\èz ~bz `bxlau bf kpsxkzzemf mi X{zzebf z{ssmx| imx kfabxnkdkf|! h{| e| ~bz |`kz|xmfnkz| zenfba |`b| Dmzjm~ ~bf|z |m iefl b ~bu |m bjjmddmlb|k b lkykamsdkf| |`b|e| lmkz fm| aegk h{| gfm~z e| jbffm| z|ms& Jmfzkr{kf|au! |`kxk ~bz fm xb|emfbaezd efj{||efn mii |`k mea |xbfze| ~e|` b s{xsmzk |m |`xkb|kf& Baa ef baa! |`k |xbfze| hxkbg `bzmjj{xxkl ~`kf |`k X{zzebf$Ab|yebf xkab|emfz `byk hkkf hbl! h{| fm| ~mxzk |`bf |`ku{zkl |m hk bfl ~`kf Ab|yeb ~bz sxksbxefn |m omef FB\M& Zm! |`b| |`k |{xf$lm~f jbfeflejb|k |`b| X{zzeb blo{z|kl e|z z|xb|knej ef|kxkz|z ef |`k Hba|ej xknemf bfl `byk neykf{s xknbefefn jmf|xma& \bgefn ef|m jmfzelkxb|emf |`k xkbaez|ej skxzskj|eyk mi |`kxb|emfba bj|mx dmlka! |`k dm|eyb|emf jm{al hk bz zedsak bz |`k ~ez` |m s{fez`&@m~kykx! |èz ~m{al efymayk mfk edsmx|bf| kakdkf|! fbdkau! |`k |`xkb|! |`b| X{zzebz`m{al `byk jmdk ~e|` ef |`k iexz| sabjk! |`k kakdkf|! ~èj` ez bhzkf| ef |`klmj{dkf|z |`b| E `byk {zkl |m jmykx |èz ùsm|`kzez& \`{z! |`k ùsm|`kzez ez fm|z{ssmx|kl z|xmfnau&

>&8&8 @usm|`kzez 8& Sa{xbaezd mi bj|mxz bfl ef|kxkz|z mf |`kAb|yebf z{h$fb|emfba akyka

\`k zkjmfl ùsm|`kzez z{nnkz|z |`b| |`k bj|emfz |bgkf hu |`k bj|mxz mf |`k Ab|yebfz{h$fb|emfba akyka jm{al `byk sxmymgkl |`k lkjezemf |m |{xf lm~f |`k mea |xbfze|& \`kimj{z `bz hkkf |`kxkimxk dmykl ixmd |`k èn` smae|ejz mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba akyka! |m

|`k Ab|yebf lmdkz|ej |xbfze| smaejekz& E `byk smef|kl m{| |`b| |`kxk `byk hkkf zenfz |m|`k z|b|k jbs|{xk ef Ab|yebf smae|ejz! bz |~m dbef h{zefkzz nxm{sz `byk efia{kfjkl|`k smae|ejba sbx|ekz bfl |`k imxdb|emf mi |`k jmbae|emfba nmykxfdkf|z& Mfk mi |`kzknxm{sz! akl hu |`k Ykf|zseaz j`bexdbf! Beybxz Akdhkxnz! xksxkzkf|z |`k meakz|bhaez`dkf| ef Ab|yeb& @m~kykx! hkjb{zk mi |`k nxkb| kjmfmdej edsmx|bfjk mi |`kmea |xbfze| |`k efymaykdkf| mi Akdhkxnz ef fb|emfba smae|ejz `bz hkkf jmddkf|kl bz bfkjkzzbxu mfk&


71/87

>2

Zm! `m~ jm{al |`k smaejekz mx ef|kxkz|z mi |`k Ab|yebf mea h{zefkzz `byk efia{kfjkl |X{zzebf |xbfze|= \`k bfz~kx jbf hk im{fl ef |`k sxeyb|e b|emf sxmjkzz mi Ykf|zseazFbi|b& \èz bzzk| `bz hkkf lkzexbhak imx |`k X{zzebf mea jmdsbfekz! \xbfzfki| ef

sbx|ej{abx& \`ku `byk mf zkykxba mjjbzemfz kpsxkzzkl |`k lkzexk |m sbx|ejesb|k ef |`ksxeyb|e b|emf sxmjkzz mi YF! |`k ef|kf|emf |`b| `bz hkkf dk| ~e|` fm xkzsmfzk ixmd |`kAb|yebf zelk& Hm|` |`k Ab|yebf smae|ejebfz bfl |`k YF dbef z`bxk`malkxz `byk hkkfbnbefz| X{zzebf jbse|ba ef YF& \èz z|xb|knu ~bz ab|kx jmddkf|kl hu \xbfzfki|zyejk$sxkzelkf| bz bf {fimx|{fb|k mfk! bz |`k X{zzebf mea h{zefkzz `bl kpsaeje|aukpsxkzzkl |`k lkjezemf |m j`mmzk |`mzk zkbsmx|z |`b| ~eaa bjjks| |`k X{zzebf jbse|ba\kaknxbs`! 8338b%&

\`k m|`kx ibj|mxz |`b| `byk hkkf edsmx|bf| ef |`k |xbfze| ezz{k bxk |`k |xbfzsmx|b|emf|bxeiiz bfl |`k |kj`fejba dbef|kfbfjk mi |`k seskaefk& @en` |bxeiiz `byk hkkf sxkzkf|klbz mfk mi |`k dbfu jb{zkz |m |`k X{zzebf lkjezemf! h{| du bfbauzez `bz z`m~f |`b||`ku ~kxk kykf xkl{jkl ef 8338! bz YF `bz nm| |m jmdsk|k ~e|` |`k Ae|`{bfebf zkb$smx| mi H{|efnk& Bfm|`kx edsmx|bf| ibj|mx ~bz |`b| |`k ukbx 8338 ~bz |`k mfk ~e|` |`kèn`kz| mea sxejkz mf |`k ~mxal dbxgk|! zm |`b| |`k amzz mi bf edsmx|bf| kpsmx| ibjeae|`bz hkkf lbdbnefn fm| mfau |m |`k Ab|yebf mea h{zefkzz h{| |m |`k X{zzebf mfk bz ~kaa^bz e| kjmfmdejbaau xb|emfbaau mi |`k X{zzebf nmykxfdkf| {flkx |`k jexj{dz|bfjkz mi èn` sxejkz bfl èn` lkdbfl imx |`k X{zzebf mea |m lkjxkbzk |`k kpsmx| jbsbje|u mi e|zfb|emfba jmdsbfekz= \`k bfz~kx ez mhyem{zau fm! bz |`k dbef X{zzebf jmdsbfekz `bykxkbj|kl ~e|` mhokj|emf bnbefz| |èz lkjezemf&

