The Transactor V4 01

8/7/2019 The Transactor V4 01

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FromTh _Edftor's D .k (7 )

~h,'t'III'jl l ' t l l ' I I P il l " ~ W ' " ' 'tlU 1 " , 1 1 1 IIl'hlll V u l l lm ! I 1 1 i . . r u I m n r k s u 1 1 (, \ \ cI~l1ltli 'r r n 1 1 1 1 . l I f l · II I '1 h l I r l U l ~ ; j t l ( I J 1 1 1 , ' 1 1IIIil H I

, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : . - U w :lIM L .,m'llIlllh,' ! In.1 ~\lIh ,I ' Y I W " . · ' hUt'tlot, t oJlIlnt'tNn I1l1d f \d\ ' 111~" 'I . l~

1 j , 1 t 'k I I I I \ ] ld l u l t il l! ! Vell!, l'rlllllllifHilm (.IIHUI,1 lilt InIHlrud p l l b l l ~ h '1 , Ih'l'III{.tl h i 1IIII>HIlI'~IIIIL'ill 1'1'111M1tu r il l h W r m r III

nil' nJ l l 1 l 1 \ t j d , I I U ~ 1 1 1 1 1 ~ . v _ j I l { · 1 " 1 1 l u l l II I , ; lIhfl~Jhll l l1n 0 1 1 1 ~ I I I ' i r W : i , IW u I !Itlll! i , , ~ i l l ' " \ \ 1 l ' r ' L 1"1'I!U'lHhll'lli ,m d n il Inlil l II I

P W ! 4 f I I U i W I " Ill! Ildift'U lut 1 1 ! r . 1 l 1 1 l 1 1nlllplll II-u l ' I I I I ' 1 1 1 l 1 l l 1 T i l l ' ' f 1 o " 1 . 1 1 , ~ h l l w H u l d " , u ! r l ~ r Ihl.!t!lml·llIl~ ,j M ' lJWNul O l i n f flrl~III~'1

P I ! I ' publillUlllllli, nphhlt~11UII "~I I I I ' ~ h ~II · MII~!I'·.

' lhllrl ~I ,llh'l lilt, 1 . 1 ' 0 1 "hll t~'lllIl' IH I" . . Idlllll'd~ 1111'Ullh n",I 1 ~ · I I I · r . . . ,Im ~III r l ' lm l l l t , l In T I n ' . \ ' n l l l ~ I ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ nIh II I III

dililt,tIIIIDIJI!l'l! W I hll l f l I l l I 1 .1 11\· 11~'~I'IIl II 1 1 " " " ' ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 > 1 1 9 C 1 1 1 , 1 i 1 I 1 1 ~ I h ' l l I'I n Im l v 1 1 1 1 1u' t~ '1 f I'll' 1'11111~11I 1m W.l~ ,d 1.11 ~I'l' rill II h I

l'lnllf11~11'~ i 1 l t l l ' JI'llll"I,hJlJalltlll~u.hli i lL d~ I~ 1 1 • + t I M j l 1 i 'I'll ! ' r .u l l1dt . :hl l w l l h l U lI I I JU ,,~ ll1 ly W l lh K ln m l ln h~Ilri'''llIllullII'Wl'II,l'lIl1l'rrlll ~~'IPi Wf"I,'ln Ihl' I ' I H h l PI1~hIIII . l lh ,1I til",', II, m} ' h ln wllwh 1 I ~ , h , ! o o 1\'I'ft h '' II Ij .! 1 l 1 I1 1 ' d II I 11I"l'lllIllL rm~Hl'lUllIF ' r l l l l k Ilailik 1 1 ' 1 ~ ' , l u l u l l . l I I "'linn f1hjlllll~III'rh I'I'MIJ]W,\~1 1 1 Ih~nlill" l'IrI.

" I - . ,trl, IH I.\! ' ~ lin Ilull lll ltl fll'Uil! Illk I l i l A un 'l'lu·lrnlltilll'lof ,I!; 1 1 11 ~ 11 1I t ' f 1 I ~ n t l l nl plllJlh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' "

"~lIffl 1IIIIIIhn IHilt', Wlilk n l H I I I 1 ~ 1 1 I1~ I1h.1· [1wlJllld pili IH l HI li lt I J l lW t ' r L , l i l l p uu l hlt ! ! i<I ' I'd IW lli ,\ ": lmIPHli II

"Wdl , Vil l i ~'!'j : .I l lt I IUl ,,'II W I' mh' t l i l l p l'rm ll'l1th m tu JU ! r'lllllllliKhul

I'ht' ' 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 n n m W r l ~ IIl1vl'11l1nllll

I ' ~ ~ , I I ~ l ' h i I t J k t ' l I l 1 " ~IIIJ ' 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 il \ 1 0 wl~II'II'llIf' h , w k l r ,111"oIt ' lof ~ l I h ' : . t ' T I I I H l I ~ I h . , 1 h n \ · t ifHwllrilml wlll!WIII"l 1'\'1' Iwl'lI !l1'VI 1 ' 1 1 1

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11l11Rllthw . I I H 1 1 1 1 ~ h l l l lU h WI! V.UIlI l l r J l lH lu 1mYUI l l ' i 1 1 l 1 - J : 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 ~Ifld 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) 1 1 1 II 1 f.j ll '! tU II iC " Wl'llul hI! II { Iillil ) 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 fll uJ 'I'h~'T'rllrl'iiltlllr i l l l f1lnm llV t , l'IlIL'II'lhllll~.m u l r1 \ l Ii ll ll lJ h l 1 1 11 1 11 .' 11 0\,(lII~ f'tllllPllf(', jll\!l'NIII111UI

. l , I I k l · flU)' IIlllH1lnm , 'no ( ~ l ' p ~ n t 1 'III "I'VltUIll ff l'JI,(II.lnnt It II O l J H I t I t L l ~ ' t · t l ~ ~ l n S : 11 1 1 1 I 1 1 ' 1 1 1I w mil'll mng.lzlllI 'lI , ow ~IUUI'iOJ1 • 'II'~IIIII ' I h , · 111I!.hlt'I'I~' f i r . ~ · !lm q 1 1~ ln l1 ~, p l ' ! ~ p l l , l r , i l " ,md .n t'l'ij~t''fh'". ( 1lilKIIIII!lIv I fW,Ul ' 1 . 11 I l l I ' j l l I S ! 1 l u l l tI \'UIIIIJ,'ll'jU! II1/tYu k .

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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1' 1IIIIyth11~lnll l l l !l l t I Jl I I d . .. .· r l h d l 1 ~ IIIi fllW plmhll I Y t l U II I ' l t - l [ ' ('MlJ m l ! 1 1 1 1 T l u ' ' l' f. 1 I 1 1 l1 1 l '1 I .. I r , h l l i li u IHIlrL'!ln Ihlm 1111)'

()lhf~1 1 1 I I ~ l l 7 . 1 1 1 . 1 'rill! nUN I ~nrnplill I IIIIIU~II\ tlPt' lnf\ 1 1 1 1 ,, ' I H ll ' 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 Il'W 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1IIII1r~t'l'II'lllly ~ 1 1 ' l l'IIII!fIHIY I I rm l i l r l l u - I I I

r rW I I In o , n p p l 1 1 '1 !I Ihl ' [ ' 1 (11J [ I '> I I f I' I I I uti\' Um. ( lu (J .l ll ~ Itl'IIlI.ll.ll tm! tall l t '" t i l l rnlr-HK'Ompu'lcr mu r k ' : ' 1

I Wt lh 'o llH l \ 11 11 1(IJlUlllllllt~.liI\ t l u r ~ l l ) h ' 1 1 1 III II Iw(..mYCIIII 1 I. · d I 1 o l I " l t 1 ! l 1 1 1 I 'k l l 'Y

In 1l1lptOWI1h'II1 'it II 1 1 1 ' 1 ! 1 l 1 1 H I u l l 1 1 1 1 d lit IWlkt, III~II"'}LI.d,



H I J 0 0 ' I n ·istiug" L ud 2'

N WK ,t n d N w Prn JlII t o ; ~

'B i l s ' l u ri P ' i .f S H

'11:-t u rdl'n B ot k o r T ri k s 1 ~

Till M N "( IIJ II 1

I lsk Un- ss 'nlhl 'r 17t v rs I I Stril1;~J hill ~:l

'ill I( h , in T rn i r 2 '

T ranslatlon A rrays 27

n n 1 1 1 ~ II : 1

• 'l ip rPI~ nnlunl Pro ram :i,2

PL , • UI rl I T r i c I , , r rl ._\

Till .~.ld I' 1)' Vl

V I ' I~ S-2:i,2 {'f

T h : r mmodnr (i4 :

A Pre l imlnu ry N o ·v~..w

Ar h it tur M ,n p

M m or M'lJ

I rot' H~'( I I / ( I }rt III-,/2 chill l t III' ~

" n d 'IlS' ·d M , - r u n r M Ip

rL lsin ~ S cI iO i

r t l s h R Iud

t Issu

A v

A J

N ,

f i 2

1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1

, , " . 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1

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II 1 \ Ifi II,1 1 " " ' , 1 " Iflll

N '11,11 [u ~I'''II', rm u 1' . 1 1 1 1 1 1 . "

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\ 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 I"~I ! I I I h 'l I I ~ ~ I " .

\ lit If"illlltll' l 'h ~ lI h I 'r , II1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , ' h , " t



Program Listings in T e Transactor

prInt'

AU programs listed in T he T ransactor w ill appear as l!lff \\fould UII your screen in Upper/l .o ,wt"1 :a~ mode , Manr progr i l lns

wl l l e on ta in r e\ 'L " I'SC ideo h ara cte rs lhal represent cursor mov em e nt s; c o lo u r !'. odunctlon k e s , T he wil l also b shown

~ xrll. : lIy · Ih <> 'w o uld ap ea r o n your' n but t hey ' r e lis ted h ere fo r re feren ce ( Ed ito r s ' o le : S om e c hara cte rs c ou ld 1 10'lyp I il l lime lor Ihi II. . Th~ywill appear 0 11 this pug next isue)

( ) J. ;tn siOl lt ll ly prog.tdm<; w i l l uu i ta rn lint: t h a t slluw ( tJl1Nl"'CtJ' tiv~ spaces. One i l I'lit number o f sp aees you i n s e r t " , > ,1 1 11101e

c rltle al to c urre ri u p ' r a l iol ! o f t h o • p rogram ~ hen i t i . the r equ i r ed numb 'lor spac will be sho w n . F or ex am p le:

I l iO h righ t R - w u ld ~ e show n as - pr in t" [ 5 1 1 ) 1 ' 1 1 : I O } nu s h r ig h t

D O \1 / n -

Up

Righ t

Left - [UI]

R V S

RVS 0 r ,

lnsert

Delete

Clear ern-

Hom e

ST p

For VIC 164

B lack -

W h ite -

Red

Cyan ~ [C a]

Pu rp le - [P u r]

Green -

Bl ue

Yellow - [ Y e 1 1

Oral1gp

Brov n

L igh l Red

G rey I

Gr y 2

l igh,1 G reen - .

Lighl B lue -

Grey 3 - [Gr3 )

.unCtiOIl KeJ's, C/64

F] -

F2 -

F3 -

F4 -

F5 -

F6~

F7 -

FS-

2 S.p••mberlOeiober '982



News and New Products

{)(J au hOI!(! a new produu or scmic ? Just send a l! 'h e

aela il: ) 10 1 1 . . ' : 0andu: 'f! 'II see Ilia' il~iublished tn tnu s e c / I o n of

,he 1If!}.11h1Il.'iQa'or Ert

tiUldardized Edu lUona) ftware

O f cours m lOury size will s ti ll r es tr ic t th e l ise nf lauger

p rog ram :., b! .u m ost m ach ines in C anadian schoo ls h ave

: i2 K , 8 0. c u i IIr u n machines " '111require IIscreen modf f ication

P I gram thai converts t 4n otnrnn output. Tid" wil l havailable on a ut i l i l i disk along w ith cop ies o f li t • "over-

h ead" rno du l _ u sed in th e standardi7.i 'l l ion p r o ce s s 0111 r

This summer, i: lo oun30 B oard s o f Ed . have been work ing on

it c ollect io n u r u ver m o n prograrus ill all at tempt to stand-

ardize educat ional so hware , O n co mp lch on o f 'hi mam-

moth [a sk , a ll o l l he sp p ro gram s \ i l l ~ ark on IrruallyevEryCommodor r n a h ine w ilh Ih exc 'p lion of th e early BASIC

1.0 PETs, the VIC-20, and 'the new 'P' and'S' serie

eomputer s , B ASIC 1.0 w as exc lu lll? d Io r u hvio us rea so ns , I h

V lC -20 du e to lts 22' co lum n screen size. and th e 'P ' arnl "B '

series because o f n lOWm t ma l a re h ne ct u re .

Each p ro gram has been fitted w ilh abo ut 6K o f "overhead"

subrou t ines P re-p ro gram c od e w ill tes t vh at m ach ine th e

. rogram r., b (liln g ru n o n . T h a i mean s each P ro M I': m can b

lo aded in to ellh r th e 20 0 1 (B AS IC 2.0 ) , 40 32 .80 32. 6 .

• u perP •T ~ II CAM mod ~,Of even the n w C ommed o re 64 ,

an d w ill run w ilho ut modil1callon Standard kecyboo rd i npu tand screen fo rm aU ing ro utines h a ...e also been inclu ded 10

gr lt@ the soflwiJr~ mor unuerm appe rilf teo

u tllttle s w ill also be inc lu ded to mak ' p ro grammin g lire

eas ier .

The ( 'O m p l e l '£ ' library hould 'be il\'ailable fram school

bo ards a cro ss C ana da by O ctober 1 I J ·a .r ller F or s ln vo u

litel a di keUe, abou t 2U programs. and it •~anagcf fileccntalnm g d ;!Iails o f th programs. A ma~tl'l ca l , J iogu ' disk

can al 0 be obtained ror descrip tio ns on th e e nu re c nlle c-

l ion, iii'estimated 50 In70 d is k e tt es !

C om modore w ill be dis tr ibu ti r18 th e diskcH ~ lolh if d '£ .1 1-

ers sem 'lime around Nov I 1 1 b r 1sl. but no procedure

details h ave been released. POSSlbl t Ihe,,'11 11j fr{1{! fo r

s ch o o ls s u p p ly in g their own d is k et te s?

Three wComm do 1010 ources

S TR IC T LY COMMODO J{F . is a h i-rn o n thiy , s nhw ere-o -

r le ru ed I JlJ bli ca llo n I ha l i s Em l i l ' f ' l y ..Jf'\! red In V I -20 , PET ,

C8M. and SUperPET OWl! 'rs. Pro uct r ' j ' \\ , Iwgf lun-

IIUUS 'hillS, and other lactual mal nal ,I S em ' ·red. "early

su bscr ip t io ns o re ~20 ~H C il II sd a , S I US. dell lars (o r slill

s ide subscribers , and S 25 U S. do lla rs in d U other co uumes .

SamrJI lssu 1I ar 2 i f ! Ca ad u an d t i l • U .5 ., ~~else\ he .

WllI'lo;

T he T m nlluler ______________ ....;;;;. ~s. tembell'lOdober 1982



S tr ic il C om modore lnc,

S lJi bs cn pli n D ep t.

0 1 7 Oil h w o o c l Plac N W .

CLllgary, ALbcrtHt

T3H IEII

trktly Comm odo r lnc , i ls o p la nn in g a ne th '1 ' publ ica-

IIUIl. S UP ER 6,1 will cover m ater ial on th e new CommodoreIV J nd lAX exc lus i t!ly R a L . ' 15 U S. dollar in anada

and th e U .S .. 20 US e l swhere , Samples $4 C anada and

U.s.7 $5 Fo r other : o un trl . S .C In c asks I l tal all che LI

arid InfO'S he 111U .. d ollars o nly.

Editor ' o te : So f < 1 f l've only seen o l u rne 1 /1 ss uE ' 1 01

STRICTLY COMMOD RE. It carne o n 1/2 by 1.I 's folded

n r l s lap led 2 1 1 I he C [ l I r e fo r 36. 5 112 b 1/2 in ch p ag es

T he p ro gram w ere d ocum en ted n icely with d . r i p t ion o f

iml\Ol1anl v al ia bles a nd c on ve rs io n s F or o th er mach ines .

hQ\ ver, III il repro luetion qUelIlis 'an only 81 ueu 1 '.

Mos l ol the m ag is geared lo r beail1ners, w hich the openlyadllut bu t their l rueat ton are adrn rabl w -ilh g ood g row th

potentlal,

Subsc r i p t i on s , 1 0 t il e eom bm d m ag azine O llt! 520 US. o r S l5

CD . in erth America fo r 6 I i-monthly Isues. Ove rseas

5 u b s c rr p 'I I Q I l .S a r e $ -1 ,5US . Ea ch i s s l l J e vIm b e protessicnallv

pr in ted t nd secu rel sh iP I' d In n- e lnp via fi r I ' lass

mail.

PET "APER and MidnigJlt M get

T he P A:P ER (o rigin ally T he PET PAPER) , nne o r the nldeslin d I'l nden t pu'blica lio n s SUPP( )if11 ng Commodo re cern -

pu ter s I m erg ing ,yU h ano th er imle endem r onree to

Commodore users, the Midnight SoF1wilr Gaz 'It ,bt'gin-

nmg wi t h lhe DelobN, 19 .2 ISSlIe.

To eel brate the m rger, a contest is unden ...a y [0 Tenarlle

rhe merged magazInes. The p rSOI1 suggesling the best

name \ ill r xelve il h"e VIC-20 coUrl,t!5y o r Cornpu l rCuunlry ofSpring'leld. IL Judg ing will be by the editors, and

In ease or II ,by the read rs of Ihe combined magazine.

Emnes must b e r ec ei ve d by 0 em b r lS I a' l th e a ddr es s

hclow.

During the past two years. Midnile has become 3 widely

re sp ec te d rl! ,'iO I1 TCe in 4 1 s la le s il l l t '1 II coantrles. Speciaflz-

illg IrI hr ief illdep nd rH r vle . of pr duc t s for C o m m o - -

d ore c om p u te rs . II h ~ received p ra ise from near ly everymagazi ne suppo r 1in s CBM prlxlu I . [ urreni i..ue i..d

30 0 pag H I book , w ith advance commiuments rO J

1 n , o o o copies.

T h e PAPER h as tr adili ol1 la lly b ee n a s trong sou rce o f i l . ' r t l l l : 1 1 $

ami u n cria ls ro r us rs o r BM quipmenl with exc lIeIlt

s er ies o n such top ics es fi r Iaeps il l maelnn lang uag e as

w~1Ias ex tended If -vi w s o f Im po rtan t p ro ducts.

nd subscriptions 10:

Midn i t~ So l twa r e Gazelle

635 M ap le

M . Zion.IL

62549

2178615320

Commander

T h e [irsl issue of C ommander is slaLm f or D e ce rn h F hI.

1 82 LikeTh Transactor, It will be devoted 10 i u I o rmauon

on Commodore prcduns only. C om m ilnder w ill be pub-lis hed m on th ly by M iera S 's tem Sp e ia lties , T a rna .

Washington

S ubsc r ip tio ns a re $22 in Ih L J .A. , .16 in . Canada and

Mex lCO , 1 I t 1 l o thercourar ies $ 3 7 s u r £a cE ' o r $54 ,i r Inai l ( f

assum all lig ures , a re in U S dollars). S end all o m to .

C omm and r

P .D B ox 98827

Tat.tllml, \V'ashingltm

9 ·19

205 565 IiSIS

O r call Loll lree in th e U,S ., (exCepl WA ' , III, AK )

1-8 ( l {) - l126-18 .30 \ ;, ~I L1you r V isa, Mas lc l rd o r Americ an

Expr 58 n um ber. S ubscrib befo re Ihe ]llelllicl issue an d

r ec ei ve a $4 discount .

Editor s No te. Sin ce a C ommander has nO I yet been re-

leased , I an t g i e you an c p imon , H ow ever. II w ha t lhei r

prcrnotlcnal mal rial avs is I ru , il "O U nds Ilk ' a very

professional eUor t t ha t shou ld b . cons id red.

mmodore cnnputing

This one is relalh1ely new nd worth m nlioning. Without

question, lt's the best Irom Ih U K , C mmodore Cornput-

in g w as, or ig inally C ommo dore U .K :s. club nl!W!rleNer

(k now n to som e as" PUC ") . Com mod r so ld p ublica -

t ion r ig h ts to ick H amp shire p ubllcarlo ns, fin d P ete

G eT ra rd, a ls o < .l Commodore vel, is p rC KIu lu g !'.O m s U J r

work I've seen tw o exf"..t'llimi j <suesso Ja r



S ubs cr ip tio n r ates to r 1 0 issues a re 1 2.5 British pound s in

th e U .K . and 15 p ou nds overseas. Y ou 'll h ave to 'Wo rk t .ha t

out in Canadien lO r U .S . do l e rs befo re sending . A ir mail

ra te s a re a vaUilib le o n re quest, W rite o r su bs crib e u sin g:

Commodore Computi·mtg

S ubs crip tio n M a na ger

M J \! G S U BOa!di .eld H0l!15e

P err ym o um R o ad

Hayw .a r fl s He at h

Sussex RH r s 3DH

T he o nly p ubbcnlo n I k no w o f devo ted solely to th e VIC-20 .

I im ag in e as C omm od or e: ·b ri ng s 0 t new h o me en tr ies

'th ey 'll r over th es e to o. V I C C om p ,u tin g is not r ela ted to (h e

a bo v e mentio n edp u b I i C ' a 1 i o l 1 , but I n e l i e v e (hey a r t " dose!) 'essociatedwitlt {il not awned by} Microcompu t e r Pr in t tou t , a

mo r e g e ne ra l computing labloid .

.A nnu al iu becr ip tlc ns 6 p ou nds in th e U .K .. 9 in . Euro p e a nd

16 overseas . O nce ag ain you 'll 'h ave 1 0 re -c alc ula te fo rCanad ian i',Iild U .S . d o l. la rs . Their address :

VIC Compu ti ng

39-41 o r lll R oad

London , E n , g l a . l 1 d

N 7 . 9 D : I ?

Toront:o Typesetter C,oDllIeds To PETICBMs

A ltie T yp esett ing o f T oronto h ave boon in th e typ esett ing

business since U973. O ver th e y ears , co -fo under N ate R ed·

men has been ex p er imem i ng w ith his Q uad ex 500' Iypese·

t ln g s ys te m a mi s evera l mic r o compu t e r s i l i ! c 1 1 1 1 d ] n g Appl ,e ,

Rad io Sha ck ; a nd jusl:r.ecen:tly, Commodo re . Data gen ere ie d

'by llie 'computer C ' i I I f I be sel1~dir ec tly io r,o th e Q u ade.x !'ro n!

en d s ys tem , P ro m t h e r e i f's s en t to t h e r y p es et rl ng mach ine ,

R es ult: th e infinite q ua lity n n.e printer!

T he conneetlon I:> iI. s tan dard R S --232 lin e al. 96010-baUd.'U sing a Super PET w ith R aymond L i' R S-232 erm lnal

p ro gra m, se qu en tia l file s g en era te d by WordPm fo r e ve ry

a rtic le y ou s ee' in T l! te T ra ns ac tc r we r e transfered to th etypesel ter .

E ven p ro gra m istings ca n be typeset . ProgJams ar e s im p ly

LiSTed to disk ami sent like an)' ether SEQ lile, Cursor

ICOIU,rol. charac ter s can aliso be IY pESel, bu t onlyas th ey

ap pear in Up per/L ow er ease mo de, T h e ma jo r advan tage .

h oweve:rr. is th e p o ,ss:ib ilily o f keyboarding error is el imi-nated,

Once ill the editor, a spell checking programwith over

2 .0 0 ,0 0 0 w or ds c hec ks YIJIU' tex t in seconds.

W ith aU ,of the inh er ent caJp ab.ililies . p lu s so me cu stomptogrartLs wri t ten b y M r. Redmol1llof th e Quadex, Allie

o lfer s ale."t l p rocess ing service. th ai's unparal leled by

"ol l - the-I ine" typese.ttin,g eq u ip m en t. If t he re 's en Q u g h de -

m and, :a te may ,con_sidel ' instal l ing a m odem so th ar lext

can be ' Sen! remote ly .

F or m or e in fo rm atio n c on ta ct:

N at e R edmo n

Au ic TypeseUiinS lid.

5453 YOf lge·Stre~' !

W i li lowda le , On t a r io4 '1 6 2 2l 84 95

Leading Edge In t r oduce s Low ..Cost 12" M.on: i t o r • .

T h e new es~ addit ion IU th e Leading Edge P ro du c ts ' [ i,n e 0 :1

BM C mon ito rs is U le BM-12EN; a hi-res .. n o n -g l. are , g re enscreen 12~model in high demand for use by cenatn market

seg ments s uch as p ro fess io na l, edu catio nal and specialized

sma ll b u s in e ss e s,

A 20 M B z bandw hh g ilr 'es [ be .BM-12EN a sh arp er , m ore

p re ci se i m ag e, a nd th e n o n- gla re s cr ee n r ed uc es eye s t ra lnsubsrant tal ly over prolonged: p e ri o ds . .The I.J ni l comes w ith aone yea! repair/replacement warrant)' al a . dealer costol

$-99.0 cus,

L eading : l~ dg e is th e ex c lu sive U .S . distribulm 0:1 the

BML12EN, asw ell as the "M ean G reen " BM-12AU, an d tho

co lo r eo rn p osn e BM l-1 400CL . A ll monitors a re c or np et i-

lively p ric ed a nd dea ler in qu ir ies a re w elc om e, C on ta ct

Leading: Edge Products

2 .2 5T u r n pi ke S tr ee t

C anto n, M A .02021

Tol l hee : I 8 00 :34 3 6 83 3

In M A & Can. : 16178288150Telex !95] - 624

O n A ug ust 1 '1 ).1.'982. :l ea d. in g Edge announced a one year;

en d -u ser p artse nd lab or warranty f o r thei r c omp le te l ine o fC . lI oh P row r it er s, F - IO Starwr i ter s and P rir um a sle rs , C o n-



l[,I.'<I!.lIJ~~~lJ!ilc jJrudll-t'l:; ls !hi?l.::Ir8!::,i\{ rtld.Ek'l'l:t'r ,i Illiuo;':DU[,.put(!rIUrid~~.-[:!'in Ih~ 1,.5 ..e!1~lJilJ~'illg ~w(.'r J.~o]p";~)plt' in W

......W~ hal!ll::;L'Si ;:.n::r,w.!; ttl!!!' c · r : . l J n l l 1 :

V J C nWli:!e:~n(l~ h ; . '\ 1 < ." { ' . I i! : ) . . . . ~lt:l~~:; ttl I I ! : : .E . ~ . t!l!!!'lfiphH 1 : 1 1 : : ; .n f l i l :

~(! rl'\" inl. : ludll ig C:om~~ILoi!ll.trc:, H !1i \ 'I iE'!:t~P!' ldot i 'l l rd.~IHJ ~.I I It { ·~

U i l : : :E dF.Viffl . Ci l ' lo 'n fl ! ' i will r i r - d l h . .. ..\ :'IC lV -lIN K rr:~ lT I!h i" a~ io O l

l l In o F t H r . 3 ( : L i 1 ! , + t L'tInUru~le·rbr ~ m h Ilmt!> i l l : t ; . [1~:f.f..~il:Q)soo~

and ~iJ ) f .I :' rru !TI an iRl ) ·~ef$, .

JusJi p;!c"l?nn~, V'-LINK 1 1 . 1 ' [ · ( ; ' " , 1 ; , ' CQIIIHlO!Jl:.ln:· G~ W~!i per,;e;' t~,

D u e - ~IUUlle:'lophi~l!';iJtt'd l1it1llJr....m lhe-(~·1.rtlil(vni~ t~mUd l

t id i r i: ! ·r ~ h . ~ 1 i I ifs . r . r .. .o f ' Ii l' = - = ' " '· ~ r ('I ill ' c u n fl"..Y.:IU!'"!iI~k,'S£ ' \ i · . J ; > t y t t ! in R !

0 1 ' 1 o ne ~id'L:~~:J ! . :<lmiid! i! f! : ; . l l 1 t : mn!ll". "rr. ( fiji « h . .. .tOI I IC~ i!lil

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Wltr<'HI~ ~ J I J i . ; I I i : J ! . C ; lraul i1 i 1 f ! ' ! 1 'Ult.! al! ;,(. i i ! . i . . ·t!'~ ' I o " U U B A S I C · . ; [ .~ I.. . - - ", ~

mmm.;.~.d!i i l r l 1 j o: L :t).;.1('lim(;' hu 1 i : 1 J i I . ! o : o : . ! mi.(i: l!l i1.0F ~t) ni?e:n r L ) t

R A M 1~:II,p.:!l!1:;1U~~ on I h l s [ In " , ,: I h E ! [vI. h . ' t~ . . .I ! ~ 1 '1 1,.'-:111 1 I ' 1 r ~lll'.

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I ;Ml l~s . ; : t ! " - r the n8y,;est a l8 l. iI l on te rh,tir [klll'rllt..u !:ouLa1or

liltPf /6LII1I)(i;'~,oj,or Ilnll;uf Illll.'r!I,;'rc:~r~:n lJ m l [ "l r n c h lf t ~ ,/r,~'ill.1

l : i l i h : - o n ~II 1 : t ! , 1 : a . 1 m :p,ffif'I. ... t h t - nt'n~I::\t' / I . e . p t l w c r cU!Llml

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tOiP"'i.'nl.t·11cc arH~ :;'~::;l('!tn , : :. h l @ . ! t U ; ! . M n l i !! > 6

M j o ; .: r o c o : ;. m p l J l lc r .lJIpl1'niCil.1lfll'l:'i inr ludp :1I.1IH'~I('H}·. h'J~il<:ll.

inn ll ls rri . .,1 ( : In · ( lIJ .I . .' r~ II<:I t sy~ews t t. iJ .\ ,i li l: = l ' ; n,ppd tfl (,o"~'en,

IcnUy o : : m l H l : I o l n G > w p r l l'l t he - 1~It'r(!lhlW :S f lII.'lIlfrom.a. t ~m r a . 1

1 ( ' i r . ' ; l i o : ; n

T o : ! i l i Rf ' ff ll JH . · S l. .n lt h l . ' L J I w lO ! llu r I Da d i ! l :OIp l ld~y is 1M ~; W ,: i f[S

'!rla-";'fIIU!1III W L l h I f lM h s n c .k ;P ! t O l; p . ..hl'l~(A .h~f!dlh'.~ ] KW

:u~, R e n l o l . e ~!;\ ,lh;:hil1!;l.ulla:lI. i l!bh1!in 1 i J I " " J I ' 1 f ' 1 ~ri. ln~in~ f ~ ( ) m

smgLi:'-fi'11i!!IM moop.I~lv qued- rlllt'it'd ~ :n~nl !J m ~fl!O:Jcl~.

iPr irOl 'f i .~1Ifi r l ~:l$ ~ .~ , 95

fdr.:f 5:uiUL! U J '' 'M U 'd H~lnllI i k ' I 1 \ i ' i L l E ; - T~I~mmu f i : L ( : ~ l i D . l l ~

I U 6ilO IM y ...J.l::....~ A " ' · ( ! n I : J i E ~ . I lnh ]f!,

Hid'J mCHlic! Hi I I .. Onr.!ll'i:l)

L 4 (" 3 ." 'J 8

4 H i f ; A · ~ 1 1 [ ; ] 1 6 . ; ;

C o m I~Judort! C a n i ! i I : J O l J has !>p ot ne, .. . . .. ?ri~il)T1;;;,f ~ d . l L h e S ' . l I p l . : " i .

P J : : ; T l a [l ! !' P l; !; ~ rm rO ? ! i ~ (1 'i to a ll C ~ m i J. . J ti l ii dl . : i ! i . l c r~ , tm tHlUl -

dr.u'.:-tiS. IH.JY iJL' hiJ!lndlin~, tlresu diIw·rt: :nlly, r.IJlt I .1l~"UI"f i i t :~ l u : ~ y should b f! 1:I\'nil..h J e 1 r o r n ' : = ' i 1 j ' d o : . : . . : I l . e f L J ~ ' I l l € . ! 1 i J Ut :' } 'C l ~!

~ ~ ~ d L h i b n o l J l [ k : ~ ,Cubol W l H iIoI~ bE > in thil.~5 0 1 1 , i r m 4 "'n ! ; ; n d . i!\,~

announced. j~ Fref':nf rh . , t"~ ~oSupt'lrET owners and will

! ; i t ' lfH;;ludt~ wi~h I1l:WSPET Grdll'!f!i.

TI'N~~:s~m~ler !:lnd M itl1rp~riJm~ are r f "p m 1 : p d l y II n -

dLl lng". !d 5 1 0 yo ur d iskfttl? 5 1hat c o m a 1 '" ~.U~cr1 1 he~ wiJIno l n . e - e d ! O I : l J I d < : ! ~ ' l n g "

A n oQ i t l f ; ' (If! M Ili .: fuFOk l IU. ;; .I ._ "~ rocent n i : l : J f ' f l ' l ! f I ' P r ' ; . ; . h ~ . I ' l ! : I I

fORTR:A~l dtJt'Sna~ lib> d i!ll:. <l:~:'i,j::('ill~~(1 '~i'YIl' f ]&.nds an d

:0 . 1iI' f",nlo? nt ! ;, 1h"l, ,~n II.! dri\' 'Ii." 1 . 1 . " I I i : . ! a vo id p n tE 'n :tia l E' !rmI! i ,

illw a }'s , il" clu d~ Iltie d riv -£ '<ntllm~:t. T h i s m a .y o Jl ! l I Jbl' 1rue ftllf

! '" . ( 1 m I ! ': Q I I I ( h e o 1 ~ e - ; t l a l' l g u ~~ I: ' ! : l . b u t .h a ! l l r f t b < ;! o :! n l~et'l.Pln!5.l-

bty this n U l " : wiUllw n);erI1 n the fle'\'I.' version.

~ran j . : . S t I [ ' t : :· l

t ic"," " ! runic sr fl " 'ia 'L51 ;~ . rn ( ',

[ L ' 1 mMll l~ h M;jl i : t J ~ r e t ll '1aUl :k . MA.~)Hf":~

~H es s l5:1:.!

R k ' t ! v a . l E ' Te:letl,)mnn.lnlt.:aHuJ~:ii ill k i l ; lmLOl1d H m . OI1l~ario"urc nCI"W mar .keHnJi: t hf ! V-UI" i :K. o 1 J F l ~ E : E . E . l..~ , f a C l · br LII~

V ]C The l M L : l . . _ g e · c . X l i f l : I > i : s t s O~jj .i ;O'inrid~.E"1 h at p l.l! J~ ~mllQ I hE'

~:<I!rlrlllElI,;'s J l J t on tht: ~k. On po.....lr-up, wLlh the (';(Htti~

m r M ! C f ' . (b e ' V i r p C ! f r u J ~ 1 User P U r l i ! ic!JuFi! ;lurcd.B the I ! E . E Epan, 'Hi!:! unit al~~ ilildLlnf'.!': AA..~IC ·1il~I)~'Lm.;;nds"lruj eau

~ { lr d p ll lL i 'd I 'l O ' ti 1 h t l' d i. J I !l io l h : : HRA.\1lof 'It.'tpi!Jntlin~ Iie m e m o r y

[;.j yo u r . .. ..C - :N l .

~IIjiJ.·..It1 11~~a llilliNy o r Ol1tinm~:I ( jl r l 'ihl ! ' iJs.€ 'r FInn I F . E . F . : on ei...< i i m f 1 l ~ a < : :lJ l 'ln e: .: lu r c Jl1 ~ 1 (UU,.t'lt:. u ~ ,o o m I ! ' . : . I : : . [ (.3rdl-f!~

[t;'g, k ;l r ~ ~ " " " ith Pf :1 ' tfl IF.f.E cable'~~. " m 1 l t h - e :i f is e s s e n IIi i l l l I y < :I

VIC ' 1 0 r E . E . E . ~~bLe'ilJlt d~i.$y-,d~-1l.il~i!!~ l. ! l iJ~tL:!;:.rIEEE 10 I E E . F : ,

r~!bles: .a t .hird .~ypPor C'i' lhlo!'.' iIII()\'o·.r; inti;'tia(~ng.0, ~tio~.;-rs

•



Two New .AHemblel'S From

PRom SilkSmoolhware!

T he A ssem b.ler fo r the Commodo re V[C -20 is a mach ine

l! an gu ag e dev elo pm en t s ys ttem c on sis tin g. o f th ree p ro gr am s ;

T he E dito r . T h@ A ssem bfer and T he L oader . T h.€ package

w i l l fun crien o n all VIC eo n figu rat io ns., includiing the 5K

c as set te-ba sed .sy stem . T h e luser-frie:ndly desIg n a llo w se a s y creation .o J machine Iang:uage p r og r ams an d :B ASIC -

- c al la b le Jmb rou t in e s. A p ow erful! two-pa s s .symbolic as -

sembler ln terpre ts a tg eb ra ic ex p re ss io ns , d ec im a l, h ex , and

li teral data . It accep ts p rog ram s from th e so urce ~ibraryereated by lheEd ito r aFid it c reates ob ject modules fO I i use

b y T he L oad er. T itle abili[y to load an d link multi lple m O O . -

ules g'iv'es t he V ]C o w ner Ute oppo :r tunUy to d evelo pe very

'l ar g e' a nd powerfull m ach ine lang uag e .p ro gram s (eg. a 4K

, :Il'fog ram on th e 3583 'byte vtc). T he u ser 's m anu al is

:professionally wri t t en . d ear an d c omp l e t e . .T he p ack age is

a v a i l . a b l l : e on cas sette fo r $24.95 p lu s $ 1.0 0 p os tag e '& han -

dUng . OT (jill diskette fo r $29.95 p lu s $1 .0 0 p&h.

D evelop e-64 fo il"h e C ommodore 64 is a m ach ine lang l,J.ag e

dev elo pm ent s ys tem c on sis t in g o f a n edifa r /as sembler ' and

a loader , With the editor/assembler, m ach ine lang uag e

'P ro gram s m ay be crea ted, m odified, S1Jved to th e so urce] ih r ar y a nd assembled, Load m o du les a re c rea !ted for jnp t , !~

by th e loader a nd lis tin gs a re p ro du ced c on ta in in g source

and generated m ach ine lang uag e in either hex Or deehnal,

T h is p ow er fu l two - pa s s s ymbo lk : a ss emb le r i nt er p re ts alge-

bra ic ex press io ns an d a var iety o f da ta fo rm ats . C om p letely

com pa tible w ith T he A ssem bler fo r th e V 1 C=20 , D eve-

lope-<64 l e a n accep t statements up to 78 eharacters in I'eog thand labels u p to 73 ch erac ters long . T his product is " h u -

m an-eng ineered" fo r m ax im um u ser- fr iendlines s . T he

m a nu a l is p ro fes sio na lly w r it te li l, d ea r a nd c om p let e, D ev e-

lo pe-S 4 is ava ilable o n c assette fo r $3 4.95 p lu s $] .0 0 p&h ,> 0 f o n disk ette fo r $3 9.95 p lu s $1 .0 0 p&h.

Need mo re? ' Con tact:

F r en ch S ilk Sm o ot hw a re

PO . Box 20 7

cannon Falls " M i nneso ta

.550095072634821

Toronto PETUsen Group Now

2000 .Memben Strongl

, T PUG star ted im 1 '978 w ith a m ere 30 membe r s , Ch r i s

B ennett , c lu b sec retary" in fo rm s m e th at th is m onth th ey

passed th e 20 00 member m ark . T hey h ave regular month ly

m eet ing s a t tw o lo caoons ii i Toron to , s p ec ia l i nte re st

g ro up s, th eir ' ow n n ew s let te r ( T he TO RPET ) , and a disk

li br -a ry w i th a lm o st 5 0 d is ke tt es !

Memberships are worth every nickel Th e y g et you The

T O R PE T ,and fun access to th e librar y.

Canadian Assoc i a t e M embers; $20U.S. Associate M embers; $30 US.

O v e rs ea s A s so c ia te M embers: $30 ' U S .

Canadian R egular M em be'rs; $3 0

C anadian S tu den t M em bers : $20

F o r mor e lnfo rm atlo n co ntac t (after business h O I . I T S ) :

Chr i s . Bennet t

381 Lawrence A ve W est

T o ro nto . O n ta rio

M 5M 1B 9·4167829252

Or u se your com pu ter to call th e lPU G B ulletin B oard! a t 416

2 23 26 25 . [lPM , to9 AM.•Mon. tbroughSat. -All d ay S u n.]

7



Bits andPieces

N once 'th at th e p rog ram is self modifying, a p rac t ice th at Is

OK fo r small programs but s h ou l d be avoided Uke the

p lag llle in la rg er o nes . S ell-m odify in g so ftw are iis th e w ors t

f o r d eb ugg i ng and f i! l1d lng ou t Ih e hard way is n ot fun .

Got some interesting bif oiink» you'd like to shoreLa POK E,

Q screen ,d(1 'ZZ{~r,a b trg , o r some oth er anomaly? Send ; 1 in !

We 'I i ge g l(1d 10 prim it ! Ed

Optical 'lliusioD.

T his neat lit tle m ach ine lall1guage p rog ram w as w ri t ten by

Dave B erezow sk l a t C om modo re C anada. II doesn't do very

m uch ex cep t c rea te a ra ther i n t eres t ing look ing sc reen . T he 'p ro g r am w ill w o rk on 40 o r 80 co lum n m ach ines bu t th e 80

co lu mn seem ed tobe th e m os t im press ive,

033c ldx "$00

033e inc S8000.x ;v ic :u se rs m u st s ub st ,

0341 in x s c re en a dd re ss

.0342 bne S f a :

0 3 4 4 in c $033.1

0347 Im p Se455 ; f O l : B A S IC 4 .0 users

0 3 4 7 jmp $e62e .for BASIC :H J users

0 3 4 7 jrnp leabr ; f O I V iC -20 u sers

A 'S yo u can see, t he r ou ti ne i s, in te rr u pt dr iven w h ic h means

yo u']! need to PO K E. th e in ter ru pt vec to r to g et it go i ng .

p ok e 1 44,60 ; poke 145,.3

Al ter servicing th is c ode , the- normal iot.eltrupt routines a re

execu ted w hich m eans yo u'll s t i ll see th e' C i J t SOT . Y ou can

even edit (and !R U N)B A SIC w hile th is is r unn ing . ju s t d on 't

Iry 10 u se th e cas se t te bu ller th at it l ives in o r w ham mo l T ry

.m o vin g th e c ur so r a ro u nd th e " affec ted a rea ",

Vic users c o uld a ls o g et ttils go in g wi thou t 1:00 much, d im-c ult} ' (m ay be even witlil c olo u r? }. J us t s u bs titu te th e PET I

CBM scr een sta rt addr ess ($.80 00 in the second 11Ille)w lth th es ia n a dd re ss o r t he s cr ee n in y ou r p ar t icu lar V ic, l one 0 1 t w o

p oss ib i li t ies , $1£ 00 no rm ally o r $1000 w ith som e m em ory

ex pan sio n u nits . T o engage i t . ..

poke 788,60: poke 789. 3

F o r B A S ]C 4 .0 u ser s , ju s t typ e in th i s lo ader . O th ers willi

need 1 1 0 ch ang e [u st th e last tw o DATA elem en ts and th e

in ter ru pt vec to r P O K .E s.