Baa ef baa! |`k jmf|xma mykx |`k sxeyb|e b|emf mi YF! |`k bzzk| |`b| |`k X{zzebf meajmdsbfekz ~kxk sbx|ej{abxau ef|kxkz|kl ef! ~bz |`k dbef efz|x{dkf| |`b| jm{al `bykbiikj|kl |`k |xbfze|& Eflkkl! bi|kx b zk| mi fknm|eb|emfz! \xbfzfki| xkjmfzelkxkl mskfefn|`k mea iam~ |m Ykf|zseaz ef |`k |{xf mi sxeyb|e b|emf mi z|b|k `malkxz ef Ykf|zseaz Fbhu X{zzebf mea jmdsbfekz& @m~kykx! ef Dbxj` 833:! Xkszk dblk bf bffm{fjkdkf||`b| |`k sxeyb|e b|emf mi z|b|k `malkxz mi Ykf|zseaz Fbi|b ~bz fm| |m hk kpskj|kl ef833:& Bz b xkz{a|! X{zzebf nmykxfdkf| {xnkl |`k jmf|xbj|emf mi |`k X{zzebf sxmokj|!


72/87

>8

Hba|ej seskaefk zj`kdk 8! ~èj` ~m{al efjxkbzk |`k jbsbje|u mi Sxedmxzg |m &8&: @usm|`kzez :& \`k fkmjabzzejba xkbaezd bfl |`k dmlka mief|kxfba-kp|kxfba smabxe|u

Du abz| ùsm|`kzez zbuz |`b| |`k X{zzebf lkjezemf |m |{xf lm~f |`k mea |xbfze| |mYkf|zseaz jbf hk kdhkllkl ef |`k mykxbaa z|xb|knu |m jexj{dykf| |`k |èxl sbx|ekz ef

|`k |xbfze| xm{|kz! {flkxauefn |`b| ef|kxfba kfkxnu smaeju jbf hk sxkikxxkl hkimxkimxkenf smaeju ef|kxkz|z& @m~kykx! |èz smaeju ez! ef |{xf! efjmxsmxb|kl ef |`k z|b|kz|xb|knu |m nbef jmf|xma mykx |`k mea efl{z|xu! hu dbgefn |`kd |m {zk fb|emfba zkbsmx~`kxk z|b|k m~fkl kf|kxsxezkz `byk jmf|xma z`bxkz& \`k lkjezemf |m sxkikx fb|emfbazkbsmx|z bfl bymel |xbfzfb|emfba xm{|kz jbf hk kdhkllkl ef |`k mykxbaa zèi|efnz|xb|knu mi |`k X{zzebf imxkenf smaeju! ~èj` z{hmxlefb|kl imxkenf smaeju |m fb|emfbakjmfmdej ef|kxkz|z& ê|` m|`kx ~mxlz! |`k |xbfze| z|ms ez b jmfzkr{kfjk mi j`bfnkz efX{zzebf ef|kxfba kfkxnu smaeju& Dmxkmykx! E `byk z{nnkz|kl |`b| mea efl{z|xu ez baz


73/87

>:

edsmx|bf| imx |`k z|b|k sm~kx ef e|z dmz| jabzzejba ef|kxsxk|b|emf& Mea ez fm| mfauedsmx|bf| imx |`k kjmfmdej z|xkfn|` |`b| jbf hk ab|kx {zkl bz b |maa ef imxkenf smaejudbgefn! h{| `bz b sm|kf|eba imx smae|ejba sm~kx ~e|èf |`k X{zzebf Iklkxb|emf& \`k

jbzk mi U{gmz jbf z|xkfn|`kf |èz bzz{ds|emf&

Ef blle|emf! |`k |edk bzskj| `bz hkjmdk b db||kx mi nxkb| edsmx|bfjk ef |`k jmdsmzefn|`k |èxl ùsm|`kzez& \èz ez hkjb{zk |`k |xbfze| hxkbg mjj{xxkl ef |`k ykxu hkneffefnmi 833:! ~èak |`k dbef xk$kyba{b|emf mi |`k X{zzebf z|b|k smaejekz ef |`k mea efl{z|xu`bsskfkl zmdk|edk ab|kx&2;

\`k 2550 lkib{a| mi X{zzebf kjmfmdu {flkxaefkl |`k edsmx|bfjk mi |`k kjmfmdejibj|mxz imx jm{f|xuz zkj{xe|u& \`k fk~ X{zzebf Imxkenf Smaeju bfl Zkj{xe|u Jmfjkskflmxzkl l{xefn |`k akblkxzès mi Yabledex S{|ef ef 8333 `bz xkykbakl bfkjmfmde b|emf mi |`k X{zzebf imxkenf smaeju! |`kxkhu xkiakj|efn b zèi| ixmd bfkpsaeje| nkmsmae|ejba |èfgefn |m~bxlz b dmxk nkm$kjmfmdej bssxmbj` Zsx{lz! 833285%& X{zzeb {zkl |m zkkg namhba efia{kfjk! fm~ e| zkkgz b xknemfba mfk Oxnkfzk

833:? 02%& Jmfzkr{kf|au! |`k X{zzebf zelk jm{al `byk kyba{b|kl |`k xkab|eyk jmz|z bfl

hkfkie|z mi |`k |xbfze| z|ms bfl j`mzkf |`k lkjezemf |`b| zkxykl |`k fb|emfba ef|kxkz|z ef|`k hkz| smzzehak ~bu& Ba|`m{n` ~k jbf {flkxz|bfl |`k kjmfmdej amnej hkèfl |`k|xbfze|! |m enfmxk |`k smae|ejba sxkdezkz ez {f~ezk&

Jmfzkr{kf|au! |`k lkykamsdkf|z hkimxk 833: jbf hk{flkxz|mml bz b sxka{lk |m |`k dbef j`bfnk&