10 lo r j = '828 to 841 : read x : p ok e j. x : n ex t

20 data 162. O . 254, 0 , 1 , 2 8 , :2 32 , 2 08 , 2 50

30 data 238. 63, 3, 76. 85, 228

O ne la s t no te ... don 't tr y to in c lu de th e in ter r u p t vec to r

PO KEs in th e above p ro gram . C hances are your machine

w ill c ra sh becau se befo re bo th PO KE s g et ex ecu ted, an

in ter ru p t o ccu rs som ew here in betw een .

I



SeJedive Directory

E ver been search ing th r-o ug h yo ur disk ettes fo r a p ro gram

and lo und yo urself s ift ing th ro ug h S EQ and R E i. fi lenam es

thai: [u s t seem. to get in the way? Or how 'bout the opposi.

t e'. .. ..when you ' re ]ookin lg for ' an SEQ o r R EL f i lename tha t ' s

[o sl in disk ettes fu ll o f prog l rams. We l l . .here 's , 8 qu [d : waya round it.

LOAD · $ 0;+ ....P RG ", 8

W h e n fin ish ed,. L IS T will display a ll PR O H Ies from . th e

di rectory . It 'Wo 'U]d s tand to reason th a t m ateh lng typ e

filenam es wou ld app eal' for b ot h d ir ec to ri es if l lh e d ri ve

n lUmb~r were omit led , but such Is n ot th e ease. n y ou lea veou t tlile dr ive Bumber th e disk o nly retu rn s fB en a:m es fro m

th ela st dr iv e u sed.

Mysler [ously, DLOA,D w on't w ork th e sam e way. YOUl mus t

use the L OA D com mand fo llow ed by ' , S " . Any f ile t yp e canbe s e le c te d though. M erely su bs ti tu te P R G fo r SEQ . RIEL o r

U S R .

An oth er v ar ia tio n • . ,subUlute th e .. fO I f i lename pattems.

T h is h as bo on disc ussed belorle. bu t now you can look f O T

f i lenames Ulat m atch a p a ttern -and are a lso o f ! : I i . par t icu la r

ty pe, ..

L OAD" S 1 :B - =S.EQ " , 8

... w ou ldlo ad a dtrec to ry o f a ll s eq u en tia l fi les 011 dr .ve I

t ha t s ta rt wi~h'8".

A Moat, Welcome Error Menage?

Never thought you'd see the day an error message wou ld be

pleasant, did you? Wel l today is tlh:e day! Just turn on you r

mach ine , hit HO M E, an d R JET UIR N.T oo bad yo u can o nly get

It w hen th e m ach ine is empty!

Quick FIle Reader

T . h w s tl ' lree.-I.iner wili l read j u s t abou t a n y ' SEQ file, Ifs no t

very s op h is ti ca te d b ut w hen yo u just w ant to "tak e a . boo" a t

a file, it can be typed in quickly and isn't too ha'rd to

m em orize. 'T he R V Swill h elp to s po t any l ra i l: in g spaces .

10 dop en#8, " s ome f i le·20 input-S, a$ .:.1"1· a$: if 51:=64then dclose: end

30 g,oto 20

F or R E L.fi les , s im ply ch ang e th e IF s ta tem ent in line 20 to :

if st =. t6 4 and ds-, 50 then ...

The n . - e a d e d 1lIep1 Quandty

Sometimes you want ~o read t iles one byte at a t ime. A

rou tine m ueh like th e ene above m ig ht be u s ed. ,o nly t heIN PU T '* w ou ld be rep lac ed by a G ET " . T h ere 's ju s t o ne

minor gatclia. It seems (hal whea a byte value of zero is

retr ieved by ( jET " " m e str in g var iable s la ted to rec eive it . is

se t to a n U l l l S ( lr in g , n o t O i R S (O ) .

T he most co mmon occu renee o f byte-by-byte reading Is

with. . PRGf iles f rom d isk. Plrogram f iles eemaln lots o f these

zeroes, ar least one p er nile of BASIC (end-of-line markers),

USM,ally a prog ram to read th e PROf i l e is se t IUp l ik e t h is ;

10 open 8, 8, 8. ~som e :p rg file,p,(

.20 getNS, a .$ : p r in t a s , . as( ( a$) : Usl =64 then dose 8 : end30 goto20

Th e p ro blem ii s that when a z ero is read in to A$" th e I \SC(

fu nc tlo n c an no t c op e will a t nulll s hr in li la nd bom bs o u t w ith

71 LL EGAL QUAN1l1'Y E RR O R. T he solu tion? Y oo cou !~d add

an ex tra IF s ta tem ent after th e G ET -, f O T example :

ih$=" R then a s , = chrS(O)

... bu t th a t 'W O uld,m ean an ex tra line fo r th e PR INT s tate-

m en t an d th e fo llo win g IF... ra th er clumsy. Ke ep t hi ng s t idy

with:

print a$,asc. (a$ -I- ch r$ (O) )

T h e A . S C ( funct ion returns th e A SC II valu e o f the f irs t

character of AS" If A$ starts W i ll h a vaiid ch arac ter ; th en

addiing C HR .$(O ) w lU m ake no difference. ]I' not , then

CHR$(O ) w ill be added to lthe nu llstring and a "(1 wi.11be

p rin ted r ath er th a.n th e dr ea ded illeg al q u an ti ty er ro r.

The MysteriolU Extn! .Records

T ho se o f yo u fam ili.ar w ith th e Rela tiv e Re co rd s ys tem wil l

know th a t th e end o f a rela tive r i l,e is flagged by th e

? REC OR D N OT P RESEN T enor , .05=50. However, the lastrec ord u sed fo r da ta is n ot n ec essar ily th e las l rec ord o f th e

file.

A 5 relative files g et bigger. th e D OS fo rm ats additi.onal

sectors by fi lling th em w ith "empty reco rds". A n em pty

9



record starts w ith a C HR $(255 ) fo lliow ed by C H R S f O ) , s t ,o t he

en d o r tbe r eco rd w h ic ll is del e rm ined by th e r ec or d leng th .

T his fo rm att ing p ro cess o ccu rs w hen data is w ritten to iI ,

r eco rd th at w ill r equ ire m ore disk space th an h as been

a llo ca led to th e' file s o far .

E ac h 2S 6 by te s ec to r can con ta in 25 4 bytes o f d ata (th e o th er

2 a re u sed by th e DOS) . Le i' s t ak e - a :oe x amp l e record lengtho f 127, th u s 2 r ec ords f i t exact ly into I sector. Imag ine t ha t 2

c om p le te r ec o rd s h a ve already b een w ri tte n to t he Ii le. Upon

w ritfn g a thlrd r e co rd , th e DO S mu s t fo rma t ano the r sec tor ,

Two empty r e co rd s are written, but th e first wUl be replaced

by th e data o f om th ird reco rd. Closing t he file c au se s ow '

th ird reco rd and th e one em pty reco rd to be s to red o n th ediske t te .

Re-open ing th e file is n o p ro blem , bu t bf,W do w e f ind th e

next a va ll1 ab le s pace Jo r 'Wr i t ing a new re -'(ltd? Athoughi our

fou r th record is em p ty . III RECORD# li , 4 ' ,iUINOT p ro du c e ill

?R EC O RD N O T PR ES EN T er ro r and th e C HR $(255) co u ldsu cc ess fu lly be retr iev ed an d mistaken for val id mterma-

l ion . The re fo re , w e m us t tes t th e f i r s t cha rac t e r of t he recnrd

io r CHR$(255) . A n IN PUT '" ' o f th , is record wH i result in a.

string of length 1. so a comb ina t i on of the two cond i t i ons

m i'8 h~ be e p p ro p rla te , H oweve r. INPUl'*'ing live re co rd s o f

length g rea ter th an 80 w illi p ro du ce ?S TR IN G T O O lO N G

erro r , so G ET * tnu st be u sed .i n c ombl nan on wi th an Sf test :

1000 ' r e m . ,t•.,. fin d n e xt a va ila ble r e c o r d . . . . - ,

1010 r e co rd" (If). ( rn) . rern En ;;;;;;reco!:dnumber

10 20 g 'e t" 'U ,a s :rem g et 1 S f cha r

1030 i!.,ds=50 then return1 040 i f ,a$"" ch r${2 .55 ) and sl;;; 64 t h en : r et u rn

10 50 rn=m + 1 : g o ro 1 0 ]0

Th i s subroutine wil l sea rch fo rw ard fro m w herever yo u set

RN in it i al ly . It s to p s w h en eith er a ?R EC OR D N O T PR ES EN T

o ccurs o r w hen an empty reco rd is fo un d. Fo r la rger fI les,

y ou m ig l1 l~cons ide r s ta r1 in g a t. th e e n d O 'f the file an w ork

bac kwa rd s , b ut y o u'll need to f ind th e firs t liv e rec ord an d

then mo ve th e re co rd po in t e r o n e fo rwa rd ,

In s umm ary , T,elying on R ECO RD NO T PRESENT is no t

g o od e no u gh . Al t h ou g h it w illI ns ur e a n ' empty r e co rd every

t ime. it ~<jUe ve n tu a ll y l ea ve y ou w ith w asted disk sp ace,

Oft,en the first reco rd o f the fB e is used to sto re a " greatest

reco rd Dumber u s ed " v ar ia bl e wh ich is u p dated on c los ing

and read back 011 cpenlng. A lth ou gh th is i spm bably th e

c le an es t a p p r o ac h , i t w ill onlyreturn new record numbers.

Any re-cords than have been deleted by wr i t il fl ,g a slngle

CHR$(255 ) m u s t be fo u nd w ith a subroutine l ike above.

P'oosililly aeornbination o f both these r .ec iln ]ques will pro-

d u ce a m o r e e ffi ci en t fi li ng s ys te m .

1D



.TheWo:rdProBook Of 'Tricks

. .

The Wo rdP ro l1 0 0 k Of T ricks is ,0 regular column by Com-

modore Cana:d as w .o rd 'p ro ce ss in g coasunan; Donna M .

Green.

Quiick~,LOAD.. For UP.WI· · VemoD.OfWoniPro

As you know it is ,a s imp le , quick mauer to tu rn you r

C om m odo re co mp uter in to a w ord p rec esso t; o nc e th e ch ip

h as been in ser ted in sid e the compu t e r .

A f te r p r es s in g S h i .f t+ Run /S t op which lo ad s th e p ro g ra m -

severa l q ues t io ns reg ar din g th e p rim er an d devic e numbersap pear on th e s c reen . T o sk ip o ver th es e q uesaons , s imply

p re s s :

CONTRO L - and ibe Statl.l.5Une will appear1

(Cer ta in default values will be se lec ted - "S " Io r NEeSp inw riter , " lIS " lines ava i lable - o r wharever t he : m a xi -

mum. is on your Wo:rdPf,o veitsio:n, "4 " f o r IP, rl. n le r DeviceN umbe[,,"s ," fo r D is k D ri ve D ev ic e Number.)

This, w in [1.01 o l1 !ly save t im e w h en s ta rt in g up . but I' r yo u

h ave a S p inw rit ,e r p rin ter , y ou 'l l. a ls o be ready to p rin t!

lnp utt ing , editing , and djsk u se is no w p oss ible; h ow ever, it

Is im por tant to be a wa re th .a t if yOUI are in tending to printu s ing any o th er p r in ter a t this t ime , yo u w ill h ave to do

a no th er q uic k reset to selec t th e p ro per prmter ,

W h a t if y o u d ec id e to ' p rin t o n a C BM p rin ter after t hi s q u ic k

Donna GreenCommodore Canada

s ta r t u p ? Yat! can e as ily r es et th e sys tem wil.h t he ( ollow in g

command :

C O NT RO L th en S 'h ift - I - Run /S top

Yiou will tillen be ask ed the usua l ques tions ; fo r e xamp le ,

when it asks wh a t p ti nt e[ , s el ec t "C '; f or ' CBM .lf the re is nochanse to the: rem a~n in g quest.ions; you may " return "

through th em u ntil th e centrol l tne is reached,

U sin g th is q uic k reset, you. can also ch ang e th e num ber o f

IJ in esin rn aln text ( fwm the m axim um - w hichIs the ,default

value) , to a sma ll er nurnber if yo u w ish.

lif th e " :number iJ~lines" is the on ly item to , b e changed,

s imply type in th e new number. th en p ress '\CO NTR OL " to

bypass , the remain ing que s t i ons .

CONTROL + SAFr + Q(QUIT )

T h is c om m an d will t a ke you out o f WordPrQ and back to

BASrCwi t hou t turning off your computer.



The ,Back,lash Key - .., t.

1. MakeUse of "Shifted Mode" - Ralher than the"Shift Lock" Key

T o en te r "S I1 Hted M ode" - p ress th e "\" k ey ,

Thls will highlight ihe "S" on the status li ne a nd all lenersw ill be ty ped ascap lta ls - bu t nu mbers w nl s tay as nu mbers .

T h erefo re. to ty pe a . do llar s ig n lo t e xamp le , u se th e S H IfT

key"'and number fo ur. T o exit fro m "Sh i f ted M ode" p ress '" ••

again.

A N ote on th e Sh ift Lock K ey : I'f th e " sh ift lo ck " key i s u se dfo r cap ita ls o r u pp er case ch ara cter s" s pa-ces w ill ap pea 'l' as

so lid lines on th e screen ; le:

This_ls_an_examrt: 1 e .

T h e se ' a re a ct ua lly "requ i red, sp aces " u sed to k eep item ssu ch as dates o r nam es all j o inedtogether and to treat th em

as one w ord: th is w ay t hey w on't be split at th e end o f a ljne,

W h en m ore characters th an a l ine w ill h old are ty ped in this

m anner a "Format E rr crvm es sa ge c ou ld result because the

System cannot f ind E I . . "space" to use as a l ine ending break

point. For this reason it I S better to use the "shifted mode" at

all times, rather than the "shift lock" key.

2. Turn on .heBeeper (Plus; versioDs)

CONTRO L + \ ( same tur ns beeper o f l)

T h e S t at u s. l in e wi l l indicate either "Sound On" o r "S ou nd

Off", The beeper will sound when yo u switch tex.t areas,

r 'ecaJ!1.memo r iz e, u p d at e. o r finish p rin ling a docu ment.

3. Shortcut for Recal.l1ng - Usln.g BacksJlaah Key ;~\"

Y ou are' also IP . roMb ly aware of the command to recal l: wben

the d ir,ecto ry is o n the screen , B efo re gi.vin g tfue op,m:mand,

move tb e cu r so r 10 ' the "me name" an d wh i l e poi:nHng to 11

wi th th e CIUSO.f e i the r in th e sp ace preced ing . o r on th e f i rs t

. c h a ra c te r 01 : th e name - p ress ;

SHIFT + CLR /HOME + R(RECALL ) 1 + \ + RETl IRN

4. Make Use of Comment Unes 011 Every Page lorFaster ReQlIJinl:

M ake use 0:1 a "co mm en t line" as th e first lin e o f YO L ir

d oc umen t ( ch ec kmar ik em <DIan + nam e of U le) and keep a.O O lP Y1 th e fi le nam e h ere. T hen. w hen u pdating 01' Memo -

r iz in lg a document , go to this eomrnent lin e an d have the

c u rs o r' o n t h e f ir S lc h ar ac te r o l the f il e n ame , P ress \. and th e

f il e n ame will .ap pear on th e s ta tu s line, ra th er th an retyp i ng

the name.

51,Q u J lC k R e c a ll : o r fi le w ilh S Im Uar NBID.e

'T o take advantage o f the "'\" shortcut (as in 1 1 1 3 above]

w ith o ut br in gin g th e directory to th e sc reen , reca ll a do cu -men t wiith a s im ilar n am e t he fo UQw in g w ay :

C ursnr to th e Iirs t ch arac ter o f th e r H e nam e (online 1 in 'th e

" commen t" s ec ti on ), then press:

SH IFT + CL.RIHOME + R{R .ECAl l ) + \INST/DELKEY + NEW NO . + RETURN

Example: Ii "report page 3 'H was the name indicated in the

"comment line", and "report page 1" was required, recall

using "\," as above then press . INST/DEL to delete the "3"

then nype "l" and return.

I n c . l in ke d document, t he ''T I x'' c omm an d which is a lw a ys

th e bo tto m line, C411 be u sed. ju st lik e th e "em " com m and

(wh i ch , is usually the f i rs t line), The cursor can . p oin t to th is

nam e, and th e baek sla sh k ey can then be u sed to disp lay th e

"fi le name" I o r r eca ll ing purposes ,

FOR OTIIER "'~QUlCK.RECALL" TIPS,•••

1.Quid£.RecalI/ScruDThrough Unke4 fUell

'fhis IS a grear lime saver and a very helplul ald when

w o rk in g w ith long l ink.ed documents:

SH IFT + CLR / HOME + R + CLR / HOME + RETURN

When t h e : C L R / H OME key' is p res sed th e second n rne in

th is com mand, W o rdPro au tom atically searches ou t th e

" nx" co mm an d an d d isp lays lhe 'file n am e co ntain ed there

o n the Status Line .

Perhap s yo u have fCfrgolteJl ex .ac tly h ow a "iHe nam e" w as

spelled on !i lediirectory bu t you know itstarted w ith "s t", T o

r ec all t he f .i rs t d o cum en t on the disk t hat begins with "sf',

g iv e t he f ollo w in g command:

SHIFT + CLR lHOME + R(RECALL: ) + st- + RETURN

Th i s w i l l fin d th e .fjr st docurnen t th at beg ins w ith "sf ' and

recallit to, the screen"

th.lra ...actar



A lso , w h en a tab is se t (con t ro l + s) at column 80 ~ . by

If the re are disks in both D isk D rlves "0 " and ":~", th e p ress ing th e TAB key, th e c :u £s or c an . q uic kly be m oved to ,

fo llo w in g command can b e : g i v 1 e n to q ;u lic k:lyview a ll th e 'files th e r i g h t side o f t he s cr ee n.

t h a t begin with. glveneharae te rs :

O lcou rse, s ince th e o ,JrsQ r calilnol go lef~ of co lum n 1 , i ,t wil l

T o qu ick ly sero n back up the scr een , p res s eii lier HO ME I m ove ins tead to co lum n 80 o f th e L ine a oove!

HOME . or

CONTROL + CUR SO R ARROW UP That's i;lllfor now . MQ renex t issu e!

CONTROL + 2 + RlETURN

i The s l a lu : s li t li e wil!l p r omp t " S el ec ti ve : .:" . B y typ ing "2" at

thlstime : it will bring both di rec to r i es to the screen , Disk

Drive . · 0 1 1 i f i i !t s t ,and below it Di i sk Dr ive #0 . Obv ioos l y , a d is k

m ust . be in bo th drtvestor thls I, D 'Wo r k . ( Th i s wi l l t hereforen ot w ork o n the 2031 sin gle d .isk d rive:)

4. Recall Selet:dvely hom Directory

CONTROL + 2 + st·+ RETURN

Th i s will br ing to th e s c reen a lis t ing o f o n ly th e files th a t

begin with "st' fro m both D rive '* 1 and D rive #0 . T o recall as p ecUt c f ile. mo ve c ur so r tO I IH e nam e and recall uslllg th ebacks l, ash key as described a'oove,

Q a klk C u r.a or M :o vem .e nta

1. Sc: ron Up&Down QuJddy

A s y ou alrea dy k no w, if you wish to scron th e WIso r quiddyto th e bo tto m o fth e sc reen , p ress :

CONTROL + CUR SO R ARRO W DO WN

2.To Jump to Bottom ofl'e.d

How ev er , th er e iSaJ10their way to reach the bot tom of your

doo1Ll,rDemithout scrol llng tbrOllgA the text o n the screen ,

andposs i tJ . ly goIng to o'fM -

p re ss :

CONTROL + TAB KEY (OR BACK ARROW. OR. UP

ARROW~I

T h e c urs or wi l l quickly jum p d ow n 10 th e la st line o f ~yp.ins

in y ou r document, and s to p a t column 80..

T o m ove th e cu rso r fo rw ard from th is p o in t (cofumn 80 ) -

p res s :

CURSOR RIGHT KEY

This wi l l m ove th e eursorjorwerd one positiol1l ( pa s t column80 1)to "co lu mn o ne" o n the line below - exadly whel l 'e you

w ou ld p ro bably w an t to con t inue Ityping!!

U sing th ese fas ter w ay s o f m ovlng tbe cu rso r a rou nd th e

screen will be very help fu l In editing text and m ak ing m ore'

effIc ien t u se o f th e s ys tem .

Whe n th e cu rso r is in th e middle ·0 1 a sentence, to re ium (0'

th e beg in nin g o f t h e ]in e belo w w ith ou t era sing illlformatiQnby a cc id en t . . p r es s:

SHIFT + RETURN

T o Q u ic lty m o ve the c urso r u p one l ine to co l umn 80 or th een d. o f t h e p recedin g line - p res s :

SHllFT ... CURSOR ARRO W LEFT

13



T h e M ANAG ER so ftw are system h a s becom e one o f th e String Insert

m ore p op ular database p eekag es fo r th e 80 co lu mn C om m o-

dore computers . Now fo r som e p rog ramm ers g oodies . . . a$;' aaa ' ; b$ = ·1 .23 45 67 890 ~ .:.\m , a 'S . bS , : f " I

The MANAGER Column

'Tfle Ma na ge r C olumn is a reg.u/ar feature o f Tbe T ransac to r.

ttyo« have any tip s fO r o th er Manag er u s e r s , send them , i n .

and w e'll include them in the next issue. Ed:

T h e fo llo win g lisHngs i llu str ate s om e or the BAS IC exten-

s io ns th at a re c on ta in ed in the MANAGER m a ch in e c o de.

x$;;;;;;"·; \i. n. x$: x.$=x.$

This routine inputs a string into the called variable from

logical file number "11", Tile input routine will bring lo all

a sc ii ch arac te rs an d te rm in ate o nly 0 . 1 1 a cin)'i. r e t um

(ascii 13). The x$ =x$ ls necessary to transfer [he s t r i l lg from

the reserved buller into BASIC space. Maximum s i r ing

length i5255.

Screen Dump

open 4,4 : \d : c lose 4

Th i s ro urin e p erfo rms a s cre en dump o f t he cu rrent co ntents

of th e screen to th e p r ln er.lt will p erfo rm a PET -A SC II

co nversio n d ep en din g o n the co n ten ts o f m em ory ad d ress

22527: ie , poke22527. J 4 ; = A90I. .poke225,27. 12 = PET.

John StovekenMilton, Ont,

This routine .inserts the .s t rill g a s Into bS s t · a r r i : n g at position

n.Foe example . if n '" 3 th e r es ult of this ope ra t i on wouldr es ult w ith :

a$ ~ "aaa"

'0 $ .~ " 12 aa a6 7 89 0"

S imp ly r og g le s th e PE T from u pp er-low er case 10 uppercase --grep hics m od e. o r vice versa,

·Pri lnrer Output

\p,a$

P rin ts a string to Jo gk .a l me 4 (w h ich is O PEN ed by T h e

MANAGER o n d evice 4) p erfo rm in g the s ame PET-ASen.

convers ion as in the \d com mand (dep enden t o f con ten ts of

le ca tto n 22527) ,

Th.l'ranlll'fJ.r 14



Toggle Auto-Repeat/STOP Key

\r

S im ply ' tog gles th e au to -rep eat, disabled S TO P' k ey .

\ 1 . · pmgramT h is c omm an d will lo ad a p ro gram fro m disk to m em ory . If

the command \1: "nam,e is used then a machine co de

module (o r .se r fU e) ca n be loaded in to m em ory w ith o u t

muck ing up th e B AS [C polnters.

ProIP 'BID Load &. Execu,te

\x. ·name~

T his com mand w illI load and execu te a BASIC IProgram from

disk . I ts c ou nte rp ar t, \x ; • n am e- willi lo ad a , m ac hin e c ode

mod ule aad 'sys' to the start ad dress o f that modu le .

T hese ro u tln es m ay be u sed in you r ow n so ftw are ' if it 'i s

called from "T he M AN AG ER '; p ackag e. T he sim ple rou te to

calla p rog ram from The M !AN~(jER is no modify th e

"MENU" p i O g r a : m by adding th ese tw o lines,

146 pr in t spc(1! i ) "zee new p rog ram nam e"

166 if ,a s =·'T then \x. itnew p rog l , am~

!MANAGER . fi le s may be vieYt'oo with a , very s imp le p ro g ram ,

th at m es t be ca lled frQ m th e M A NA G EIR .

o ba;;;; 18 432 ; rem base address foll' mach i ne rode

10 pr in t Tnpu t file nsm e .: : l = 1 6 : g osu lD 1 00 02 0 "as = x$30 p rin t "input drive ~: : 1= 1 : go sub 1000

40 d ,_ val (x$)

45 rem ,. * * O p en an d read the . fi le • * *S O d op en#l. (naS ), d(d)

60,a.$""·'~: 'il,a$ :·a$:;;a$

61 rem inp uts ,8 str ing in to th e speci f ied 'variable l (aS) f rom

th e log ica l file sp ec ified (1 )

10 if a$=ch r${ 25 ,5 ), th en . delos e : s to p

71 rem ch ara cte r :2 55 ind ica tes the en d, at a M A NA GER .

relat ive r u eS O pr in t a$ : go to S O l

1000 rem .'Umpu t Ii:string loop ...

1010 x = peek(198)I; 'j' = peek(216}1020 x s . .. .. !s y sba+S7 . y , x .1

1021 rem In p uts a s tr ing o f length I a t th e row aad co lum n

speci f ied by y an d x Into t be v ar ia ble x s

1 03 0 retu rn

J f W~ wished to view a M ANAGER file in wried o rder, w e

mu s t f irs t scan the, po lmer me as oo ciated w ith t.h .e'main file

and u se i t to g ive u s th e reco rds in th e Correct o rder . T o do

this, we w ill ch oo se l ines SO to 9 0 to pe rmi t this.

50 dop eno ll, \na$} , d(d)

6{) np$=n.a$ -I- 8 ,p tr " : d o p en r" 2, ( n p$ ), d ( d)

70 a$ = > 1 ~ : \i, 2, a$ : a s = ss

72 rem th is inp u ts a secord from th e p o in ter I fi le i n Ih e" so rte d " s eq se nce

8() sx=s t ; r em s tore s ta tu s .o f p tr fi le

T he reco rd p o si t io n in th e m ain r i le is "s to red" in th e la s t

' two bytes of th e p olm er (o r . ind file), and can be decoded

with t his r out ine :

90 lID = ( a sc ( ri gh t $( aS,2: ))+ 256t(asc(right${a$, 1 » ) ) ) 1

32768+ 1

100 r e co rd= l, (nn~1 1 , 0 x$:=". : \i,. 1 x$: x$=x$

120 p r im t . x$ : if s x ; ; ; ; ; 64 th en ddo se ; s to p130 ,80'1070

M o re M A NA C-.ER N ote.

T h ree su b-p rog ram s o f T h e M AN AG ER .system h ave th e

Q p \io n o f u sin g " searc h c ri ter ia ' to selec t rec ords fro m a file..

T he th ree a re: G lo bal U pdate. P ro du ce Sub-Files. and R e-

po r t Generate.

Those o f you tha~ use The MAN A'GER wUl know that All

c o nd it io n s s p ec ifi ediinth e sear ch c r i te r ia m u s t be m etbefore a record will be se lected , Inotherwnrds, o on :dit io n # 1

mus t be t rue, AND condition '*2 mUISI:be true" AND conct-

t ion "3... t h rough t o ' eondition *0. Even U one falils . Ithe

r ec or d Is dis ca rde d a nd tes tin g b eg in s on th e nextreccrd.

B ut su p p o se w e'd lik e to selec t a reco rd if only one o f th e

s earch c r i ter ia w ere tru e. T ha t is , r on dit io n·m m us t be tru e,

O R condi t ion *2 , m u s t : be tru e, O R 1 1 1 3 , etc . F o r examp le. to

p ro du ce a su b-file co nta in ing reco rds th at h ave "O t ta wa" o r

"T o ro nto " in th e Ci' ly t fe ld w o u ~ d b e im p os si ble uslng T h e

MANAGER as is . F or th is-w e need, o ne sim ple m odlfic aU on.

The p r ogram you modi fy will depend o n w hich fu I"Ictilon you

p lan to u se 'it w ith . F or G lo ba l Update. th e program name is

" g lo b al ", P r od u ce Sub-Files is " fin is h" a nd R e po rt G en er ate

i s · 'generale2". F onu na tely th e line nu mber is th esam e in all

eases, L oad th e ap pro pria te p rog r am u sing a DL OAD com -

mand and L IST l i m e 2370 . Y ou shou ld see someth ing l ike:

23170 ff=1f+fll ; next: fII= 1 : if ff<nf then fI-'€): f f . . ,Q

11 _



The number of fields to be tested is represented by the

v aria ble n f. T h e v arie ble F F' ls a f l a g accumulator, Variable

F L is s et ~ o 1 if a c on dm on is tru e, an d 10if f a lse . The r e fo r e F F

must be equal to NF fo r all co nd ition s to be true. U Ff is J ess

th an N F, f l . . . and FF are s et 1 :0 zero w hich tells ano th er p ar t o f

th e p rog ram to con tinu e w jrh [h e nex t r eco rd . T o g et [h e

p rog ram 10 accept "any condi ' t ion tr ue", ch ang e line 23 7'0 to:

2 3 7 0 ff=tf+ fI : next : 'f l= 1 : . i f f t : : , O t h e n f l =0 : f f = O

A one byte ch am g,e! N ow th e p rog ram w i l l i only skip 1 0 th e~n ex t r ec or d. if NO NE of th e conditions are met. T h u s th e

search cr iteria fu nct ion h as been ch ang ed from and A ND ing

o pera tio n to a n ORil lg ope ra t i on .

You cou ld take th is one step further and rep lace th e IF

sta teme nt to a G O S U B . T he s u bro ettn e m ig ht te st fo r c erta i n

p airs o f cond i t i ons to be tru e. Ju st set F : . and ff a p p r op r i -

a te l) , b ef or e e xi ti ng .

T h is " new " p rog ram m ust be SA V Ed under th e sam e nam eso that the M AN AG ER men u p ro gram can lo ad it ( remem-

b er , t h is program can't be run un le s s the machine language

S U b T Q u t i n e s are set u p' fir s t) . R enam e th e or ig ina l . vers ion

wi th:

rename dO . 8global" to' global.a.nd"

Alte rna te ly , it . wmddn't be difficu lt to m odify th e m enu

program to cal l either version by c h oi ce ..

Larger MANAGER Data. Files

A S yo u all k n ow , R EL lUes o n tile C om modo re 80 50 are

limited 1 0 a maxtmum size of 180K. This is why The

MANAGER c an n ot f i l l an 8050 d isk w ith just o ne file. But i f

you get th e new DO S lo r th e 8050. (av ailab le n ow o r soon

fro m C BM ) the restrlcticn is lifted . the sam e ho ld s true fo r

the n ew 8 25 0 and the 9060/9090 hard d is ks.

To allow for larg er files, two p rog ram s mu st be sli .ghtly

modified. L o g ic aJ ly . t h ey are the Create option (fi lename

"create ' ) and th e M anip u late F iles ep tion (filenam e

" Iilem an" ) . E ach p ro gram needs on ly one line ch ang ed.T h e l in es are: .

• create " ; ltn e 3070

• f ilema .n " ; lin e 1 30 70

L IS Tth e ap p ro pr ia te lin e an d s lm p ly plac e a R EM sta tem en t

a t the beg ln ni ng . Y o u c ou ld d elete :th e li ne c om p lete ly , bu t

Ihiis way, if you ever want [he line back again for use with

the B O S O , i iUlslremove the REM . Now DSAVE it back 10 the

disk using replace. eg~

dsa:ve'@Createn

TimhMader 16 S... .. . d•• r/Octob ... ,911



Disk. Un-Assembler

You've a ll heard of a " dlsa ssem bler" ... a util i ty f o r d is p l ay -

ing m ach ine code p rog ram s. B ut disassem blers are u su ally

li m it ed t o j us t th at, ie . dlsp lay o nly . Y ou can: list th e (lo de,

fol low it aro un d, an d wi th s om e disassem blers lik e (h e o ne

in Supermen, even m ake m lno r ch ang es. B ut inserting code

allc m ajo r m edscan be a n aw kw ard an d tedieu s task .

Unless you h ave so urce code. M o st m ach ine lang uag ep ro gram s are m ad e fro m so urce co de .•. a file, generated by

a p rog rammer (mine som e so rt o f e dito r) , th at c on ta ln s the

start. address o f the p rog ram fol lowed by var ia ble defini-

t lons machine lan gu ag e ln tru ctlo ns , w ord an d b}1e t ables ,

p lu s ev ery th in g else t h Q i t g oes in to p rod!Jc ing a ch u nk o f

m ach in e co de. An assem bler is m en used to co nver t so urc e

code Into a . m ach ine lang u ag e p rog ram . H owever , this is

u su ally a]l you ge t ; a m e p ack ed tightly w ith th e h ex

inst ruct ion codes . O ften th e seu rce is no t m ade available by

th e p ro gram m er , an d although a d is as sem ble rw i ll u n do the

p ro g ra m in to a n. illteU ig jble lis tin g, it c an n fJt reverse the

process back to source code. F or this we I n e e d ! an "Un-As-

Semble r " .

S m aU m ac hin e lan gu ~e p rograms can be "PO K Ed in " o r

h and-a ssem bled w ith ou t to o m uc h t ro uble, B u t la rg er p ro -

grams usually require the aid of an assembler, or in most

c as es , a s ym b oli c assembler" Symbolle assemblers a llo w th eu s e o f la be ls in s ou rce code, L a b el s c a n be any.rombina t : ion

o f l et te rs a n d nu mbers, bu t mus t s tar t w .ith a letter . T h e C BM .

Paul Higgi_nbottomToronto, 001..

assembler allows a m ax im um of 6 ch arac ters. A label can be

u sed anywhere mere can be a n a ddr es s Of a n e xp r es si on .

T rans fer ing ex ec utio n is ac tu ally o nly p os sible by refeTenc-·

in,Qa label, ·Forexample:

INPUT

JSR O PNDSK

JSR CETCHIR

eM P e W e RB N E INPUT

By u sin g la bels . o ne can wr i t e ma .c hiin e c ode w ith ou t th e

n eed fo r c alc ula tin g br an ch o ffsets , remembering storege

locat io," addresses orsu b:rou tine addresses . o r th e valu e of a

p a r ti cu l ar c h a ra c te r, B e s id es .t h ey misht a ll change,~ modl -

r l. ca ti o li ts a re made .

A disassem bler w on 't sh ow yo u labels bu t ra th er th e abso-

lute values, JMPs and JSR s will be followed by hex ad -

dresses , b ra nc h i nt ru c lj on s by t he i r a<: t l. la lo f fset s , a nd lo ad,

s to re, co mp are m tru cno ns and th e lliike.by a h ex ctd:dress o rnumbe r . Al tbough a. di sa ss em bler c ou ld be' u s ed to creete a

lo ad fiIIe fo r an edito r, m e resu lt w ou ld be ap pro ach ing

u s el es s. E v e( )' b ra n ch . J S R , . and JM P addres s w ou ld h ave to

b e a lt er e d ~y h and to a label. T he sam e label w ou ld h ave to

b e i ns er te d at rh e l in e s c o n ta in in g th e destination inst ruc-

t io n. T hafs a lo t o f 'w ork .

Enter the Un-Assernbler, This one was. written by Paul

'17



Higg inbo t t om. 1 1 p r od u c es s ou rc e c od e ft le sc om p a ti ble with

the Commodore a ss em b le r e di !t or . The beauty of Paul's

p ro gram is th at i t w ork s fro m disk. 'T h e p r o gr am you w is h to

p rodu ce source code fo r d oe s, noi have to be re sid en t in

m em ory w hich is a p roblem when t h e p r o gr am l iv es ill th e

same space as the Un...assembler. Labels for branches and

j ump type in s tru ctio ns are th e on ly ones generated, Ot h e r

lnstructlons a re le ft a lo ne .

The un-asserobler opens the rnachi ne language p rog ram on

d~k as 1 '1 p ro g ram file . Anetherwritefije is opened that will

u sed to s to re th e so u re"€: lis ting . . T hree p as ses am made

t h r o u g h the p ro gram F ile . O n p ass 1, the lirst tw o by tes that

represent the load or start address of th e program are

retrieved, Theil it runs right through. th e file to find th e end

of the program. This lslmpcrtam since only jumps and

branches wi t h i n the program ltselt are labeled, Jumps and

branches outside o~the p rog ram cannot possibly be given.a

label simply because the code at the destinatlon does exist

in th is , f ile ,

Pass 2 finds all the jumps and branches that t ra n st er e xe cu -

lion to some point with in the bo undar ies o tm e program.

Th e s e en t ry p oin ts a re " la gg ed" by t h e u n - as s emb le r.

Pass 3 completes the job. The Un-assernbler re-opens the

p ro gram file and str ip s o ff th e fir s t tw o by tes . A I t h is p oin t i 'l

lo o ks in the L a g table 10.se e if this spo t is an em f) ' point If II

is , a la bel is sent . to th e s ou rc e co de file t ha i i s a e om b in at lo n

ol rhe leaers "AD ' ; fo l lowed by th e i lc tlia I a ddr es s o f t h e n ex t

in str uc tio n. N o w i t retrIeves this b yt e a nd d is as sem ble s ii,

When it determines the m od e' o f th e In s tru c tio n , 0 , 1 o r 2m ore by tes a re retr ieved, If th is ins tru ct io n w as a bra nc h o r a

j ump 10 s ome dest inat ion w ith in th e p ro gram . t i le U n-es-

sernbter substitutes th e offsen o : r addres s w'jlth a label. T he

la be l w .i ll b e " A D'" fo l lowed by th e address o f th e dest ina -

tio n . T he p roces s con t inues u nti l th e enrue p ro g ram Is

u n-as sem bled. Pau l's p ro g ram w ill au rom atlcaily s tan a

n ew file if the first gets to o I,arge fo r the C om mo do re ed ito r.

T here are a few peculiarilties to w atc h fOT. P L I ' S t , th e Un -a s-

sernbler willtry to decode every th ing . T ha t means even

.byte a nd .w o rd ta ble s will be trea ted as c ode, B y te ta bles are

o ften u sed fo r th ing s [ik e com mandfables

o r erro r m es -sages . Usual ly I . h e y contain A . : S C n cha ra cte rs < lin d a l t hough

som e A SC II v alu es h ave co r resp onding m ach ine codes , it 's

unlikely that an entire table. would be disassembled into

sensible code, What you ' l l probably see in the resulting

SOUJce code me is a number of .byt directives, separated

occas ional ly byso me m iner s i lly looking d is as se m bly . T h is

silliness can be.changed back to .byts, or lef t as is, accordingto preference.

S ec on dly , B IT tnstructlons get s p ec ia l t re atm en t. Orten. < 'I

B IT instru ctio n is u sed 10 "h ide ' a 1 lo r 2 by te 'code, Since

this, h idden code w ill p robably m ark an entry point, B IT

instructions are placed on .byt l ines, The On-assembler

do es n't a ttem pt to di s t ingu i sh re al B IT in st r uc tio ns fr om one

O ! these "code-hiders" so' you'll have to decide whether to

m ake chan ges to the so urce.

A ls o w atc h to r p ro gra ms , th at s tar t at the b eg in nin g o f B A S IC '

text sp ace . T hese w i l t probably start w ith a SYS comman d,

but the lln-a!isembIer wil! still try to decode h.

Ultimat:e ty , whatever "he Un-assernb¥er produces can be

re-assembled. (using the C omm o do re a ss em bler ) into ex-

actly the same program' you started with. The labels it

gene ta res migh t b e , subst i tu ted fo r m ote m ea nin gfu l n am es

an d , o f course, It w on 't commen t yo ur Ii.stin g . C han ces am

y ou 're u sing th is program because you can 't g et th e original,

s ou rc e. A lth ough tile Un-assernbler wo n't. g ive YOUia s ou rc e

lis tin g a s c om p lete . y ou su re will g ;et it qu ick er and w ith noquest ions asked . .