Fkmjabzzejba xkbaezd `bz hkkf {zkl bz b |`kmxk|ejba nxm{fl imx |`k bfbauzez& \`k |`kmbxn{kz |`b| |`k xkab|eyk lez|xeh{|emf mi sm~kx ef |`k ef|kxfb|emfba zuz|kd |`xm{n` |`k

2; \`k bxxkz| mi U{gmz `kbl ef 833:! Deg`bea G`mlmxgmyzgu! `bz hkkf dbxgkl bz b |{xfefn smef| ef |`k z|b|k smaeju bz e|zkf| b dkzzbnk |`b| |`k z|b|k ez z|xkfn|`kfefn e|z jmf|xma mykx |`k mea efl{z|xu&


74/87

>? 829%& Bfbau efn |èz ùsm|`kzez E `byk jmfjkf|xb|kl mf |`k sm~kxlez|xeh{|emf hk|~kkf |`k X{zzebf z|b|k bfl |`k sxeyb|k mea jmdsbfekz&

\~m ibj|mxz bxk edsmx|bf| ef Bamfzcz dmlka? |`k sm~kx lez|xeh{|emf mf |`k lmdkz|ejakyka bfl |`k sm~kx lez|xeh{|emf mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba akyka& \`k fkmjabzzejba xkbaezdbllz |`k skxjks|emf mi |`k z|b|k akblkxzès bz bf eflkskflkf| ybxebhak ef kpsabefefnimxkenf smaeju m{|jmdkz& Bamfz {zkz èz dmlka |m jmfz|x{j| im{x smzzehakjmdhefb|emfz mi kp|kxfba bfl ef|kxfba smabxe|u& Kbj` jmdhefb|emf jbf zkxyk bz bfeflejb|emf mf ~`b| ~eaa lk|kxdefk |`k imxkenf smaeju sxkikxkfjk! |`k lmdkz|ej mx |`kef|kxfb|emfba ybxebhak Bamfz! 833>? 888%& \`{z! |`k |bzg ~bz |m lkiefk ~`b| |`kX{zzebf ef|kxfba bfl kp|kxfba smabxe|u ~bz ~`kf |`k lkjezemf |m z|ms |`k |xbfze| ~bz|bgkf& \`k bfbauzez `bz z`m~f |`b| z|b|k sm~kx jmfzmaelb|emf {flkx |`k iexz|sxkzelkfju mi S{|ef biikj|kl bazm |`k mea efl{z|xu! ~èj` bjjmxlefn |m |`k dmlkaxkzkdhakz |m |`k èn` ef|kxfba smabxe|u& \`kxk ez fm |`kmxk|ejba bnxkkdkf| mf ~`k|`kx|`k ef|kxfb|emfba zuz|kd ~bz {fesmabx! ~e|` |`k [ZB bz b akblefn sm~kx! mx

d{a|esmabx! ~e|` Jèfb! Efleb bfl |`k K[ bz zkykxba sm~kx smakz& Ef |èz jbzk e| ezedsmx|bf| `m~ |`k X{zzebf akblkxzès skxjkeykl |`k sm~kx lez|xeh{|emf mf |`k ~mxal&Bfl S{|efz iexz| sxkzelkfju! |`k |edk E bd ~xe|efn bhm{|! ez hu dbfu lkzjxehkl bz bsxbndb|ej mfk! ~`kxk |`k akblkxzès b||bj`kl dmxk b||kf|emf |m kjmfmdej nxm~|` bfl`bl b zmhkx yek~ mf ~`b| |`k sm~kx lez|xeh{|emf ef |`k ~mxal ~bz& Oxnkfzkf! 833:?02%& \`k FB\M kfabxnkdkf| ~e|` |`k Hba|ej Z|b|kz jbf mfau z|xkfn|`kf |èz

bzz{ds|emf& @m~kykx! |`k nkmsmae|ejba bdhe|emfz mi |`k X{zzebf z|b|k! jbf hu fmdkbfz hk s{| bzelk! bz S{|ef `bl hu zkykxba mjjbzemfz kpsxkzzkl |`k lezzb|ezibj|emf


75/87

>;

~e|` |`k xkba sm~kx lez|xeh{|emf bfl |`k sabjk X{zzeb `bl mf |`k ef|kxfb|emfba bxkfbZgbg k| ba! 833;? 59$5>%&

S{|efz yek~ mf b z|xmfn kjmfmdu bz b |mma |m xkz|mxk X{zzebz efia{kfjk bhxmbdk |m |`k lezj{zzemf mi ~`b| xkzm{xjk |`k mea |xbfze| `bz imx |`k z|b|k b{|`mxe|ekz& ^`bez |`k jmxk sm|kf|eba edsmx|bfjk mi |`k mea efl{z|xu= \`k mhyem{z bfz~kx ez |`b| |`k mzkj|mx ez edsmx|bf| ef X{zzebz kjmfmdu! bz e| z|bflz imx b abxnk sxmsmx|emf mi |`kefjmdkz |m |`k h{lnk|& Mf |`k m|`kx zelk! |`k mea efl{z|xu `bz b sm|kf|eba imx nbefefnsmae|ejba sm~kx bfl |`k jbzk mi U{gmz `bz z|xkfn|`kf |èz elkb&

S{|ef jmfzmaelb|kl sm~kx r{ejgau bi|kx hkjmdefn b Sxkzelkf| ef 8333& @k ~bz kpsaejeef èz {flkxz|bflefn mi fb|{xba xkzm{xjkz ef X{zzebz lkykamsdkf|! zbuefn |`b| fb|{xbxkzm{xjkz z`m{al hk iexz| mi baa {zkl |m |`k ~kaibxk mi X{zzebf je|e kfz! fm| |`k zefnamaenbxj`z& ^`k|`kx |`kzk z|b|kdkf|z bxk o{z| x`k|mxej! ez fm| b r{kz|emf |m bfz~kx ef|èz |`kzez7 ~`b| ez edsmx|bf| `kxk ez |`b| |èz sxmjabdb|emf `bz |{xfkl ef|m sm~kxjmfzmaelb|emf ef |`k kfkxnu zkj|mx& Ef |`k mea efl{z|xu! ef sbx|ej{abx! X{zzebzmykxbxjèfn nmba `bz hkjmdk |m sxkykf| |`k hxkbgefn mi b dmfmsmau mf |`k mea

seskaefk zuz|kd& \`k jabzèfn ef|kxkz|z mi U{gmz bfl z|b|k \xbfzfki| ~`kf U{gmzsabffkl fk~ seskaefk |m D{xdbfzg jbf eaa{z|xb|k |èz smef|& \`k U{gmz sxmokj|klseskaefk |m D{xdbfzg ~m{al `byk zenfeiejbf|au kpsbflkl |`k mea kpsmx| jbsbheae|u mi U{gmz bfl ledefez`kl |`k z|b|kz bheae|u |m jmf|xma e|& @m~kykx! |`k sxmokj| ~bz fkxkbae kl&

\`{z! |`k dbef elkb ef |èz ùsm|`kzez ez |`b| X{zzeb ~bf|kl |m nbef dmxk jmf|xma mykx

|`k mea efl{z|xu bz |`k mea efl{z|xu `bz hm|` bf kjmfmdej bfl b smae|ejba edsmx|bfjk~e|èf |`k X{zzebf z|b|k& \`k leykxzeiejb|emf mi e|z |xbfze| zuz|kd ~bz b |mma |m |en`|kfjmf|xma bz |`k z|b|k bfl |`k sxeyb|k mea zkj|mx `bz `bl leiikxkf| sxemxe|ekz ef |`k |xbfze|smaeju& \`k sxeyb|k mea jmdsbfekz ~kxk zb|eziekl ~e|` |`k kpsmx| |`xm{n` Ykf|zseaz! bbzz{ds|emf |`b| ez z{ssmx|kl hu |`kex fknb|eyk xkbj|emf |m |`k lkjezemf |m z|ms {zefnYkf|zseaz& Mf |`k m|`kx zelk! |`k X{zzebf z|b|k ~bz s{zèfn imx |m |`k {zk mi fb|emfba

|xbfze| bzzk|z bz e| jm{al efjxkbzk z|b|k jmf|xma mykx |`k sxeyb|k mea zkj|mx& Ef m|`k~mxlz! X{zzeb ~m{al `byk jexj{dykf|kl |`k |èxl sbx|ekz ef |`k |xbfze| xm{|kz hu baa


76/87

>9

dkbfz smzzehak! kykf ei e| `bl `bxdkl |`k kjmfmdej smze|emf mi e|z mea jmdsbfekz& \m|bgk jmf|xma mykx |`k mea efl{z|xu jbf hk ef |{xf kdhkllkl ef |`k amfn$|kxd nmba |mxkz|mxk X{zzebz ef|kxfb|emfba efia{kfjk7 |`k z|xmfn kjmfmdu ez |`kxkimxk b |mma |

xkbae k |èz nmba&

[faegk |`k |~m m|`kx ùsm|`kzkz! ~`kxk E ~bz zkbxjèfn imx |`k j`bfnk ef smae|ejba mxkjmfmdej jmfle|emfz |`b| jm{al sxmymgkl |`k lkjezemf |m |kxdefb|k |`k |xbfze|! |`kdbef |bzg `kxk ~bz |m elkf|eiu ~`k|`kx |èz lkjezemf jbf hk kdhkllkl ef |`k nkfkxbaX{zzebf z|xb|knu |m bymel |èxl sbx|ekz ef |xbfze| xm{|z& \~m ibj|mxz z|xkfn|`kf |èzùsm|`kzez? iexz|au! |`k X{zzebf b{|`mxe|ekz `byk amfn hkimxk |`k YF jbzk kpsxkzzkl |`

fkjkzze|u |m leykx| |`k |xbfze| |m Sxedmxzg7 zkjmflau! fm b||kds| |m xkfk~ |`k |xbfze| |mYF ~bz dblk ef |`k imaam~efn ukbxz&

>&: \`k dm|eyb|emf |m |{xf lm~f |`k |xbfze|? leiikxkf|z|bx||efn$smef|z ef |`k ùsm|`kzkz

\`k efe|eba z|bx|efn$smef|z imx du |`xkk ùsm|`kzkz bxk kpsaeje|au leiikxkf|& Baa |`xkkùsm|`kzkz |xu |m kpsabef |`k zbdk kykf| hu ammgefn mf leiikxkf| bzskj|z bfl ixmdleiikxkf| skxzskj|eykz& Iexz|au! E `byk bzz{dkl |`b| X{zzeb z|msskl |`k |xbfze| hkjb{zke|~bf|kl |m lkikfl e|z fb|emfba zkj{xe|u ef|kxkz|z ef |`k xknemf bz FB\M ~bzkfabxnefn bfl X{zzeb jmflkdfkl |`k defmxe|u smaejekz mi |`k Ab|yebf nmykxfdkf|z7|`{z! |`k |xbfze| jm{al hk {zkl ef smae|ejba |kxdz& \`k dbef j`baakfnk ef |èz ùsm|`kzez~bz |m {flkxz|bfl |`k xb|emfbak ei |`k dm|eyb|emf ~bz |m lkikfl |`k fb|emfba ef|kxkz|z!

bz FB\M ~bz |m hk kpsbflkl bfl |`kxk ~bz fm|èfn |`k X{zzebf b{|`mxe|ekz jm{al`byk lmfk |m sxkykf| e|& Jmfzkr{kf|au! E jmfja{lkl |`b| |`k dm|eyb|emf jm{al hk bzzedsak bz |`k ~ez` |m s{fez`! b| akbz| kjmfmdejbaau&

Zkjmflau! |m z|ms |`k |xbfze| ~bz zmdk|èfn X{zzebfkklkl |m lm! hkjb{zk |`kkjmfmdejba bzskj|z! z{j` bz m~fkxzès ef YF bfl |`k |bxeii smaeju `byk hkkf b db||kxmi jmfjkxf& Ef |èz ~bu! |`k bj|emfz |bgkf mf |`k Ab|yebf z{h$fb|emfba akyka jm{al `byksxmymgkl |`k xkbj|emf |m j{| lm~f |`k mea iam~& \`k sxeyb|ezb|emf mi YF zkkdkl |m hk