I . The lranlGCtor



10 0 p oke5,2; p eek i( 42 ) : p o , k e5 3 , p eek (4 3 ) +27: clr : p ok et , p e e 'k ( 5 ; 2 ) : pDke2"pee~53)1

1110t t s""pee'k(5.2) + p eek (53} "2S 6 : to r i=634to654: read ill: poke l, a : next : sys 639

1 15 d at a1 6S ',2 51 . 7 6; 3 4,2 15 , 160,0., 152: ,145, ], 2 30 , 1 ,2 08. 2 ,2 :3 0.2 , 1 66,2 , 1 6,2 44 ,9 6

1 2.0 h 2"" ,63 4 : M ... S 5 '0 63 : a l=251 : ah = 252 : < :1=1 : c2 =2; rn:h=256 : p=O : mr= 127 : mt"" 12 ,8 : ms ....16

121 q=O = h $="· ':a$=·· :b$='" :c4·=4 : 1=0 ; a l =0: 00=0: deff :nI(P)= (p /mh- i rn t (p /mh) - .mbt1 30 a s " ,,0 : n l$ .. . c ht$ (O ) : a =0: re=O : ad =0: d ef in a s( a}= ( a>3 1 ) an d {a <1 28 )) +(a > 1 59 )1 4 0 If .. , : Ic = 0 : d e ' f f o , r t ( x ) = p e e k { x + ts ) : di m I l m . $ { 2 5 5 } . md(25:5)

IS O p r inl ' U n-A ssem bler ' : p rin t"by P au lH]gginbotlom

754 fo r i" " 1 to 149 : r ea d a , a ~ $.b : mnS(a) =3 1 $ , : md(a ) = b : nex t7:90 p rin t : input"d rive'. p ro gr am fi len am e" ; dlr $,(S ,~ if drS < O ~o r dIIrS >"l'fhen 790

7'ti o p e- ol,S ,I S : .print#l.~t+dr$ : '$ :=dr$+o:" + f$

80 I in put ~drive, s ou rc e m en am e~ ;td$,o f$ ; U . len (o fH > 1 2 th en 80 1

80 2 o fS " "'t d$ +-t + ofS +" : . '~II td$< O "'.o r td$Y .l" th en 802

803 print"'l:t + td'$~close l : open ,2,8,O,f$ :if ds then pr in t ds$ ~dose 2 iend

80 5 t ' = ' ti : gosub 3000 : nf=2 : nf$; '" o rs +~1.5 : p= s-cl : 5$= 0

809 open3 .8 ,S i "@· + n t S +8,S,w·: p r in l n . f . S ; I e . = 0 : iii dd th en p rin t ds8 .end

8]0 if pes-ct 'then p rin t" "3 : ..=$";: ad=s:' gosub 9000: prinlll!3: p.rint"3:;~

8]SIc=ic+ 1 : iH:<>lfthen 830

8] 13nf$=·of$+ m ld $.( st tl '$ (n f) .2 )+ ·.s ~ : p .r in t" '3 ,~ ;· ; prinl"3: ,fil" 'nfS

817 c lo se 3 : nl = nf+m :

go t 080983 0 p=p+d : gosub 2000, : mn=q : sa=p : gcsub 4000 : print"'3;~·';

840 if m n = 36 o r mn =44 t hen p d.llt" 'S ," ;< tth is w as a bit i nst.r u.c Uo :nY : g:oto : 8 4 5

S4~ I f mn$(mn)<> " then 850

8 45 p r in t" 3 ,"~ by t $ " '; ; ad = Illlll ~ osu ib 0 0 10 ; pn n t*3 : g o to 815850 p r in t- :3 ,m ilS (m nf .; - .

8 6 0 oom'd(mn) g o t 0 8 7 '0 1 , 9 0 0 ,'9 3 0 , 9 6 0 ,9 9 0 , W 0 2 0 ., . 150.1 0 8 0 ; 1 1 1 0 ,1 ] ·40;1170,1200,1230810 g o sub 2000: pril1t#3,.~#'$~;~ad=Q ; g o su b 90 10 ; p nin tf3 ,; p =p +d : g o tG 815

900 p rin t*3 :a" : Soto8~5

9 3 0 , p r in~3 : gotQ ,8[5

960 g osu b 20 00 : p rint·:S : $~;;ad = q : g o:su b90 1£ I : prlnt*'3~ :p =p +cl :gal0 8'15990 gosu b 2Q iO ; ad",. q ; gosu b2.o00

1 00 0 IP :$= ~$ '".a d = ad

. . I -

q"mh. : i f adcs o r a,d>e, t hen 101910m if f nr t( ad -s l t h en p$ ""•ad'1 0 1 9 1 p : r in l < l l3 , p $ ; :gosub 9000: print#3 : p=p+c2 : g o t 0 8 1 51 0 20 g o su b 2 :0 0 0 : ad" '" q ; g os ub 20 001025'IP:S=":$~:oo:;;: ;ad+q.mh: ifad<sorad>etheI11030

1026 if fnrt(ad-s)then p$:;;. ad"

1030 p rint*3.p $; ; g osub 90 0 0 ; p r in t" '3 "M,x" ; p ;:;:;p +c2 : g oto S IS

10 50 g osu b 20 00 ; ad ....q : g o su b 2.000

l O S t p $= =,·,r .:ad=ad+q " 'm h : if ad<S o r ad> e th en 10 65

1052 if fn r t( ad . ..s ) t hen p$,=" a d "

1065 ptin~#3,p$; : :g05OO 9000 ; p r it nt #3 ,, ~, { : p ==p +c2 : goto 8] 5

10 80 :sosu b 20 00 : p rint.*3.~ ($·; : ad=q : ,g osu D 90 10 : pritlt '*3.").:{

1090 p= p+ el : g oto 8151110go s ub 2 i JOO :p r i n t ,\ f! 3 :'f $~ :: ad=Q : g O S l J b 90 1 0 : p r i n t N S , " ' , x ) "

1120 p=p+d : g Q (o "U 5

1 1,40 g o su b 2 00 0 : p rin l·3 ,~ $·: : ad=q:: gosub '90 10 : prin:t~:3;·.-r:

1 15 01 1= p +c .1 : g oto ,8i5

I l710 gosub 20 0 0 ; print"'3.~$·;: a d= q :: g o su b '9 0 1 0 : print#3;,y·

] 1 80 p= p -e-el : S ,o to8~5

]200 gosub 2000 :ad= p +q+(q>mr)'" mh + c2 : p -$ =~'$:": Iiad<s 'or adn then 1220

1211 if f n r t(ad~s ) them p$=~ad'

122,0 pri:n ' ' 'S.p$; ; ; g o s u b 9 0 00 ~ p ri nt :'l '3 : p = p+ c 1 !g o t . Q 81 5

l'



1230 g : O S I J D .20 00 : ad = 'q : g osu b 20 00

1231 print*',3,'(:, p$",,~$. : ad" ',ad+q '''m h : ifad< s o r a .d> e th en ' 1240

1 23 2 H fn l1 (a d-s ) th en p$ =:Uad "

1240 prinf#3,pS;: gosub 90001: pr]nt#3:r : p= p+ c2 : goto 815

2000 ge t M 2,d ,: q " '" a sc (a$ '* " n l$ ) : r etu rn3000 print.passl~: get-*2. a$, 1 ;1 $ : rem get start address3010 s=asc( ' a$+n t$ )+asc(b$+nl$ )* . I ' l I l ,h : e--s3021g :et"2, a$.: e~e+ 1 : if s t""O I. h e n. 3 0 21

3022 gosub 9 ;600 : p = s-I3025 p =:p + 1 ; gQ :sub 2000 : n $= m n$(q) : n = md(q)3026 on n g o s u b 3 0 -5 0 . 4 0 10 .4 0'1 0 , 3 0 50 ,3 10 0 ,3 10 0 , 3 10 0 ,3 0 .5 0 ,3 0 50 ,3 0 50 , , 3 0 . 5 0 " 3 11 0, 3 10 0

3030 ilp<=e U'!!'en3025i

3039g~sllb9600:prtnt".p'ass.~ ; re tu rn3050 gesub 2000: p'=p+cl: re turn

310 0 g osu b 20 00 ;ad='q : g osu b 20 00 :ad=ad+q "'m h

310 1 H ad> =5 and 00 <= e then pok e t s+adl - - s , cl

310 2 p ""p +c2; retu rn

3110 g o su b 20 00 :ad ""P+ q ..'lq >m r} *m h+ c :2

3111 H ad> =5an d ad< = e tl .en p ok e Is + ad-s , cl3120 p =p+cl : r e tu rn4 00 0 i~ p > eth en w r in t# 3.~ ;· : p r ii nt *3 ,'".e nd" ; dose 3~ :dose 2 : e nd

4001 if p <s: o r p >e th en retu rn

4005 if ~n r~ (jp ~s) then p rin t#3 ,";· : p rih t#3 :ad"; : ad =P ' : go s ub 9QOO

4010 return900 0 pok e al, fnl(ad) ; p oke ah , adlmb : cmd3,.;: sys M : retu rn

90 10 . p oke al, ad : c md3,; : sy s h 2: : retu rn

9600 dose 2 : open 2, 8, 0, f$ : g e t l l ' 2 . a$, as : return[0000 data 0, brk, 3, I, ora, 9, 5, ora, 4, 6,

toO10 data 8, php, 3, 9, ora, 1, H}, asl, 2, 13:,

[0020 data 14, < 1 5 1 , . 5, 16, bpl, 1:2, 17, ora. 8, 21,

W030 data 22, asl, 10, 24, etc, :3,2'5, ora. 7, 29,

W040 data 30, asi, 6, 32 , jSE, :5,3.3, and, 9, 31,

[0050 data 38, rol, 4, 40, pip , :3,41, and, I, 42:,

[0060 data 45. and, 5 , 46, mi. 5 , . 48. , brnl, 12, 49.

W070 data 53, and. 10, 54;. fO Il" 1 0, 56. set, 3. 51,

l0080 data 61. and, 6, 62; rol, 'S, 64, ni, 3. 65.

[0090 data 69 , eo r , 4, 70, lsr, ,4 . 12. p h a. 3. 73.

W100 data 74, lsr, 2, 76, imp, .5 , 17, ear, 5 . 78.

Hn) 'O data 80 . bvc, 12 , 81 , eor; ,8, 85, eer, 10, 8 16.

W120 data 88. eli, 3, 89, eo!', '7, 93, eor, 6, 94,

HII130 data 96. rts, 3, 9 7 , . adc, ' 9 . , 101, adc, 4, 102"

10140 data 10,4, pia. 3. 105 , ade, 1 , 10 6, ror, 2 .; 1 0 :8 ,

1 0 150 data 1 0 9 . adc , 5 , 1 .1 0 0 , > r O l , 5 , IJ2 , bvs , 1 2, 1 13 "

10160 data 117. adc, la, 118, m:r.]O, ]20, sel, 3 ., 121,

101710 data 1.25, adc, 6,126, ror, 6, 129; sta, 9, 132,

10180 data 133 , s t ta ,4 ,134, s tx , 4 , 136, dey , 3 , 13 ;8.,

10191) data 1 :40 , .s ty ,S , 141 , sta, 5, 1412, six, 5, 144,

10200 data 145. ssa, S. ]48. sty, 10, 149, s ta , 10" 150"

10210 data. 152. tya, 3, ]53, s ta, 1, 154. ~xs , 3, 157.

'i0220 data. 100. Idy, I, ]61, Ida, 9. 162,ldx. l, 164.

10230 data 165, Ida; 4, 1 6 1 6 , ldx, 4, 168, ~ay, 3, iss,

10 240 data 171) , tax , 3 , 172, lldy. 5 , 113 , Ida . 5 . '174,

asl, 4

5

10

6

4

2

8

ora,

ora,

ora,

and,

rol,

and,

and, 7

9

1

5

eor,eor,

lsr,

Isr, 10

6

4[ 3

8

'1

l s r ,

ror,

jmp,

adc,

adc,

sty, 4

3

12

11

6

4

1

5

txa,

bee,

sb: ;

s ta.

Idy,

Ida,

ldx,

2Q



10250 data 176, D e s , 1 2 ' , . 177 . Ida, 8 . 180, Idr. W. 18], Ida, 1 0

10260 data 182, ldx, 1 1 . 184. dv, 3, L S S , Ida, 7 ,. 186, tsx . 3

10270 data 188, Idy, 6, 189. Ida, 6, 190, ldx, '7 " 192 . cpy . 110280 data 193, cmp, 9 . 196, cpy, . . 197, , cmp • 4 . 198, dec, 4 .•10290 data 2 0 0 , i n y ' , 3, 201. ernp, 1 , , 2 0 2 , dex, 3, 204 , cpy . 5) 0 3 0 0 d a l l a 205, cmp, 5 " 206, dec, 5 , , 2 0 8 , bne, l2, 20 9, cm p , 81 0 3 1 0 data 213. cmp, 10 , 214, dec, 1 0 , , 2 U 6 , cld, , 3 , 217 , cmp, 7

1 0 3 2 . 0 data 221. cm p , 6 222 , dec, 6, :224. cpx , 1,225. she, 9•1 0 3 3 0 d i a t a 228. cpx, 4 , 229. s o c , 4 , 230, i nc . 4 . 232. i nx , 3,

10340 data 233, sbc, ], 234, nep, 3 236., cpx , 5.237. s o c . 5.1 0 3 5 0 data 238. lnc, 5 " 24.0, beq . 12, :241. s o c , a ; 245, s o c . 101 0 3 6 0 data 246, inc, JO , 248, sed 3 , :249, she, 7, 253. sbc, 6

1 0 3 7 0 data 254. inc, 0

21



Universal String Thing

T his is n o t a comp l e t e S trin g T l: lin g,. , ju sIthe IN PU T'"

s ectio n . Q u itesim p ly, the p ro gram is an IN P UT ~ utH Hy that

lilts s ome 0'[ th e re stra in ts imp o s ed by the B AS IC IN PU T"

c omm an d" II w o rk s on all v ers io n s o f B ASIC (excep t I. D) f o r

PEl:< ; an d CBM s. I' f th ere 's e n ough demand" a ViC S t r i : n ; s

T hing w ill be released that will p robably w ork on theC om moda te 64 w hen I t a r r ives ,

. [Jogk<t~m e number] must be used in the DO PEN OT OPEN

sta teme nt. U sin g th e ro utin ew ith a ny o th er file n umbe r wi l , 1

r esu lt in ?F1LE NOT OPEN E:R 'ROR after th e S YS call.

N o buffer is r equ i r ed fo r [h e in com in g d ata . T he ch a r a c t e r s

are b t l 1 .1 directly Into th e sp ace alloca ted fo r Ih e s tr ing

variable. If th e strill1!g resides in h ig h R AM , they w ill be

d eli ve re d t he re . lf th e s t r in g is declared in th e program, th e

charac t e r s will land rignl in text space .

T he strin g, used fo rin put m ust be U1ef i rst var iab le seen by

BAS!C. Loc.ailion 18·9 d ecim al is u s ed 10 store th e len gth . of

th e lnp ur SIr ing . Inp u t S lO PS on ly on Carr iage Re t u rn an d

E0 1 w hich o ccu rs a t th e end o f a li le o r r ela tiv e r ec o rd s no !

terminated by a CR. Leading spaces, commas, colons and

q u ota t io n m ark s a re a l i i a ccep t ed .

T h e s ize o f the s t r in g c an be u s ed 0 g overn th e am ou n t o f

ln p u t. F o re xa mp le , r emov in g ' I i i nes 110 and 120 bo rn t i le

p ro g r am below leaves a s = "abcdelghijklmnopq" , w ith a

Jim ButterfleldToronto

l 'el1gth of 17 . Now, s tr in gs lo ng er than 17 can nOI be

retrieved in whole, lns tead, th e r i l ' S t 17 charac ter s are

brought in and th e rem ainder is received II I subsequen t

calls . H th e s tr ing is exactly I j' l on g t ol lowed by a C a rr ia ge

R eturn , a subseq uen t in put w o uld be mel by the CR andP EE K(l89) w ou ld eq ual zero . B e ca refu l th ou gh . In ti l i s c as e

AS will con ta in th e p revlo u s inp u t, no t nu ll s tr ing .

Using nhis r o u t i n e as opposed to IN PU T'" can be-especially

he lp fu l when disk sp ace is a t a p rem ium . 'I I can h andlesrrtn gs IU p to 2 5 :5 c h a r ac t er s I O I 1 l . g a nd th er e's no need for

C am ag e R etu rns .

" - T h e Sllring Thing w as o rig inally a urillry wntren by Bi l l

M ac l.ean o f B M B Cornpuscience. It ln clu ded s tr in g s ea rc h.

str ing overlay. and s tr in g in pm fu nc tio ns . F o r deta ils on t h i spregramsee The Transactor, Volume 3, Issue 1. Copies am

ava ilable fro m th e T oro nto P ET Users Grou p ,

22



4 0 1 reml· .... • .... • •• "'•• ··,.·++••• * * * " ' " • ••S O l6 0 1

' 7 0 1

8 0 1

90

100110

120

130

2 : 0 0

2 ' 1 0

22 0

2 : 3 0

2 5 " 0

260

40 0

4'}()

4 2 04 2 5

430

4 4 0

4564 6 0

rem ••rem ••

rem ••

rem ••

s u i ng t h in g ( uni ve rs a l)j im bu t t er f ie ld

s tr in g u sed fo r lnp ut

mu s t be f i r s t variable

++

+.

" .rem *** "••• i . ' . , . * * · .

as,=' ·abcde' fghjjklmnopq~a$ = a$+ a s +,a:S+a$ + a$a$=a$+ a s +,a:$rem above sets s tr in g klli maximum (l ie. 255)

d lllta, 160. 2.,17'7, 42,]53,184, 0,200,192. 6

data 208,246,16;2, I, 32, 198,255

data 32,228.215,5,201; 13,240, H, 164,,189,145

data 187,200, ]32, 189,196,186:,208,238" 76,204,2:56

for] ; ; ; ;896 to 9 33 : read x : poke j" X : I I =t+ x : nextj

if t<>5167 then stop

dope. ,#~ , " some S EQ file" ,d Orem: next sy s same as 'inputlllIa , $ i '

sys896rem; I=size o f i np u t (couldbeO]

I= :peek( lS9)

p r in t l ef t$ (a$ ,l )

if st = 0 goto 420dc:lose



File Chain TracerI

T hin k abo ut it . Re la ti ve record lef'igths limited only by the

ca pa ci ty o f y ou r dtsk , Number o r f ile s o p en s imu lt an eo u slyllmlred only by FRE ( O ) . AU possible u sing th is ulil iLy by Bi l l

MacL ean o f Mi lt on O n t ar io .

E ver y dis k. file (S EQ , P R .G , or U S R ) is c on lr u cte d fr om s ec to rs

th at a re li nk ed together us in~ " ch a in p o in te rs ". E ac h c h ainpoi interconsists o t tw o bytes ~ h a t r ep r es en t the track and

s e c to r co - o r dl n at es 0 :1 th e n ex t block in th ,em e. T h e p oim er

to th e ftrst blo ck is s tored in th e direc to ry bes lde lh e

filename, Subsequent pointers are stored in the [irst two

by tes ( 0 a nd l) o f each sec to r in th e m e . T o In dic ate th e las ts ec to r o f a file , the track co-o rd ina t e is s et to zero ( CBM d isk

un i t s do n o ' u se t r a c k 1 0fo r t h i s r easo ntand th e by te u sed fo r

th e sec to r co -o rd ina te is set to th e las tp os it lo n u sed .

By r ea din g a ll or th es e p oin ters in to an ar ray , a co mp le te

map cam be bu ill or any r i l le on disk . Then , usi.ng a D irec t

Ac ce ss c h an ne l. any p ar t .0 1any file can be read at a :ny lim ewith a 'block-read' command followed by the correspond-

in g tr ack and sec to r va lu es s to red in th e ar ray fo r that f i le.

Positioning lnto the sector I S done with the "butler-pointer"

command.

T h er e a re several w ays o f t r ac in g th ese p oin te rs to th e en d o f

it file. T h e tr ick , p I cou rse, is .0 ge . . t he ' fi rs t one out 01 th e

directory. One could OPEN th e directory as an SEQ file, bllt

s ea r ch ing througha l ong directory is s lo w in B A S IC . B i ll's

Bill MacLeanMOton, lOot.

p ro g ram leis th e DO S do ~h at w o rk in r na ch lo e la ng u a ge .

W h en a 'file i s O PE .N ed, th e D O S must also k no w where th e

d ir ec to r y e n tr y lies, T hesevalu es are s to red in D O S memory

and can be re t r ieved with th e "m em ory - read" and G ET '"

co mm an ds. O n ce the (h:s1sector is fo un d fro m t h e d i re c to r y ,

t h e fo llow i ng sectors a re "blo ck -read" w ith th e "U 1 '· 'com-

m and, and th e- p o inters are col lected by G EPlllg th e firs t 2:by te s from e ac h u ntil the trac k v alue e qua ls z ero .

'Other Program Notes

T his p rog ram w ill work on th e 80 .50 , 8250 . 90 60 . 90 90 . and

the 40'40 by removing 'the Urst "rem" in Iine 100. DOS

var iables ln th e 40 40 are a ll illthe s am e p la ces but offse t by

4 . T h e s ing le dr ive 20 31 is to ta l ly different and will not

respond properly to this program. VIC disks were not tested.

Accorncdatlens are made for 21 simultaneous open files

wi th(I,

maximum size D f JO I block s each . T h e two Integera r ray s u se u p a total of a bo u t 8 :1 < .C h a n g e the d imens ions

ap pro pr ia tely fo r m ore o r less f iles , an d m ore O r less m a x i -

m um block s , bu t th ey m us t be iden ttc a l and th ere m us t be

enou g h R AM L o h o ld them a lo ng w ith yOU( p rog ram and

other va ria ble s, A q uic k approximation for RAM consump-

tio n o f O De in teger a rray is the product o r me dimensions

L i m e s 2.

The D array is JO .r D r iv e numbers. Preferably. an files

24



c on cer ned w o uld be on one dls l! :eU e, bu t m e TiQutine will

lin d files o n either d rive.

PR IN T D S$ m ig h t be rep laced by a G OSUB 10 y om favori te

e rr or r ou lt in e . Non-existent flies will also be - reported by

lines 160 to 180 .