77/87

>>

b Nmxlebf gfm| ef |`k |xbfze| xkab|emfz hk|~kkf X{zzebf z|b|k bfl \xbfzfki| bflAb|yebf Ykf|zseaz Fbi|b& Mf |`k m|`kx zelk! |m amzk bf edsmx|bf| kpsmx| ibjeae|u |`b|lbdbnkz |`k ef|kxkz|z mi dbomx mea jmdsbfekz! `bz fm xb|emfba kpsabfb|emf7 b| akbz|

~bz z{ssmzkl |m hk {flkxz|mml bz b fkjkzzbxu kyea |m xkbj` zmdk m|`kx! amfn$|kxnmbaz! |`k bzz{ds|emf |`b| akblz {z |m |`k abz| ùsm|`kzez&

Iefbaau! |m z|ms {zefn |`k Ykf|zseaz xm{|k jm{al hk zmdk|èfn |`k X{zzebf z|b|kd{z| `byk lmfk! bz e| zb~ |`k fkjkzze|u |m |en`|kf e|z jmf|xma mykx |`k mea efl{z|xu& \`k|xbfze| ef |èz ùsm|`kzez ez {zkl bz bf kpbdsak mi jabzèfn ef|kxkz|z hk|~kkf z|b|k$m~fkl \xbfzfki| bfl U{gmz! |`k jmdsbfu |`b| `bl sabffkl |m h{eal e|z m~f seskaefk

zuz|kd |m |`k zkbsmx| mi D{xdbfzg& Z|b|k sm~kx jmfzmaelb|emf ef |`k kfkxnu zkj|mxjm{al hk kpsabefkl hu |`k b~bxkfkzz ~`b| sm|kf|eba imx smae|ejba sm~kx |`k mea efl{z|x`bz&

>&< \`k xkbj|emf |m z|ms |`k |xbfze| nkfkxb|kl hu b zk| mij{d{ab|eyk ibj|mxz

\m xkbj` nkmsmae|ejba! smae|ejba mx kjmfmdej nmbaz! X{zzeb den`| `byk {zkl z{j`sxmhakdz bz |kj`fejba lezblybf|bnkz mi |`k Ab|yebf seskaefk! jmf|xbj|{ba lezs{|kzhk|~kkf Ykf|zseaz Fbi|b bfl \xbfzfki| bfl lezjxedefb|mxu sxejk smaeju& @m~kykx! bz|`k bfbauzez `bz z`m~f! |èz kpsabfb|emf ez fm| ~e|`m{| jmf|xmykxzekz& \`k eddkleb|kxkbzmfz imx z{j` hk`byem{x |`kxkimxk bsskbx |m hk hm|` smae|ejba bfl kjmfmdej& Bzbz kjmfmdej dm|eyb|emf ef |`k lkjezemf |m |{xf lm~f |`k mea |xbfze| |m Ab|yeb jbf `byk

b akne|edb|k nxm{fl! |`k smae|ejba {flkxseffefnz jm{al hk {flkxz|mml bz bf kpsxkzzemfmi X{zzebf amfn$|kxd nkmsmae|ejba bfl z|xb|knej nmbaz Abxzzmf! 8339?;%&

S{|ef `bz b sbx|ej{abx yek~ bhm{| |`k xmak mi |`k z|b|k ef |`k kfkxnu zkj|mx& Ef èz yekmea bfl nbz xkzkxykz z`m{al hkamfn |m |`k z|b|k! fm| |`k sxeyb|k zkj|mx! bfl |`k z|b|kz`m{al lkykams |`kzk xkzm{xjkz imx |`k fb|emfba ef|kxkz|! fm| |`mzk mi sxeyb|k mea bnbz jmdsbfekz& \`k sbx| aki| imx ef|kxfb|emfba jmdsbfekz ez |m sxmyelk |`k |kj`fmamnu


78/87

>0

bfl |`k jbse|ba! |m hk zkxyejk$sxmyelkxz bfl iefbfjekxz |m kfbhak |`k z|b|k |m dbpede k|`k hkfkie|z mi |`k xkzkxykz imx e|zkai Mxhbf! 8330? 9:%&

Jbf X{zzeb hk jmfzelkxkl bz b {feiekl bj|mx ef e|z kfkxnu smaeju bz |`k xb|emfba bj|mxdmlka sxklej|z= E| ez mhyem{z |`b| |`k Gxkdaef `bz |`k {a|edb|k xkzsmfzeheae|u bflkpskxekfjkz b nxkb| efia{kfjk mykx gku mea jmdsbfekz! ba|`m{n` zkykxba jmdsbfekz`byk xkbj|kl mf |`k |xbfze| z|ms hu ~xe|efn b sxm|kz| fm|k |m |`k Nmykxfdkf|Jmddezzemf&

^`b| bhm{| |`k sxeyb|k mea zkj|mx! `bz |`kxk hkkf jm`kzemf bdmfn |`kd= \`k ibj|zz`m~ |`b| |`k X{zzebf maenbxjù ez fm| b {feiekl nxm{s xkblu |m lkikfl e|zkai& ^èakzmdk! bz A{gmea `kblz! zelkl ~e|` |`k Gxkdaef bi|kx U{gmz ~bz mykx|bgkf hu |`kX{zzebf z|b|k! m|`kxz `byk hkkf sxksbxefn |m aer{elb|k |`kex bzzk|z bfl dmyk |`kexjbse|ba m{| mi X{zzeb Jm`kf! 833>%&

\èz |`kzez `bz eaa{defb|kl |`k ibj| |`b| X{zzeb zkkz e|z kfkxnu smaeju ef b z|xb|knej bflzkj{xe|u skxzskj|eyk& E|z i{flbdkf|ba |bzg ez |m kfz{xk fb|emfba zkj{xe|u& Smae|ejba bkjmfmdej bj|emfz bxk |`kxkimxk dkbf| |m z{ssmx| |èz mykxbxjèfn elkb& Kfkxnu zkkdz|m hk {|eaezkl |m bykx| |`xkb|z bfl kp|kfl X{zzebz efia{kfjk bhxmbl& \èz |kflkfju jbfhk mhzkxykl ef |`k miiejeba z|b|kdkf|z mi |`k Sxkzelkf| S{|ef& \`k kfkxnu zkj|mx! bzS{|ef `bz z|b|kl! ez bedkl b| i{x|`kxefn |`k nkmsmae|ejba ef|kxkz|z bfl dbef|befefn |`kfb|emfba zkj{xe|u mi X{zzeb S{|ef ef Abxzzmf 8339? 8>3%& @m~kykx! |m |bgk |èkpsabfb|emf bz b gku mfk ~m{al hk |mm zedsaez|ej& \`kxkimxk! E jmfja{lk |`b| |`k |xbfzjbffm| hk kpsabefkl hu bfu zefnak ùsm|`kzez! h{| xb|`kx baa |`xkk mi |`kd |bgkf

|mnk|`kx& Kbj` ùsm|`kzez `bz jmdk ~e|` leiikxkf| kpsabfb|emf bfl `bz imj{zkl mfleiikxkf| bj|mxz mf leiikxkf| akykaz& \`k mhokj|eyk mi |èz |`kzez `bz fm| hkkf |m |kz| |`kùsm|`kzez bnbefz| kbj` m|`kx! h{| |m xkykba `m~ d{z` kbj` mi |`kd jbf jmf|xeh{|k |mkpsabef |`k dbef r{kz|emf&

Jmfzkr{kf|au! mfk dbu bxn{k |`b| |`k jmxk sxmhakd ef Ab|yebf$X{zzebf kfkxnulebamn{k `bz hkkf |`k X{zzebf b||kds| |m nbef jmf|xma mykx |`k Ykf|zseaz Fbi|b&Ba|`m{n` |`k miiejeba xkbzmf imx |`k mea hamjgblk ~bz |`k jabed |`b| Ykf|zseazc|bxeiiz


79/87

>5

bxk |mm èn`! jmdsbxkl |m |bxeiiz b| Sxedmxzg! |`k smae|ejba {flkxseffefnz dbu hk dblkhkjb{zk mi |`k ibj| |`b| Xkszkcz lkfu |m sxeyb|ezk Ykf|seaz Fbi|b ~bz imaam~kl hu |`klkjezemf mi |`k X{zzebf nmykxfdkf| |m efjxkbzk |`k jbsbje|u mi Sxedmxzg! s{||efn |`k

lkblamjg mf |`k i{|{xk iam~ mi mea |m Ykf|zseaz& \èz {flkxaefkz |`b| |`k |edefn imxX{zzebz mea j{|z `bz hkkf smae|ejbaau jx{jeba&

@m~kykx! hm|` |`k smae|ejba |kfzemfz ef |`k imxkenf smaeju hk|~kkf X{zzeb bfl Ab|yebfl |`k sxeyb|ezb|emf sxmjkzz mi YF ~kxk amfn$abz|efn kykf|z! |`b| jbf hk lkzjxehkldmxk mx akzz kykf bfl z|bhak! |`bf xbselau zèi|efn bz |`k xkab|emfz hk|~kkf |~mjm{f|xekz ~kxk j`bfnefn& Dmxkmykx! |`k mea iam~ ~bz zam~au xkl{jefn |`xm{n`m{|

8338! ~`b| jbf hk hm|` ef|kxsxk|kl bz b dkbf |m sxkzz Ab|yebf bj|mxz |m j`bfnk |`kexsxeyb|ezb|emf z|xb|knu! h{| jbf bazm hk {flkxz|mml bz b fb|{xba lkykamsdkf|! hkjb{zk|`k mea zèsdkf| |m Sxedmxzg ~bz nxbl{baau efjxkbzefn& \`k lk|kxdefb|emf |m bymel|èxl sbx|ekz ef mea |xbfze| `bz hkkf mf |`k bnkflb amfn hkimxk |`k Ykf|zseaz ~bz |bgkfmii |`k |xbfze| xm{|k29

Zmdk |edk `bz sbzzkl zefjk |`k |xbfze| mi |`k X{zzebf mea z|msskl bfl zenfeiejbf|j`bfnkz `byk `bsskfkl hm|` ~e|èf |`kzk |~m jm{f|xekz bfl ef |`k xkab|emfzèshk|~kkf |`kd& Ab|yeb ez |mlbu b i{aa dkdhkx mi FB\M bfl |`k K{xmskbf [femf bflX{zzeb `bz kpskxekfjkl ukbxz mi kjmfmdej nxm~|` bfl smae|ejba z|bheae|u& Ef |`k |xbfzkj|mx! X{zzeb ez `malefn |`k jm{xzk |m~bxlz lkykamsefn e|z m~f zkbsmx|z bfl ez

zkbxjèfn fk~ ~buz mi |xbfzsmx|efn e|z fb|{xba xkzm{xjkz |m |`k ~mxal dbxgk|z

& \`kxkimxk! |`k lkjezemf jbf hk {flkxz|mml bz bf kpsxkzzemf mi amfn$|kxd ef|kxfba ef|kxkz|! h{| |`k |edefn ~`kf |`k lkjezemf ~bz |bgkf jbf hkkpsabefkl hu |~m m|`kx ùsm|`kzkz&

2>

& \edk`bz xkykbakl |`b| |`kxk ez fm X{zzebf ef|kxkz| |m xkfk~ |`k |xbfze|&

29 S& Xmlemfmy! |`k X{zzebf Defez|kx imx I{ka bfl Kfkxnu! `bz bz kbxau bz ef 2559 kpsxkzzkl |`b| X{zzeb! ~èj` `bzsm|kf|eba |m {zk e|z m~f kpsmx| xm{|kz! z`m{al `byk jmfjkf|xb|k mf {zefn |`kd efz|kbl mi imxkenf ibjeae|ekz Zsx{lz! 8332?;

2>Fmxl Z|xkbd sxmokj| mi kpsmx|efn X{zzebf nbz |`xm{n` |`k seskaefk jmfz|x{j|kl mf |`k hm||md mi |`k Hba|ej Zkb ez bfkpbdsak mi X{zzebf z|xb|knu |m leykxzeiu e|z |xbfze| xm{|kz bfl bymel |èxl sbx|ekz ef kpsmx|&


80/87

03

Xkikxkfjkz

HmmgzBflkxzkf! Zykef Z& 833;%&Jbzk$z|{lekx mn nkfkxbaezkxefn& Imxzgfefnzz|xb|kne mnlkzenf& Hkxnkf& Ibnhmgimxabnk|&