Even thoug h the data file h as, been CL OSEd (line 150 ), aJIO O S vanables are s tU l p resent in R AM u ntil th ey 're over-wri t ten by ano th er O PEN . T h e secto r , t rack , and drive,

nu mber af 'e u sed to "UI" th e ac tu al di rec to ry seder th at,

h old s th e fi len am e F lS . T h e tr ac k a nd s ec to r c o- ordin ate s o f

th e firs t block in a file are sto red in th e 2nd an d 3 'rd pos i ti on s

at a directory entry, Thus, l is added to the offsel before

e xe cu tin g t he " bu ffe r- po in te r" c omm a nd ,

Shou ld th e file y ou 've O P EN ed be f o und in th e las t sec to r o f

th edlrec to ry , th e track , as w ith any o th er file , is set to zero , If

T lddr~O " T is s et back to th e d lrec to ry t rack nu m ber (line

270 ), bu t th is m ust be decided by t he o ;p er at or (e g. anotherINPUT) o r : ,be t t e r yet, a s u br ou ti ne desig ned ~ o ~ es t w ba.lt

type 'o f d isk u nit is connected,

ValD, 'FhIs Te\!hnique

W i th th is routine, a . r ela ti ve f il e system co u ld be im p le-

mented wi t h reco rd s izes m uch larg er th an 254. O f cou rse

s t r in gs M e llmaedto 255 s o m ore than one would be

neces sary to s to re a record.

A .s u bl !'o u ti rn e fo r t his wmdd need th e array i ndex nUnlbe[

( ls t d imen~i .on ) t ha t c ont ai ns the potn ters to a .pa r t i cu la r l i l e .T h is in fo rm atio n sh o u ld a lso be s to red as po in te r s are

co llec ted, T o p osit io n to a r eco rd , th e p rog ram wou ld "U l '

th e c lo ses t sec to r, T h e cc-crdlnetes 'fo r t h is s ec to r w ill be

s tored in th e array at th e element , ca l cu l a ted by :

~Nrr(( reco rd nu mber - 1 ) . (record s ize 1254»)

The remainder of the above ls used toposttion into tile

sec tor when th e record s ize is no t a mll l~ ip le of 254. A

co u nter m u s t ,a lso be main ta ined so t ha t th e nex t block

wo uld be read w hen the 254th byte has been retrteved . A

slight variauo n o f Jim B uU erfiield "s U nw ersal Strin g T hlillQ

(tl i' lis lssue) would be ideal.

N ow th at you h ave all th is done. a co lum nar repO rt g enera-

ror is a s im ple task . F i gl lr es f rom several different : fi les cou ld

be mnput s id e -b y- sid e .

Allh'c) 'ugh th is a~proach i s n ot imm .edi iat ely suited to r ex-

pand i . n gmes . it could b e in clu ded w ith a llt t leex tra code.

H o w ev er . c ha ng es to ex is t in g data can be p er fo rm ed in a

frooti .on. Df tne tim e it w ou ld :take 10 op en and dose all o f th e

f i les seperately.

O n fin al note... B ill M aclean teus m e that he m ay release a

more 'complete versio n o f th is , lItility if th ere 's e no ug h

d eman d. II w ou ld co ntain all necessary funct ions such ast h os e d is cu s se d, p l u s so me extras; (no doubt ) , Comment s

a re w elc ome. p le as e a d d l r : e s s them to me (K arl J. H il do n) a !The T r ansa ct o r.



: r em se l sector

] 00 rem d4040 ""4 ; rem rem ove rem fo r u se w ith 40 410l U ) z $ ; " " c hr $( O } : dim t % ~ 2 0 , '100),,5%(20, l O O } , d ( 2 1 ) '1

] 20 i npu t " f ilen ,ame.,f ile'" ~; ( , $ " f. : fi $ =f$ +• .sr ~]3{) open 2, 8, 2 " ~.o!. : open 1 , 5 , 8. 15

] 40 open 5 , 8, 5 ; (f i$)

] s . o pri.nl ds$ ; diose 5

160 print'" 15 , "m-r \:h r $ (1 4 2 + d 4) ;c h r $( 67 )17 0 g et" '15 . a$ : e=a_sc{ a i+ z$) ; r e m e : u l : ) r ?

18 0 if e= 2 55 th en prinflnot fo un d ' : p r ln t ,:g a lo 450

19 '0 ptinr'15, " rn -r • c h r$ (1 46 + d4),;chr$(61)

2 00 g e! #1 5, a.$: s=<l isc(a$+z$)

210prili~N] 5, •m-r ~chr$(l49 - : I - d4);chr$(67)

2 2:0 g e ~# 15 , a$: t :=asc( ,aS+zS)2 30 p r in t''''' 1 5, ." r n- r ~ c h r:$ {1 50 " . d 4.J ;r h r$ (6 7)

2 4,0 g e t# 15 . il:$ : o",":asc{a$+z$}

2 50 p rim l# 15 ,."m-r · ch rS : ( l44 +d4) ;chd(67}2 60 g et# '1 5, a$ : d=asc(a$+z$) i: d{ .l) .,.d : r em dr ive num

27 0 i f t = 0 <then t =39 : rem 1=18 f o r 4>04 'D .76 fo r :906G1/90

280 prinf'entry d ir tr ac k &sector : : : : ;~; : t:~,~: ,s

2.90 p ri n t" o ffs et in to sec to r :=~;0

300 prlnt" drive =":d

310 print#15.w

ul:";2;d:t;s

3 20 p rin t" 15 , ~b-p" - , :2 :o+ 1

33 0 11", ,10

: r em op en direc t and cm d channel

: r am op en and

: r em dC) -$ efi le 'i lS '

: rem sector in di r

: rem track in dir

: rem of~:setnto sector

3410 ge l*2 , a s35 0 I " " a sc {a S+ zS )

360 g et.'"2 , a$

37 0 s = a sc (.a $ + z$ j38 0 t%(f . n~=l: s%(f,nj=s

390 if t=O then 450

400 prinl~sec,~:[I':'orile al';l,s

410 n=n+l

4 20 p r in l# l,S , "ul :";2;d;t;.s

430 pr[nt#i5, "b-p;";2:0

440 9O to 3 4 { ] 1

450 close 2; do se 1 5

: rem p os lt to n in to d ir: rem array index

: r em ge1 ltr ack

: rem store in array

: r em t r a c k ; ; ; ; ; ; O ? ye s, e nd

; rem read subsequen t b lk s

; r em p os 'ntc zero

S.,..mHrlOctob., '19~2'



Translation Ar,rays

H aw m any tim es h ave you w an ted to rep resent a number

l us in g a k~ on th ek eyboa rd ? Ne ve r, eh, W elL .. n ext t ime

yo u do , th is t idy little p ie ce o f c od e w in come ,inhandy.

U00 get a s !f a s =~,' then ] 0 0

110 ifa$='"':1 t hen X=; 11 20 i fa $= '" w "t he .n x= 2

J 30 if as ='"e" t h . e J ' I I X =4

140 ihS ='"r" then x = 815 0 if a.$='"t" then x =16

J60 if as ='"1 th en %= ,3 ,2

170 ifa$="u· thenx=64

180 ifa5="r thenx=128

190 ih$='·o" thelu=2S6

200 if a s · = ' · p ~then x=51221 0 pri int x: go lO 10 0

B u t yo u say, " th a t 's no t very t idy at all ' , and you 're

,absolutely right A s a m atter 0' radl. it r ee ks . H er e's a b ett er

way . ..

G iv en th e n atu re o f t h e p os sibiliti ,es fO I : x (ie. a ll p ow er s ,o f 2) ,i i t bec om es a pp arent lli la t a POR -NEX T lo o p cc uld se arcb

th ro us.h K YS, a nd th en o utp u t 2 raised to the power o f N ,

w here N is title posi t ion o f A S , wUhin K Y $. F or ex~m ti>le;

100 ky$= "qwertyu iop"1 1 0 g e 1 ia $:i fa $= '" 't h en ll O

120 for' j=] to , len(ky$l

)30 i:(,at =midS (ky:$., i. 1 ) t he nprln12 t 0-1) : goto 1t o

140 nex t: g oto 1 r oOn Jy th e p ro blem he re is t~a:1 as K YS ge ts : lomger, t he s ea rc h

becomes slo w e:r, an d o ur lo u llp ut n umbers may IilQ[ be so()fder1y.

Tbe best way is a t ransl1at ion anay, It allowsfor expansion,

i t 's fa s t and can h andle every k!ey o n th e k ey bo ard.

J 00 ky$ = ..qwerty ,u iop·l0 5 dim ou t f255 )

110 fo;r.i= I to le n(k yS )

120 Qu t ( asc (mid$ (kySI, j » ) ) = 2.t fj-l}130 nexllA O get:a$,: if . a s =•• Iben 140

IS O p rin t au t (a sc (a$): ,g oto 14 0

O f eo ur seth e a oo ve is m er el1 y a tr:a nsp osilio n o f the filrst two .

The :ledmiqu,t! shows Its true sttength in th.e fol lowing

examp~lles.

S....... r lOct . .. . '1912



IEEE Modem Driver

Haveyou everbeen in ,abin,d fo r an ASC ll m od em driver bu tjust d id n't have o ne wilhilfl reach? C on vertin g P ET A SC U

(sometimes caned "PE.TSCII" ) to real ASC II is n o t SQ tou!!jh

us ing trans,iaNon ar rays . With t h is p r og r am yo u can be IJP

and ru nn ing in no tim e from any P ET /C BM th ro u gh an

IEEE m o dem , a nd it 's ea sily m em o rized.

]0 0 g o su b .210 0

] 10 g et a :$ ; if ,,$<>_. th en p rin tW5 , c h r$ {_ t( as c( a$ J} );

120' if peeklsrq] and 128 then get'"'S, as, ;,x9 " " "pe iek( ieee ) :

prjnt cb r$( l{asc (a$ + dnS(O ) ) ) } ;

1 3 1 } go ta L 1 0

200 d im t{255 ], f(255 ~ : prim ch:r$(14)

210 fOlf j=32 to 64: t(j)'=j ; next

220 fOlr j =65 to 90: I( j)" . , i+32: ru YL230 fO lrj= -9 1 to 95:lG}=i :r·~t

240 fm i:192 to 218: l(i)= j 128: rex250 t(13)= 13 : t (20}=8

2:60 rem add m ote fu nc t ion s h ere

270 loll' l=01[0255 :,H t m thenl(l(j)) = i :f ( ltO}+ - ] 28)= j : next

2:80 po ke 1020, 0 ; p oke 59 46B J 4 : open 5, 5

290 s rq=59427 :.ieee=5 '9426: re tu rn

T h is m o der n dr iv er is ac tu ally an adep tau on o f o ne by Ji m

Bune rfiE !ld w ith a p inch o f Pau l H ig sL nbou ,om flavo uring .

No t i ce t h a t th e k eyboa rd /m odem serv ic ing is kepI c lo s e. t o

th e start w ith th e se t-u p caned once a s a s ub ro ut in e, In a

communica t i ons ty pe env lronm ent , m ax im um sp eed is es ·

sent ia l . Wh.en B A S IC sees a backw ards G O TO (as in lin e

130) it starts at th e b eg in n in g o f BASIC a ,nGse arch es fo rw ard

' 1 : 0 t h e d es ti na ti nn l ine. B y moving the s etu p r ou tin e' out o f

th e w ay , B A5~ :( is re lieved o f l ook ing t h ro u g h unnecessary

lin e n um bers, T he rlrne saved . is n o t much. bUitm ig ht b e jus t

e no ug h t o s ave p ote nt ia lly l os t c ha rac te r s whi le t ransmist ing

a nd /o r r ec ei vi ng .

T w o tr an sla tio n ta bles a re used here : the T a rr ay fo r c ha ra c-

ters sen t to th e m odem and th e F ar ray fo r ch arac ters

received from the modem. Integer arrays could have been

u sed bu t !-Joa,tng p o in t a rr ay s a re f as te r.

Graphics are seldom used in conununlcauons, P.RINT

C HR $(14) sets U pp er/L ow er case mode .

Line 21 0 begm s sett ing u p th e T O ar ra .y . C h a rac ters 32

(s pac e) th ro ug h 64 (@)arel thesame in A SC II as in PETSCI [ "

so a simple equa te does lit. In Upper/Lower case mode,

PE1.CII 65 to 9 1) dis pla ys lo w er c as e letter s, and in tru e

A SC II, low er case ran ges fro m 9 7 1 0 1 122, so 32 Is added to

each (line 220), The five cha rac ters from 91 to 95 are the

sam e ag ain , ~ o r bo th " T ru e ASCI I u p p e r case is th e s ame as

PETSCII lo w er c as e-v alu es . h o wev er , un like d um b term i-

nals ; one mu st u se th e SH IfT k ey to obta in them . .Th is ish an dlle d b y l ine 240 . C arr iag e retu rn and Delete are a . w a y

from th e m ain s tream of t h i n g s s o th ey 'r e s et u p in div idu ally

(line 250 ). PO K E 1020,0 disables IEEE tim eou t and th e

O P:EN com mand is Jor th e modem .

G eU in g ba ck fio o ur subject, it 's lines 1.10 and 120 th at lakeadvantag e of th e array s. L ine 1 10 G Ii:T l;characters Irom th e

keyboard, When it has one , the PETSC[[value is used as an

i ndex into the Tn array. F or e xamp le , pre-ssing DELete,

which is CHR$(2O) t ,causes the c on ten ts o f T ( 20) to be se nt to

the modem as a single byte value, in this case 8 which is

ASCI I lor Rubout.

Line 12{} ,GETs[rom the modern, SRQ signals a chan~.tter

pend i ng by set!mg bi t 7 o f 59 427 . A lfter the G SP ', the SR .Q

Flag is cleared by s imp ly do i ng lit 1ead o f the lEEE o utp ut

buffer Ohis is bU ilt in to the sm arts o f the IG . T he true A SC I[c ha ra cter rec eived is u sed. as an index in to th e F RO M a r rey,

T he charac ter is converted to PEThel( a nd P R IN T ed. using

C HR $. T he C HR $(O ) is added to A $, as a p re cautio n aga in st

the n u ll s tr in g .

Keyboard Setup

Now let's tak e th in g s o ne s tep fu rth er , Address ing onep ro blem at a tim e is o ften the best w ay to so lve a p r og r am -

m in g task . H ere w e'll lo ok ala s im p le o rg an k ey bo ar d.

F irs t a table o f frequencies mu s t be e st ab lls h ed . T h is i s d on e

easily u sin g a s ta nda rd fo rm u la to u.n d in any book 01 mus i c

ru ndam eru als , I t s ta r ts w ith ti le h ig hes t des i red no te and

t he n d iv id es it d ow n fo r s u bs eq u er u descending n otes . T h e

r esult s awes to re I nt o the F ( F re q u 'e nc y ) a rr ey .

Nex t the k ey bo ard is defin ed. O n o ctave (lo vers 1 2 n otes" A

fo G p lu s th e s ha rp s ; The 24 k ey s ch o sen to co r resp o nd to

th e 24 calculated hequendes were selected to resem ble a

dual-level p ia no k ey bo ar d (Li nes ] 0 0 0 - ' 0 40 ) .

T he K YalT ay IS u sed to s to re ascending values from 1 to 24

in th e e lem en t c o rr es p o nd ln g 1 0 th e ASC v alu e O f h e k eys

(Lines . 2 0 0 0 -2 040 ) .

So now w e h ave Iwo levels Q f lndirectioa. T h e ASC valu e o f

t he ' key p res sed is u s ed 10 index th e key ar ray . and th e valu e

ilheTi'aMit:lCfOf

5.pt.mIN r'Octalb.r 19128



th ere is u sed to index into the lrequen yanay.

1000 d im f(24) : fl ::::040

10 10 for j=24 to 1 s t ep - I

1020 U=fll (21 ([112))

1 0 3 0 fO)= 1 1

1040 next

200l(J d im ky {2S5}

2( ) ],O kyS" ,, ·zsxdcvgb lm j rn r5 t6yuB l900p "

2020 fo r j = t Ito le n ( k) !$ )2030 1< y (asc (mid$, (ky$, j, ]})l =

2M O next

30 0 0 p ok e 594,66, 15

3010 pokeS9467. 16

3020 get as ::U a$=" U th en 30 20

3030 fr=(500000/4/f (ky (asc (a$))))- 2

3040 p ok e 59464, fr ; rem p r in t Ir

305 .0 if p eek (15 ~ )<> 255 then 3050

30 60 p oke 59< \64,0

3010 go to ,3020

S ev er al m o dif ic at io ns a re a va ila ble t o Lillis p ro gram . F irs t o l

al l . it u ses o nly one waveform pattern. T h e ", IS " in line

3.0 0 is binary 0.0001] 11. This will produce a very even

squa r e wave . T ry differ en l va lu es b ut 0 andl255 will p roduce

nothi l i lg, Secondly, Lry subst i tu t ing the s ing l 4 in line 30 30

10 a.2 o r an 8 . T he variable F R can rang e from 1 to 255 . T ak e

th e R EM out o f line 3 040 to see w ha t it 's do ing . T he range

co u ld be inc reased several w ay s. Yo u mignt add m ore

frequ enc ies and k eys o r you can leave a coup le o f o cta v 5

g ap betw een th e lo w er and the h i ghe r when set ting u p th e F

array.

Th i s p r o gr am is extremely u ns op h ls tic at ed , s o t he re 's lots of

room for improvement, However, the emphasis was on

translation arrays. Whe n we explore music synthesis . the

techniques employed here wil l undoubtedly re-surface,

The Jran.sactor 20 SephJmbe'l'IOdabar 198:2



Flling It.

O nce you h ave learned h ow to inp ut from th e k eybo ard and

o utp ut to th e s creen , i t 's easy to tak e the n ex t s tep , a nd in pu t

o r o u tp u t u si ng o th er devices.

The p r in t e r is handy, o f co urse, B ut th e s u per p ow er co mes

fr om dev ic es you can both read and w ri te. T h a t w ay ,

in fo rm atio n can be' s to red now and bro ug ht back in la ter .You can store names , addresses, p hone num bers ... and

read th em in w ben YOLI need th em . T h is g ives you tw o

a dv an ta g es : fi rs t, t ile information i sn 't lo st w h en YOL I turn

the power off; and second. YOIl have lots o r s t o r age spaceeven if y ou r c om p uter m em o ry is sm all.

The Golden Rule.

You ' ll r in d it easy to rem em ber th e g olden ru le o f inp ut and

o utp ut: th e in fo rm at ion g oing o ut is a lm os t exac t ly as you

w ou ld see it Q 1 nth e sc reen . S o if you ask ed to p r in t o u t a

valu e o f 167 , ih e fo llo wing ch arac ters w ou ld h e sen t to thec as se tte, p rin ter o r d is k: S p ac e; 1 : 6 ; 7 ; R e tu rn . T h at 's a lm o st

exact ly th e s am e as w ou ld g o to th e sc reen ; w e w ou ldn 't see

th e R etu rn o n th e sc reen , bu t w e'd see i ts effec t s inc e a new

line wo u ld b e s ta rt ed .

T ile op po s ite s ide o f th e g olden ru le co ncerns inp ut.Jl th e

abo ve valu e w as w rit ten to a dev ice, and la ter w e rew ind

and ask to INPUT from that device, the program will re-

ceived exact ly th e sam e info rm at ion a s H w e ty p ed on th e

Jim ButterfieldToronto, Ont,

keys: Space , 1 . , 6, 1, and Return, On the keyboa rd , RETURN

s lg nals th at w e are fin is h ed: and it m eans th e s am e w hen

'th e in fo rm atio n c om es fro m s om e o th er devic e.

Two specia l . s itu arlons shou ld be ment ioned . Y ou m igh t

h ave noticed th at if w e say PR TN T 1 67 an ex tra cha rac t e r is

delivered to , th e s c reen : beh ind th e la s t d.igit, 7 , th ere 's acu r so r - r i gh t . You m ay n ot n otic e it , s in ceit do es n't p rin t, bu t

i t 's th ere. T h is ex tra ch arac ter w ill no t be sen t to o th er

devices, T hat 's g ood becau se w e don't need it ; we' s av e th e

sp ace and no h arm is done.

T he o th er s i tu atio n is ano th er inv is ible ch arac ter . M any

vers ion s o f B as ic send o ne m ore ch arac ter a fter RETURN .

B as ic 4.0 do es [lo t no rm ally sen d it , bu t m os t o th er B as ic s

s en d a s pe cia l c ha ra cte r called a I .. in ef ee d. T h e L i n ef ee d i s 1 .1

n ic e c ha ra cte r fo r c e rta in ty p es o f p rin ter s: it may b e n ee de d

to m ove th e p ap er u p ready fo r p rin tin g th e nex t lin e. B u t i t 's

w as ted in da ta s to rag e, and m ig h t even g ive u s ' a li t t let ro u ble ..M o r e o n 't hi s later,

Writing A File.

It 's eas y to w rite a fi le" A l l w e. n eed to do is : Open it , wh i ch

tells th e co mp uter to g et every th ing ready to g o; P r in t th e

stuff; and th en C lo se it , w hich tells th e com pu ter to w rap

every th in g u p.

Th.lrilliisactor 30 S.pt.mb.i'IOctGb.1' 1912



T h is is ju s t a s ea sy , excep t than w e need 10 w rite th ese

s ta tem ents as a p rog ram . IN PUT and IN PU T'" won', w ork as

le t 's do it . If you h ave casse tte tap e, typ e:

OPEN 6 ,1 , 1, " DAT A FlL E"

or if YOll have disk, type:

O PEN 6, 8, 2, " G ; D A T A F I L E , S , W " '

. , . and in eith er ,c ase, y ou r fi le num ber 6 is ready to g o .