Hbky! Sbyka G& 8335%& X{zzebf Kfkxnu Smaeju bfl Deae|bxu Sm~kx& Fk~ Umxg&Xm{|aklnk&

H{nbozge Obf{z !Smae|ejba Sbx|ekz mi Kbz|kxf K{xmsk! Bxdmfg! Fk~ Umxg& D&K&

Z`bxsk! 8338&

Uef! Xmhkx| G& 833:%&Jbzk Z|{lu Xkzkbxj`& Lkzenf bfl Dk|`mlz& ZBNKS{haejb|emfz&

Omkffekde! Skx|xe 8330%& Hmxlkx ezz{kz ef K{xmskzc Fmx|` ef \`mdbz Lek !Db|`ebz Bahkx|! Z|ks`bf Z|k||kx klz&%\`k K{xmskbf [femf bfl Hmxlkx Jmfiaej|z& \`k

Sm~kx mi Ef|knxb|emf bfl Bzzmjeb|emf& [G& Jbdhxelnk [feykxze|u Sxkzz&

Abxzzmf! Xmhkx| 8339% X{zzebz Kfkxnu Smaeju?Zkj{xe|u Ledkfzemfz bfl X{zzebz Xkaebheae|u bz Kfkxnu Z{ssaekx&Z|mjg`mad& Z~klez` Lkikfjk Xkzkbxj` Bnkfju&

Dmxbyjzeg! Bflxk~ 2550%&\`k J`mejk mi K{xmsk& Zmjeba S{xsmzk ) Z|b|k Sm~kx ixmd Dkzzefb |m Dbbz|xej`| &Amflmf& [JA Sxkzz&

Mxhbf! Bfe|b 8330%&Sm~kx! Kfkxnu bfl |`k Fk~ X{zzebf Edskxebaezd& ^kz|smx|![ZB& Sxbknkx Zkj{xe|u Ef|kxfb|emfba&

Sxel`bd! Nkmiixku bfl \b|{ Ybf`bfkf 255


81/87

02

Zde|`! Nxb`bd kl&% 2559%&\`k fb|emfbae|ekz r{kz|emf ef |`k smz|$Zmyek| z|b|kz& Fk~Umxg& Amfndbf&

z|kx{l! uyefl& 8332%&Z|b|zye|kfzgbs& Effixefn e smae|ezg bfbauzk&Mzam&[feykxze|k|zimxabnk|

Bf|`mamnekz

Ixkkldbf! Ab~xkfjk 833>% J`&2>? \`k I{|{xk mi Z|xb|knej Z|{lekz! ef Om`f Hbuaezk| ba?Z|xb|knu ef |`k Jmf|kdsmxbxu ^mxal! Mpimxl& Mpimxl [feykxze|u Sxkzz&

Gokaz|blae! Gf{| 2558%& Gbs& 28? Gealknxbfzgfefn! Gbs& 2:? |magk |kgz|kx gybae|b|eyk |kgfeggkx mn Gbs& 2>? Imxgabxefnkx! efImx|elb kx eggk lkf kf nbfn ybx&

Kf effixefn e `ez|mxek|ibnk|! ss& 292$2>:! 2>;$208! 8:>$8;8& Mzam&[feykxze|k|zimxabnk|&

Omkffekde! Skx|xe 8330%& Hmxlkx ezz{kz ef K{xmskzc Fmx|` ef \`mdbz Lek !Db|`ebz Bahkx|! Z|ks`bf Z|k||kx klz&%?\`k K{xmskbf [femf bfl Hmxlkx Jmfiaej|z&\`k Sm~kx mi Ef|knxb|emf bfl Bzzmjeb|emf& Jbdhxelnk [feykxze|u Sxkzz

Malhkxn! Efndbx 8339%& Imxkenf smaeju sxemxe|ekz {flkx S{|ef? b|m{x lc`mxe mf! j`bs|kx 8 ef Obgmh @klkfzgmn! Yea`kad Gmffbflkx! Hkx|ea Funxkf! Efndbx Malhkxnbfl J`xez|kx S{xzebefkf klz&%? X{zzeb bz b Nxkb| Sm~kx& Ledkfzemfz mi zkj{xe|u{flkx S{|ef& Fk~ Umxg& Xm{|aklnk&

Zgbg! Dk||k 8339%& \`k amnej mi imxkenf bfl zkj{xe|u smaeju j`bfnk ef X{zzeb!

j`bs|kx < ef Obgmh @klkfzgmn! Yea`kad Gmffbflkx! Hkx|ea Funxkf! Efndbx Malhkxnbfl J`xez|kx S{xzebefkf klz&%? X{zzeb bz b Nxkb| Sm~kx& Ledkfzemfz mi zkj{xe|u{flkx S{|ef& Fk~ Umxg& Xm{|aklnk&

Zde|`! Dej`bka bfl Dbxg ^khhkx 8338%& J`& 2? Sxmhakdz bfl Ezz{kz ef ImxkenfSmaeju Bfbauzez! ef Dej`bka Zde|` bfl Dbxg ^khhkx klz&%?Imxkenf Smaeju ef b\xbfzimxdkl ^mxal& Sxkf|ejk @baa H{zefkzz bfl Sxmikzzemfba Leyezemf&


82/87

08

Om{xfba bx|ejakz

Bljmjg! Xmhkx| ) Lbyel Jmaaekx 8332%& Dkbz{xkdkf| Ybaele|u? B Z`bxkl Z|bflbxlimx R{bae|b|eyk bfl R{bf|e|b|eyk Xkzkbxj`! ef Bdkxejbf Smae|ejba Zjekfjk Xkyek~ 5;

:%? ;85$;20& Bdkxejbf Smae|ejba ZjekfjkBzzmjeb|emf&

Bamfz! Nkxxu J& 833>% Sxklej|efn b Z|b|kz Imxkenf Smaeju? Z|b|k Sxkikxkfjkzhk|~kkf Lmdkz|ej bfl Ef|kxfb|emfba Jmfz|xbef|z! efImxkenf Smaeju Bfbauzez! Fm&:!ss& 822$8:8& Mpimxl& Habjg~kaa S{haez`efn&

Hkflmx! Omfb|`bf bfl \`mdbz @& @bddmfl 2558% Xk|`efgefn Baaezmfz Dmlkazef Bdkxejbf Smae|ejba Zjekfjk Xkyek~! Yma& 09! Fm& 8! ss& :32$:88& BdkxejbfSmae|ejba Zjekfjk Bzzmjeb|emf&

Nkxxefn! Om`f 833


83/87

0:

Zm{yb! Dbxg 833;%& Imxkenf Smaeju Lk|kxdefbf|z? Jmdsbxefn Xkbaez| bfl Lmdkz|Smae|ejba Dmlkaz mi Imxkenf Smaeju!Jmfiaej| Dbfbnkdkf| bfl Skbjk Zjekfjk! Fm&88&ss& 2za{fl! Bflkxz 8339%& X{zzebz Kfkxnu Smaeju? B Ixbdefn Jmddkf|& K{xbzebfNkmnxbsù bfl Kjmfmdejz ! 8339! ! Fm& :? ss& :82$:80&

Xkzkbxj` sbskxz

Gxb|mj`yea! Sk|x 8338%&D{a|esmabxe|u? Bdkxejbf \`kmxu bfl X{zzebf Sxbj|ejk& Sxbn{k& Efz|e|{|k mi Ef|kxfb|emfba Xkab|emfz&

Ae{`|m! Gbxe 833:%&\`k X{zzebf Mea Kpsmx|z yeb |`k Hba|ej Zkb Lm Mea Zèsdkf|z|`xm{n` |`k K[cz Effkx Zkb Hxefn X{zzeb Jamzkx |m |`k K[ mx Hxefn \`kd Bsbx|= &\{xg{ Zj`mma mi Kjmfmdejz bfl H{zefkzz Bldefez|xb|emf! Gexobsbefm Nxbieb Mu&\{xg{&

Z`m{degèf! Bflxke 833;%& X{zzebf Sxmhz bfl Bxdz Jmf|xma Xknedkz& Fb|emfba

Efz|e|{|k imx S{haej Smaeju&WmfaefkT?`||s?--~~~&fess&mxn-S{haejb|emf-Lm~famblz-S{haejb|emf+83Bxjèyk+83SLI-O{au+833;+83~kh+83bx|ejak&sli 3;&22&8335%

Zde|`! Dbxg 833:%&X{zzebf H{zefkzz bfl Imxkenf Smaeju& Jmfiaej| Z|{lekzXkzkbxj` Jkf|xk& Lkikfjk Bjblkdu mi |`k [fe|kl Gefnlmd&

Z|xbfnb! Beybxz 2550%& \`k Kfl Sxml{j|& B Jxezez ef Ab|yebf$X{zzebf Xkab|emfz& Lksbx|dkf| mi @ez|mxu& Xenb? [feykxze|u mi Ab|yeb&
http://www.nipp.org/Publication/Downloads/Publication%20Archive%20PDF/July%2005%20web%20article.pdfhttp://www.nipp.org/Publication/Downloads/Publication%20Archive%20PDF/July%2005%20web%20article.pdfhttp://www.nipp.org/Publication/Downloads/Publication%20Archive%20PDF/July%2005%20web%20article.pdfhttp://www.nipp.org/Publication/Downloads/Publication%20Archive%20PDF/July%2005%20web%20article.pdfhttp://www.nipp.org/Publication/Downloads/Publication%20Archive%20PDF/July%2005%20web%20article.pdf


84/87

0% X{zzebf imxkenf smaeju hkumfl S{|ef ! \`k Ef|kxfb|emfbaEfz|e|{|k imx Z|xb|knej Z|{lekz& Blkasè Sbskx :53&

Zsx{lz! Bflxez 8332% Smae|ejba Sxemxe|ekz bfl Kjmfmdej Ef|kxkz|z ef X{zzebf Ab|yebf Xkab|emfz ! Fmx~knebf Efz|e|{|k mi Ef|kxfb|emfba Biibexz F[SE%! Fm& 983&Lkjkdhkx 8332&

^mk`xka! Z|kykf 8335%X{zzebf Kfkxnu Smaeju |m~bxl Fken`hm{xefn Jm{f|xekz! Jmfnxkzzemfba Xkzkbxj` Z|{lekz&

Dbz|kx |`kzez

Oxnkfzkf! Oxnkf 833:% X{zzezg Zybahbxl$smae|egg& Kgz|kxfk mn ef|kxfk lxeygxki|kx& Mzam? [feykxze|k|k| e Mzam! Efz|e|{|| imx Z|b|zye|kfzgbs& @myklmssnbyk&

Fk~zsbskx bx|ejakzHabjg Nmal Xm{|kz& Ykf|zseaz$|`k abxnkz| z|mxbnk jbsbje|u! \`k Hba|ej Jm{xzk!

Bxjèyk! 8333& Fm& 2WmfaefkT? `||s?--~~~&hba|ej$jm{xzk&jmd-bxjèyk-kfn-32-smx|&`|d 3:&22&8335%

Hxufèalzhbggkf! Kxeg 833:%& Ab|yebfz ~bxu bz SD jxbjgz lm~f mf jmxx{s|emf&

Xk{|kxz ^mxal Xksmx|&WmfaefkT?

`||s?--~~~&ab|yebfz&jmd-kf-Dbeakx-kfykamsk&s`s=833:]38]2


85/87

0;

Lekfb 8330%& Ga{z| efbde Akdhkxnb z|eskfleb|e& B{n{z|! 2z|&WmfaefkT?`||s?--~~~&lekfb&ay-ab|-smae|ejz-smae|egb-fkgb$skxzmfenb$ga{z|$ efbde$akdhkxnb$z|eskfleb|e 3;&38&8323%

Iekxjk Jmdsk|e|emf \bgkz e|z \maa! \`k Hba|ej Jm{xzk! Bxj`eyk! 8338& Fm&8&

WmfaefkT? `||s?--~~~&hba|ej$jm{xzk&jmd-bxj`eyk-kfn-38-smx|z&`|d 22&23&8335%

E ykz|eob 8338b% Ykaegeo e dmn{jeo!WmfaefkT?`||s?--~~~&e ykz|eb&x{-x{zzeb-bx|ejak25:- 2:&3

7/31/2019 The Termination of the Russian Oil Transit t

Date post:	04-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	lukaszcudny
View:	219 times
Download:	0 times

The Termination of the Russian Oil Transit to Ventspils in 2003

Documents