N ow w e can w rite a . few th ing s. L et 's try so me nu mbers :

PRIN't#6,3

PR INT '* 6, 1 23

PRINJ#6,3*45"'6

A nd a few nam es :

PR INT " "6 , " HELLO '

PR IN T""6, "M Y N AM E IS FR ED"

F ina lly , w e w rap up th e file w ith :

CL OSE 6

A re w no tes . D id y ou no tice that aJte rwe op ened th e fl le , the

coding w as th e sam e no . m a tter w h eth er w e w ere g o ing to

tap e o r d isk ? T he .o PEN s ta tem ent se ts every th i n g u p fo r u s .

T his can make thin gs very easy.

N ote th ai w e u se one p r in t s ta tem ent fo r one item . D on 't tr y

punctuat ion: PR1NT tt6,3,123, wou ld no t work r ig h t - w e

w ill n eed that extra RETUR N when we read back the data.

1 1 " 5 a lso in teres ting tu see th at ex p res s ions are w ork ed ou tbefo re being p r in ted, so th a t 3 ' " 4 . 5 · , 6 w ill be p laced on th e

iH e a s va lu e 4 2,

Now fo r th at sneak y Linefeed, You don't real ly need to

wor ry abou t t h i s i f yo u h ave 4.0 B as ic o r if you a re u s ing

cas set te tap e, bu t it 's g ood p rac tice . T h o se PR IN T~ s ta te-

men t s wrote th e in fo rm a tion w e ask ed; th en a R etu rn ,

w h ich w e w anted; th en a L inefeed, w h ich w e didn 't w an t .

W e can g et r id o f th e u nw anted l.inefeed by w ri ting th e

R etu rn o u r se lves ~ i t c odes a s C HR $(13) , S o w e m ig h t m ore

c o rr ec tly w r it e:

PR1NP '6 , " HELLOB ; CHR$ (13 ) ;

. "and don't fo~getboth semicolons.

Reading It Back.

dir ec t s ta tem ents typ ed on the scr een . S o w e code:

lO OO PEN 4; 0 , 0 , "DA TAF IL E."

or, fo r disk:

100 O PEN 4,8 ,3 , " DA TA FItE"

A nd con tinu e w ith :

110 ]NPUT#4, A$

12: 0PR INT A$

130]F sr- .o G O T O 1100

140 CL O SE 4

W h at 's S T do ing ? That's th e S ta tu s w ord .. If i t 's zero , w e are

reading o m fi le no rm ally , If i t 's no n-zero th ere is so meth ing

go ing on - usually w e are at the end o f the file (ST wil l equal

64 in t hi s c as e) .

YOUI' d ata s ho u ld c ome b ac k ve ry nicely just as yo u w ro te it.

ConclusioD_

It's not h a rd to wr i t e and read files, We'll pick up a few fille

p o tra s n ext tim e a ro un d .

IheTraluac:to!'" 31 SeptamborlOdober 1982



SuperPET Terminal Program

. .

If you ba y! ! a S UJ> er IP ET a nd an R S232 modem , th en you

probabl ,y have- a te rm in a] p ro gram 10,m ake th em g o ' , B u t

u n less yo u w ro te th e p ro g ram , you m ay be won(h~r ingh owfile Supe rPET se rial p o rt w o rk s. Thi s p l" ogrnm. wm show yO I1

iust how easy it Is .

T he S up erPET RS232 pori: is c on t rol led etIllirely 'by one chip:

th e 6551 AC IA I (Asynchronous Commun i cauon s Inte r lace

Adapter). Tile 6S51 has 4 lnremal reglsters; dta, s ta tu s . t ile

c omm an d reg is ter . an d th e c on tr ol r eg is ter . Incoming!

ou t go i ng , characters, are rou ted th rou gh , th e' Data, Regi s le r .

T h e S ta tu s R e gis ter tells I.lS i f a ch arac ter h as arrived, il th e

las t o ne w as 'S en t, a nd o th er th in g s li ke transrneslon emm; .

'T h e C omman d IReg i s t e r controls verioas t l 'ansmit / l :e<:Eiv~

func t ions such a s p ali 'i ty m ode, fu B /h aM duplex. etc , B au d

rate, word length. numbe r o r s to p bit s; a nd dock so urc e arecontrol led by th e C ontro l R eg is ter ., A dd'resses fo r th e 655 I

regi s te rs are' lr or n S EF F O to SEFF3,

Only ~heCon t r o l and C omm and R eg is ters need. 10 be set u p

before using [he port V a r i o u s , fUflcti:Qns are invoked by

se lt i llTLSi l l s wUhi[ l the registers. T h e I Pr o~ ram s et s th e Con-

t ro l R eg .. fo :r 3 00 bau d (bau d; bits p er second) . a wo rd

leng th e! 1 w h h J s to p bi t , an d all c on tro lled by the 6551

lnternal dock. The Command R . e g . is se t lo r even p arity an dno in ter ru p ts . S om e olherconfigurat ions a re sh ew n ln th e

l i s t i ng . but ro r more detail,s seefhe ta ble s t ha i: fo l low.

John Stoveken

Milton" Ont.

On c e y o u'v e e st eb lt sh e d t l 1 l .e C Q n n g u r a t i o n o j th e A CiA . t he

Deta a nd S ta tu S ' registers do all th e lIIYork; T he Data R eg . is

used for both sending and l~eceMl1g ch araciess, 'ifbe 655 L

"knows" the differ'cnce between eheraeers Intended fO r

o u tp u t, a nd those th at m us t be' tr ea ted a s In pur, T w o bits in

t he Sta tus Register ' H ag these co nd itio ns. W hen a characeter

c er nes in fr om the RS2321: ine . bil3,Q!f Ilhle S t a~us Reg. is set to1 (lines 220 -230 ) . [f you ' re s en d in g , a c h a ra c te r by POKi n g il

to the Data RegiS -leT .bi t 4 , fa the S tatu s R 'eg . must be set to I

0' els e th .e la st charac te r h as not been s ent ,(lines . 340 '& 350 ) .

T he entire com municat io ns sec tion in Ih i p ro gram lies

between 20 0 and 390 ,. ] 1" 5 ,e :asy U) fo ll ow . .. sIan by i rnagln-

i'ng i l ! 1 1 1 inaCit ive RS2~32Une and an inact ive keyboard.

T h e S ta tu s Reg;isteralso f la g s o t h e r potential condit ions s u ch

a s e rr ro rs in tr an sm is sio n, B u t u nles s you . g o to a mach iae]ian guage p JiO gram , yo u w on 't heve lime' in BAS iC to do

any th ing , wifh th em . B AS IC w iU pe rm i t ' abou t 30 0 bau d

max imum . A n yth in g h i,s he r a n d y ou'll s ta rt dr op p ing ch ar -acters.

Y o u'll n otic e th at Jo hn is using t ra ns la ti on a rr ay s t o c o nv er s

P et: A S C Il to tru e A SC II an d v ic e ver sa . F or m or e j nlorma lion

o n rhisp ow ertul an d versatile le ch niq ue , s ee 'Ihe art icle in

this issue en titled "T ran slatio n A rrays," .

lh.'Trall:lGOe .. 32



29 8 rem HU***

299 :

30 0 get a$ ; if a s = ~ " then 200310 ch = asc(a$)32'0 if el l = 18 th en e t = = 1 : g oto 30 0330 if c t = 1 th en et = a : ch = = ch and ,63

340 a = peekirs» 1)

35'0 if a and 16 = 0 t hen 340360 print chr ,$ (ch) ;

370 ' ch ~ p a(ch )

380' p o ke rs, el l

39.0 g O I O 20 0

997 :

9 9 ' 8 :rern a sc i i to pet t o a sc ii t ab le c o nv er si on

9 '9 9 :

1 0 00 dim p a(2 55 ), a p(2 55 )

1010 fo r i=0 to 64 : pa(i}"" i;p(i);;;;i:,ext :rem numbers and stuff

1020 for i=65 to 90

1030 pa ( :i ) - j, + 32~040 ap (i ,) = i+ 128

E050 next

]060 for i 91 to 96 : pa(i)=i:p ( i ) " "i:ex t :.ap(96)= 44

1070fo ri==9 7to 127

1090 ap( j } ==i-32

1100 next

llWforl= 193 to218

1120 pa(i}= i-1281130 next

1140 ap(127)=2'O: pa(20)=127 :rem deletes

1 15 0 a p(8 }= 1 57 : pa(1S7)=8 .rem back space

1160 pa(7)=7: ap(7)= '7 .rern bell

l170 a p(1 2) = 1 47 : pa(l47)= 12 :rem clr screen/form feed

I ,L80 ap O 0)= 10 : pa(1 0) = 10 .rem If

1190 p at] 3 )= 13, ~ap (13) ;;;;;; 3 : p a(l41)= 13rem cr ( permits shU t lock)!t200 return .

send character out

10 r em , ,' " " '. ..s imp le bas ic te rm ina l p r og r am : fo r s up e rp et . .* * . .

,20 rs = 14*4096 + 15*256 + lS*I6:remsuperpet 6551 add re ss

30 ell = 6 + 16 ... 32 + 0: rem 300 baud + elk + 7 bit word + I stop bit:

31 r em o th e r c o.n fi g s:6 + 16 + 32 + ] 28 "" above with 2 s t op bits32 rem 8 + ] 6 + 32 + 0 = 1 20 0 ba ud, good lu ck in basic

33 rem 6 + ] 6 + 0 + 0 = 8 bit w ord40 em ~ 96 + ll .rem even p arI ty an d no in .ter r u pts

41 rem 32 +11 ::: odd pa rity "O + 11 = n o p arity50 poke rs + 2 ,em

60 p ok e r s + 3 , en70 d$ , = du$(20)

80 gosub 1000 .rem set up translation arrays

9 0 print._.;

98 rem *HHH g et cha rac t e r in 111."".""

99 :

200 a = peek{rs+ 1) :rem status res is te r210 if (a and 8) = 0 th en 30 0 :rem no character rece ived

220 cr = peek(rs) :r em r ec ei ve c h ar ac te r

225 cr = ap(cr) :r em a sc i! to p et conve r s ion230 print du$(cr);

29 7 :

:rem get keyboard character

:rem next cha rac t e r control

:r em Ia st c h ar ac te r :not se n t

:r em p et to asc ii

: rem sen d c h ar ac te r o u t



,A,PL And The Su:p ,e ,rPET

Serial Port

A fter w ork in g w ith c om p uters fo r only fou r y ears , th e rea l

s u rp r i s e in th is re la t ionsh ip is probably t he i nfr eq u en cy

ra th er th an th e f requency w ith w h ic h m ajo r p ro blem s ar is e.

[won ' t claim that th is . i s b ec a u se a lm os t a ll m y w ork is in

AP L , b u t it p ro ba bly do es c on tr ibu te . O n e s uc h p ro blem th at

I 've finally c leared u p invo lved th e u se o f th e s er ia l , p o r t

( R S = = . 2 3 2 C ) o n m y S up erPE .T . , Itto ok a lo t o f h elp fro m a lo t o fp eo ple , bu t my s p ec ia l th an k s g o to Peter V elo cd o f C omm o-

do re C anada . H e too k th e tim e and sh ow ed th e in teres t to

set lip the contacts that finally shed light on one more

hidden sec ret o f th e S up er P El.

D ocu menta tio n o f th e S up erP ET 's s er ia l p or t h as o nly been

released in bits and p ieces , A t th is p o in t I 'm s till not :

convinced th a t enou g h p ieces h ave com e o u t to le t th e

ave rage u se r 'p u ll th em all together , even if h e h ap p ens to

h av e a cc es s 10 a ll th e a va ila ble li ter atu re. I 'll try 10 'co r r e c t

t h i s here" a t leas t to r any APL use r s ill th e audience. Don ' t

s to p th o ug h , if yo u are no t an A PL freak lik e m e. M uch o fth is is n ot t ied to , anyone l anguage , o ther pa r t s m ay at leas tbe a t g u i di n g m i le st o ne '!

T h e f i r s t : p roblem in u s ing th e ser ia l p o r t is to g et som e

in fo rm atio n a bo ut i ts "pinouts": the locat ion and operat ion

o r each o f th e 2 5 elec tr ic al connect lons th a t m ak e u p th is

commun i c a t i on s channel, Some o Hh is h as recently become

avai lable , bu t none th a t I fo u nd w as either explicit or

complete. Here is how the s tandard information goe s :

Eike KaiserToronto O 'D t ..

RS-232C h as th e f o l l owing 25 p ins , in tw o c olum ns

.1 e ar th g r ou n d

,2 : t al ll sm i ll ed d at a (TXD)

( R X D I

( R TS )

(CI'S)

(DSR )

14 sec. transmlned d!ala

1 5 Ir an sm J l d oc k

16 s~ .o l1d " IIY rece ived da ta

1 7 r ec eiv er c lo ck

18 •..• u n as si gn ed , ..

1 9 s ec . r eq u es t 1 :0 send

2 0 da ta le 'r mi na l r ea dy (O T R )

21 s i gna l ql.lalilydetecl

22 t lng detect

23 d at a r at e s el ec t

24 tr an sm it d oc k

25 ,. .u ness lg ned, . "

RE F : B y te . May 1982, p , 21 2 et atCommod o r e Mag , F eb 82 , p .S 8, A pr /M ay 82 p .87

Diablo d oc u men ta tio n, p .2 ~1 0

Torpe t , A p r i l l 9 8 2 , p ..23

C om pu ters and Prog ram ming , Ju llA ug 1981, p .3]

T he T ransacto r , V olu me 3, Is s lJe*6. p .G

Normal ly , o nly p ins l -8 , and p in . 20 a re u sed. D iablo and

S up er PE .T u se o nly th ese p in s bu t may have conniet on pIns

2 & 3 , o r p ins 4 & 5.

T h e' p in a llo ca t io ns s ho w n abo ve r eflec t th e in du stry s tan d-

. 3 , rece ived da ta

,4 r eq u es t t o s end

5 clea r to send

6 data se t ready

7 lo gic g ro un d

8 carrier delee!

9 . . . rese rved i. . .

I 0 • • . re s erved ., .

II..unassigned ...

12 see, car r ie r deled

13 sec. dear to send

( [ )CD)



ard w hich , so far as I h ave seen, Commodorehave adhered

to , As noted, o n ly p in s 1-8 and p in 20 are used by th e

S up erP E.T . A m ong o th er th in gs , th is lim its u sers to o nly o ne

seria l device a t a tim e being attach ed to th e m ach ine. If you

dream ed of a p lo t t e r and p r in t e r , one o f th em better be on

th e IE EE p or t.

T he no te on a poss ible conf le t an p ins 2 and 3 tu rned o ut tobe a fact. I doubted th is fo r a . Iong t ime. T he connect ionins ide the S1. IperPET :is the female sid e o f the RS-232 p l ug ,

W ith ou t \o !i ts hin gto s ex is t, I r ea so ne d th at th e "t ransmi t ted"

line o n a m alep lu g rea lly ougntto be th e "received" line on '

a fem ale. p lu g. A fter a ll •. none o f t h e d o cume n ta ti o n refer"

anced above sa id "transmitted to " o r " t r ansmh ted f rom".

My g u es s s eem ed a lo gic al comp romi se , r ight???

N ot so . I t tu rns ou t tlla t ma le o r female do esn 't m atte r (a t

lea s t no t in com pu ter s ) . P in . 2 s ends data : from wha teve r

device th at p in is a ttac hed to , regardless o f it s s ex ! C o un t

o ne mOl'€ : fo r equa l i t y .

T he m oral o f allth is is th at p in s 2:and 3 M U ST be reversed in

llny co nnectio n betw een a Su perl'E f a nd a s eria l device that,

adh eres to th e indu stry s tandard fo r th e RS - 2:3 2C p o rt s.

T hat is a g enera liza tion g leaned from expe r i ence , bu t its eem s even m ore sens ible th an m y male/female theory.

The p oss ible conflic t on p ins 4 and 5 relates to a "hand-

s hake" procedure, w here th e S up erPE T co nfirm s that the

p r in ter is ready fo r Inp u t . P in s 6 and B are u sed to tes t th at

th e p rin ter is il l fa ct th ere. If y ou r p rin ter do es n't a ctu ally use

th ese p ins th en it 's t ime to play elec tr ic ia n. W ith ou t rem o v-i ng a n y l ex is ti ng c o nn ee tlo n s, s omewhe r e ln e it he r m a ch in e,

o r in th e cable jo in ing th em , you m ust m ake a connec tion

be tw ee n p in s 4 and 5, and/or pins 6,8, and 20 . These f oo l

t lleS lllp erP ET in to th in kin g th at th e p rin te r IS s ending all th e

right acknowledgemen t s o f its e xis ten ce. F O r de ta ils , W a te r*

~ oo h as a tec hr tlea llet te r w ith 1 1 b it m or e i nfo rm a ti on .

So m uch fO orh e h ardware. Now iu st p lu g it all u p and watch

APt fly back and fo r th betw een m ach ines - r ig h t? W rong !

T h e S l.lp erPE T h as its ow n sp ec ia l A S e n r ep re s ensa t i ons

w hich difter from th e standard th at m ost m anu factu rersadh ere to . T his is m ore o f a nu isance th an a p ro blem , s in ce

Waterloo h ave p ro vided som e facility, h ow ever m eag re, fo r

co nver ting th is "infernal rep resentat io n'lln to an "ex ternal

r ep res en ta tio n" th at dev ic es lik e ASCII p rin te rs c an u se.

C onven ien tly th ese are p ro vide as th e sy s tem fu nc t ion s

" b1XR " a nd "OrR", T he fo rm er converts S up erP ET jarg on

in to som eth ing th at th e res t o f th e wor l d canunders tand,

w hile th e lat ter tu rns incom ing code in to t i le S u perPE"rs

ta lk.

T h is d:ifi 'erel1 ce d oesn 't s eem to a ffec t o th er W a terlo o Ian -

g u ag es , p erh ap s becau se th ey u se th e s ta nd ar d ty p ew r it er

c har ac ter se t, u nlik e th e s pec i a l characters, used by AP t .

W a le 'r l oo may also h ave fo u nd a L ess c um bersom e w ay o f

handling the convers ion in th e other l anguages ; and are

movins s lowly in t h is d ir ec ti on in release 1 .1 o f APL . Note

th ou gh . th at in release 1 .0 th es e c onver s io ns do no t w ork o n

matr ices . Th i s is th e imp rovemen t t ha t release 1.1 w i l lbring ..F or now w e m ust convert ou r text l ine by l ine.

N ote th at I s a id ."text", W ate rl oo didn ' t p rov ide fo r sending

a ny th in g o th er t h an charac ter s ou t ' th e s e r ia l porfi,al l ea st l n

AP t. N umber s a nd fu n c ti on li st in g s d on 't q u a li fy . Bo t h mus tfirst be conver ted. to character representations 'O f them-se lves . T his ag ain is qu ite con trary to th e basic p hi l nsophy of

A PL , w h.ich w as to let u sers be u sers , and obliv iou s o rc omp u te r t ec h nlc a llt le s.

F o rtu na te ly th ese ar e .n ot di lfic ult tas ks . "T h orn ,j ~ is t i le

APL operator t ha t conve r t s number s into th ei r c ha ra cte rrepresenta t ion. " ' I DS 5pi25" g ives a p r in ta ble 5 b y 5 m atr ix o i

all th e numbers from 1 th rou g h 25 . F oncr lo rr s th e A PL

eq uivalent o f u ser defined p r og r ams , are converted by the

s ta tem ent "O C R 'F N ' " , w here F N rep res en ts th e fu nc tio n's

name , wh ic h mus t be en clo sed in sin gle q I J O I , e ., < ; . T his has a

hidden problem t h o u g h . OCR s t r ip s th e f unc ilon o f us linenumbe r s , m ak ing th e p r in ted. lisU ng very different h om

u sers , esp ecia lly new use r s , com e to exp ec t f rom t hei r

exper ience w ith lis tin g funct ions 011 th e. s cr een . T h us , yet

an oth er s tep is fo rc ed OIl u s by W a terloo - re-insert ing line

num bers in a w ay th at m irro rs w h at APL wou ld no rm ally

give us. T h e p rog r am " NUMBER " i s i n cl u ded below to m eetthis need.

H ere th en are o u r th r ee .fu nc tion s . "PRINT' is the main

r ou ti ne , a nd f .a i.[~ yh o ro u gh n ot es : o n it s.o p er ati on follow the

li st in g s. "ASK '" i s a u ti li ty f unc t i on t hat is called by PR INT , i ts

p u rp ose being to m odify th e way th at u ser Input I s h and led

atth e screen and 1 0 interrupt p rog ram execu tion u nti l th at

Input is received. T his is used to p erm it ch ang ing p ap er i ryo u a re no t u s ing com inu o u s forms. An a lt er na tiv e s ta te- -

m ent allow ing fo r a utom atic advance o f con t inuous fo rm s is

p rov ided in t he d ls cu ss lo n be low. "NUMBER" , J i n aUy , p r o "

vides fo r fu nc tion lm e nu mber ing as descr ibed above,

D o no te th at th e p roblem s w e are fix ing h ere are not APL

p ro blem s , T h ey a re lit t le ln co ns is te nc ies th at W a terlo o g ave

u s in an o t he rwi se very a cc ep t ab le AP L lm p lem en ta ti on .

I -Iopef l l i ly tu tu re releases , bey ond 1 .] , w ill con t inue to w ork

tow a rds th e A PL g oa l o f encourag ing a very casu al u serre la tio ns hip w ith th e 'c om p ute r.

Dlscusslon of Functio,n "PRINT;'



N o te: S ee e nd o f a rt ic le 'fo r p ro gra m listings,

APL p ro gr am s a lw a y s ta rt wi th l in e z er o , w h ic h de fin es th e

s yn tax o f t h e funct iol l , alo ng w ith an y local v ar ia ble s t ha t it

will c re ate , T h eir n am es . s ep ar ated by s em i- co lo ns , lis t th e

tem p orary w ork va ria bles that will no long er be needed

w h en ex ec utio n term in ates . H avin g them here te lls A PL to

t h r ow them out fo r you. Any variables created by th e

ex ec uting fu nc tio n bu t n ot lis ted in t h i s way r em a in a va ila -ble fo r p os sible la te r u se .

"P~NT" exp ects a r i g h La r g umen t o f X , wh ich is th e data w e

w an t p rin ted. "X " can be a var iable nam e, i t c an be "ffiD AT A "

(th e c ha rac ter rep resenta tio n o f n u m bers) o r it can be "O CR

'F N ' " , as discu ssed abo ve. In . fac t , A PL even lets u s s tr ing

to ge th er m o re c om p lic ated a rg u me nts to fu nc tio ns . R e rn em -

be r th e p ro ble m of l ine numbers no t ap p ea r ing in th e O CR

o f a n mctio n? T o fix th is , th e "N UM .B E R " fu nc tio n above can

be used as in this statement:

PRINT N U M B E R O CR 'FN "

.ln this case "NUMBER" is jus~another functlon wh i c h does

i ts jo b before P R IN T . T h e: r ig ht arg um ent in th e h ea der

p er mits th is ty pe o f s yn ta x.

L ine one o f an APL fu nc.t ion is o ften reserved fo r a brief

s ta tem en t o f w ha t th e fu nc tio n does o r how. T h is Is s tr ic tly a

m a tte r o f style. 1 s u gg es t y ou g et: in to the, h abit , and a fu tu re

art icle w i l l sh ow h ow you can tak e g rea t advantag e o f th is

feature. Unl ike BASrc, APL lets you have numerou s p ro -

g ra ms an d s ets of d at a a va ila ble .s im u lt an eo u sly , m i xi ng a nd

m atch ing th em as in ou r '''PR IN T NUMBER " e xam ple, T h issaves a g rea t deal of c o de , b ec au s e you can re-useutilitlesrather than re-ceding th em into every ap p lica t io n th at

n ee ds th em . Wi th su ch a m ix tu re o f f unctlon s , th at o ne line

o f do cu m en ta tio n c an p ro te ct a ga ln st c on fu sio n o ver s i m i l a r

flam es , and h elp yo u o r o th ers find their wa y a ro u nd .

L i n e ' 2 im p oses a condit ion o f o u r ow n on th e data to be

p rin ted. T his can be removed, i f yo u p refer" alo ng w ith its

erro r rep o r t o n line 13 . I ts p u rp ose is to p revent p r in t ing

any th ing excep t tw o-dim ens ional m atr ices . T he reason fo r

this is th at it is . m u ch eas ter 1 0 0 re-s t ruc tu re the data to . a

s tandard fo rm at th an to g enera lize th e p ro g ram fo r n-dl-

me ns io n al o u tp u t.

L i n e 3 sets u p th e A S C U p r in ter a s th e o u tp u t p o r t , E ven

th ou gh "ser ia l" is a p re-defined file to the Supe rPET, i t is

n ec es sa ry to " C R E J X T E ' i t fo r u se ra th er th an ju st 'T IE' i t. T o

m e th is rep res en ts a no th er a no mally in 'th e W a terlo o irn ple-

mentation. .. butagain too sm all to beef a bo ut. A s in B A S IC ,

fi les are ac ces sed by num ber . A n APL s ys tem v ar ia ble ,

D N UM S , k eep s a lis t o f all o f th e cu rrently a ct ive fi le 'T IE '

nu mbers , and th e' 'TIDNUMS'" r etu rn s th e l a rges t element

in th is set . T his i llu stra tes th e "m onadic" u se o f 'T", o r

cei l ing" combined wi th reduction, "1", to select only the

la rg es t elem en t from a set o f da ta . O u r s ta tem en t also u ses

'T " in its 'dyadic ' sen se, m axim um , w hich selec ts th e larg er

o f th is pr imi t ive 's left a nd r ig h t a rg umen ts . In th is case 'W e

h ave 0 on th e left , and th e resu lt o f 'T IDNUM S" on th e

r ig h t. T h us if any files are already T IE d t hen th ey will h ave aT IE n um ber ]a rg er ~ ha .nzero , a nd th at w ill be th e m ax im u m

o f th e tw o va lu es . H no files are T IEd, th en 0 will be th e.

larg er o f th e tw o va lu es . In ei th er case, w e add one to th e

resu lt ing va lu e, to c rea te a new and cu r rently u nu sed T IE

nu mber. T his is s to red in t h e v ar ia bl e "T IE ", w ith w hich w e

t h en "D iCREATE" ' ~ h e link to th e ser ia l por t .

A t th is p oin t w e sh ou ld tes t fo r the s u cc es s o f t hi s o p er ati on .

R eleas e 1 .0 w ou ld a llo w thls, but u nder release 1 .1 o f A Pt

there will be n o retu rn cede from the "OCREATE" opera-

t io n, a nd th erefo re n oth ing to tes t. (T h is is ba sed o n p relim i-

na ry r eleas e l.I informat ion , arid rem ain s to be provenw hen th is release becom es ava ilable) F or now w e w ill leave

th e fu nc tio n in th e fo rm m os t ltkely to o utlive th e imm in en ttransition to re lea se 1 .1 .

Line-l now defines th e nu mber o f ro ws o f d ata (in X} th a t w : il l

be p r in ted. T his is u sed la ter to tes t fo r com plet io n o f th e

p r in t ing to be done. It w asn 't neces sa ry to u se a va riable to

p rov ide th is c on tr ol, bu t th en we w ou ld h ave h ad to in ter ro -

g ate th e sy s tem fo r th e s ize o f X after each line w as printed.

In som e A PL sy s tem s th is can w as te tim e and com p u ter

p ow er , esp ecia lly w hen la rg e numbers of i tera t ion s a re

involved,

L ine 5 in i t ia lizes a cou nter to zero .. T h is wil l co u nt th e

itera t io ns th rou gh th e p rin t ing lo op , and h ence th e nu mber

o f lin es p rin te d. It is im m ediately inc rem ented o n line 6,

w hich s tar ts th e loo p to seq uentia lly p rin t each line o f data .

L ine 7 does th e actu al p rin ting , bu t it a l so . i nc ludes a Les t fo r

th e s uc ce ss o f th is o per at io n, Note th at each line o f da ta will

h ave tw o ch arac ters (ca rr iag e retu rn and linefeed, lro rn

DiTe) c ate na te d to i t 's e nd be fo re be in g tu rn ed to i ts ex ter na l

rep resen ta t io n and th en DPUT to th e fi le "T IE ". If t h i s

o pera tio n is no t su ccess fu l i t re tu rn s an er ro r m es sag e w h ic h

w e s to re in "Q". N ext w e tes t i ,1 0 is no t eq u al to t i l e ' sh ap e o f

Q (ie, thai Q is fiat emp ty ) . If th~s i s t ru e (Q is n ot em p ty ) th en

Q m us t conta in an er ro r m essag e and w e branch to th e line

" OUTERR " (L in e t 5 ) w here th e u ser is advised o f t he fa ilu re

and it's cause.

L ine 8 now tes ts w heth er w e h ave printed a n even mul t ip le

o f 6 0 Iln es . It u ses th e concep t o f r es idu als , a nd th e assurnp-



O ur p u rp ose w as 'to u n lo ck som e of th e secret s I O f th e

S up erf'E F'sser tal p or t. p ar ticu larly for A PL u sers w ho seem

to have h ad an un fa ir sh a r e o f u nd oc um en te d p ro ble ms to

fa ce . In th e p ro ce ss we h av e trie d 10 i ll us trate some concep t su nde :r ly in g t h e AP t la n,g u ag e. O th er secrets are' lefl Jor you

to face, su ch as th e' p ar i ty , du plex ; and llnefeed set t ing s o n

equiprnentthet is available .t o y ou . V a rio us s up p lier s and

re tailers w ill n o do u bt be glad to . h elp w ith fu r the r ques t ions ,

in clu ding W ater lo o. P atien ce a nd ex per lrnem etio n o n your

li .on th at m os t p ap er form s w ill accommodate 60 llnes o f

p rin t, Y o u c an change ' this va lue to uit yo ur O \'V "nn eed . If

th e residual o f "1" re la rlve to t h i s base value is n ot zero, then

th e p ro gram branch es p as t line 9.

If this res idu al is zero (lines 60 " 120 . I SO ,. . ,) Ihen line 9

invokes the sub-function "ASK". This prints to the screen

th e m essag e th a t is g iven a s it 's. r ig ht a rg um en t: h ere,"PAPER O UT ... ". This sub-fun ctio n then w aits fo r a re-

s p o n se from t he o p er at or , a llow in g whateve r 'lim e is neces-sary to permit cbanging paper. If you are u s ing continuous

fo rms w ith 66 nnes p er p ag e, rep l ace th is line w H h:

(O XR 5p DT C[3])D 'PU T T iE

Th i s w i I I s pace th e p ap er u p by 50lines, getting y ou w elll p a st

t h e p e rf or a ti o ns ln th e fo rm s. F or shorter fo rm s you can

m odify th e va lu e 60 In line 8" and even sq u eeze dow n th e

v e rt ic a l s p a c es in th is rev is io n to line 9.

Une 10 test whether "l" is less th an "L lN ES " - have all

ava ilable lin es been p rin ted? U no t , it branch es back to th e

to p o f L O O P l fo r th e neld l ine o f data, If so , it p roceeds to

nne 11 , th e equ ivalent o f it "C LOSE " statement in B A SIC .L i ne s 1 2' a nd ttl branch ou t of th e p rog ram to avo id pr i l l i ing

er ro r m essag es on 13 and 15, w h ich w ere p rov ided fo r

condi t ions that might ar i se on l in es .2 a n d 7.

T h e u ti li ty Ju nc tio n "A S K" will n ot b e e xp la in ed .here. I t is

w ell w orth p lay ing w tth th is one th o u gh , s ince w ith sm allmodif ications it provides a w ide rang e o f on tro l o ver u ser

inp u t F or exam ple, ch ang e it mexp ect alerlt argum en trep resen ting accep table resp onses , th en tes t fo r th ose re -

spouses and branch back to line 2 if ' th e u ser lnp ut doesn't

m atch th e a llow ed inp u ts . T his is th e' bas is .o f an a lm os t

u nbeetable trap to safeg uard you r p ro gram s ag l'lins t all sorts

o ~ e w U s ]

T he' fun ctio n "N UM BER " ,!'!ill also n ott be exp lamed here, A t

th is p in t w e don 't k no w w ha t au dlence th e new l1 ransaclo r

w i l l g ath er to its elf, an d ti le la st thing w e w an t Is L O t UT Il off

l i m y o f t ha t audience w ith lo ng m ono lo g ues th a; don 't m eet

t h ei r n ee ds .

p a r t wi l l be inva lu able th ou gh , s ince none o f th ese sources

will have h ad ti le ex perien ce w ith , -very g adg et you migl l l

wam to plug in to t ile RS-23 2C p ort o n yo u rra ch in e,

L et u s ' k now how yOIJ feel abo ut th ls artic le. D i.d it help wi t h

th e serial p or t? Wi t h i n t roductory AP t exam p les '? W i th

examp le o f APl style?

D id I con fu se? .. bo re? .. ell lig hten ? W a s it timely 01'

ou t -of-date , 100 s im p le o r to o a dva nc ed ? Y o u r interests are

o ur in teres ts , becau se o ur m ag azine is y ou r magazine .



'fP:R.lNX[mV'

[0] PRIN T X ;,~ IN E:S~ I;Q :T I~

[iJ" PRINTS X TO PRINTER' V IA SERIAL FDR T i NOT LIMITED' TO SCREEN 0P r i[2] + '(2zppX)/I I?PERR

[:3J 'S ER IA L'rt:R EA TE T IE+1+0 rr/[WUM S.~ [4 J LINEs+1t pX

[,5] I-.={)I

[6]l.O,OPl :Z...z:.t·1

[7] ...(o;epQ+-(IlYR X[I;] ,,[}reI 7 3] )O PU T T I!:) /,O lJT l£R R

[8.] +(,0=60II)/T8ST

[9,J Q+ASK 'PA,PER OUT:: ··RET,fJml" TO CQN:1INI/E.'

[10)TKST:, +(1 c l .DJ ES) IWOPl[11] r!iJNTIE TIE[12J -t{]

[1 3]IP .l'BRR:,IIIN PlIT M UST BE 2 DIMBNSIONAf . : RE" ', SP l iU f :T l I:R8 A! l.D R l iaS llBMIT . '[l~] ~

[15]OUTBR:R:'INTERRlIPl':: OUTPUT FAl,LED . '.Qv

"! lASK[O]v

[0] R+ASK X

[l]R ALLOW S' RE SPONSE ' ON SAM E LIBE AS PROUPi' X '

[2] [!i+X,'·'"

[3 ] Rt-( l !j .+pX)'.j .t!l

v

illMBER[O]'V

[0] , Z+NUMBER TXT ;R

[ 1 ] I t * - l + p T X T

[2] R +O -t4-'J(R,l)p-l+'lR

[3] z . . .(r[I~R~'J')jTXT'V



Tiny-Ald ForVIC-20

lnttoduction

S inee th e ear ly days o f Ute PET" various 'enh an cem ents fo r

B AS IC h ave been available-T oo lk it and Pow er 8 1 1 1 e tw o

c ommere la le xa rn p le s. B iH Seile r, t hen o f C ommo do re, p ro -

d u ce d t h e I lr st p u b li c- doma in version, c al le d BAS [C -A i d.

M an )!' up dates, co rrectio n s and lmp ro vemen ts have been

m ade over th e 'past co u ple o f years,. T h e PET I C B M program

bas ballo on ed to a 4 K p ac kag e r O T alm os t every h vo ur .o f

e qu i pmen t c o nf ig u r at io n .

A s 1 1s be en c us to m ar y ill th e C om modore com munity , M r.

Jim B Ullerlie ld d evelo ped a ersio n o f the BAS rC -A i d . He

c alle d Ih i' lTNYA ID2 ( r TINYA1D4, fo r B ask 4 .0 ) . T h is

, of fe re d t he s ix most useful commands t ro r n I he f ull- fle d ge d

program.

F ollo win g is my m odiflc a t io n o f that work des igned no

p ro vide V IC u sers w ith th e sa me ben efits , A ft e-r uslng t lli s fo r

a w hile, I th ink you will find th e a.dded co mm ands near ly

indjspensible.

Features,

V I C T i : F l Y A i d is . a m a c h i n e l anguage p rog ram w hi c h c o n -

s umes abo ut 1200 bytes, o f yo ur R A . M memo ry. A fter you

h ave lo aded th e p rog ram , typ e 'R UN ' and h It 'R ET - RN' , T he

David A. HookBarrte, Ont.

p ro gram rep ac ks i ts .elf in to high m em ory . T he a pp rop r i a t e

p oin ter s a re se t so th ai .B AS IC w ill not clobber it V IC Tiny

Aid is DOW alive.

On c e a c ti va te d, five comm ands b com e atta bed t BA I e .Th ey will ,functIon o nly in "d lr ec t" mode. t.e, on ' in c ude

th em in a p ro gram .

(1) N UM BER 1 0 0 0 . , 5

N M B E .R JO O ,I O

' RETURN'

R enumbers a BASIC p rog ram w ith a g iven s ta .r tin g 1 11 1'

number and given ~nr . m e : n t b tw .n l ine number. Themaximum incremernls 255.

A ll r ef eren ces a ft er GO TO , T lEN . GO SUa an d R - - ar

auto matically co rrected , A d isp lay o f these l i nes is p resen ted

o n th e s creen as i t w ork s, II a G O TO refers to a non-ex ls tern

Illlle n umb er , th en it is c ha ng ed tI Q 65535 . T his is an illeg al

l ine number, and mus t be orrecled beto re th e B AS IC

p ro gra rn is u sed.

( 2) D EL ET E 100-200

DEL ET E- 1500

DEL ET E 519 9-

' RETURN'



Deletes a .rang e o f lines [rom a B AS IC program. U ses th e

same syntax as th e L LSTcommand , s o a ny lin e-r an ge may

be sp ec i fied Jar r em ova l. D E 1.E T E w ith no ran ge wiU per-

fo rm like a NEW com mand, so be carefu l.

(3 ) F IN D /P RIN T J 'RETURN'

FlND IA$I , 15~610F IN D " P R 1 N T ' , 2 00 1 0. . .

W i llo ia ca rn a ny o ec ure nc es o f t he c ha ra cte rs betw een th e "I"

ma rk s , Almos t a ny c h ar ac te r m ay m ark th e s ta r r /en d o f th e

s t r ing to be found, so ' l ong a s both are th e s am e. T he fir s texample w i l l find al l th e PR IN T mstrucrions in th e program.

If y ou are loo king fo r a string o f text w hich co ntains a BASIC

keyw ord , yo u m ust 'lise the quo te charsct rs as m arkers.

This will prevent Lh search string from being "tokenized",

If 2 1 lim ited lin e-ra ng e is , des ired, u s e- th e s ame syntax as 10f

L IS T. No te th aI a com ma ("," ) m ust sep arate th e line-rang e

fro m the en d marker.

A ll lines conta in ing th e s tr ing aile p rin ted to th e screen. II a

lln e hasm ore than o ne o f them, each occu renee w ill eause a .

repe t i ten 01 thai line.

( 4) H A G E-P R1N T -P RIN l'* '4 ,-

CHANGE IA BC /X YZ/, 60 00 -

CHANGE 1 .0 5$ /0 1 S /! ~5000

' RETURN '

Us ing th e same sy ntax as H ND, yo u may change an y s t rung

to any o th er s tr ing in a B AS IC program, T his co mm end is

very p ow er fu l, and w as no t p ar t o r th e ear ly v er sio ns o fB asic-A id o r Toolki t .

A s b efo re , yoQIJ m ay in dicate a U ne-ran g,e. As th e c ha ng es

r ue r na da .th e r ev is ed lin es , ar e d is p la ye d all t h e s cr ee n.

Waldl o ut fo r the d lffereilc .e h eiw eea B A BIC k ey wo rd s an d

s tr in gs o f : text with in quo te s . Y ou m ay u se' th e quo te cha r ao -

ters to ditf- r en tia te , a s with F I D.

( 5 0) K I L L 'RETUR '

T his co m rn an d d isables V IC Tiny A id and its associatedcommands. A syntax error will be th e r es ult it any of the

above com mands are now trted,

S ince th e rou tine is afe from interference from B AS IC , you

m a y le av e il active fo r as long as you r m ach ine s tays on, It 1 5

p o ss lble th at V IC Tlny A id m ay in ter fere w ith oH leT p ro -

gram s thar m od ify 'B ASIC 's i nt er na l 'CHRGOT ' r ou ti ne. TheK IL L c o mm an d a llo w s you t o a vo id th is c on lllc t.

P'rocedu:re

T Ile V I C c on ta in s .1]0 internal machine l anguage monitor,w hk h is really th e i()n]yp ractical w ay to enter th ls p ro gram .

S o lo llo w ODe of th e th ree meth ods below to p erfo rm the

t ask .

(]) B orrow an Upgrade (2 ,0 ) 1o r B a sic 4 .0 PET/CBM. wi th . .it s

in ternal M L mon i t o r . Th i s w ill be th e e as ie st m e th o d to

w ork w ith the p rog r am included,

(2) Use your VIC -ZO , but you mu t have a machin e la ngua ge

mon i t o r :

- Jim Bu tte rf ie ld 's TJNYMON F O R VL C (O omp l.lte 1ll2.0,January ]982)" -my adap tlon o f SUPER MO N FO R v r c(T he T tan saeto r, V o lu me 3, Is s ue # 5) . ~VICMO ear-

t r i d l s , ( \ ! fr om C ommod or e.

(3 ) T he easy w ay ( ? J . S en d $3 ., a blank cas s ene o r 1 540 1

2 03 [/ 40 4 0 d is ket te in ,8 s tam p e d, s e lf -a dd re ss e d mailer

to m e at:

5 8 S teel S tr eet

BAR R IE , O ntario, C ANADA

L4M 2E9

Be s ure i ts p ac ka ged s ec ur ely . D is kettes wi ! ] be r e t u rned in

DOS 2.0 f o rma t , Only 2040 (DOS L O ) ow n en n eed tak e

extra care. (T he p ro gram s n eed to be cop ied to a DO S 1.0

fo rm atted disk . D on 't S A V Eo r o th erw ise W R IT E to th e disk

y o u . g e t ) .

If yo u ere using a V ] C , and h ave a 3t. R AM or SUPER EXPA N~

DER cartridge. plug lhis in, [tt will be somewhat easier to

f o ll ow , s i n ce pmgr.ams a re then " PE T -c om p a ti ble" w it ho u t

fu rth er ju gg lin g. H ow ever do n't u se the 8K o r 16K exp an -

s io n fo r th is jo b,

If yo u are hlfnHiar w ith th e op erat ion o f th e M l mon ito r ,

p lea se s kip a he ad to t h e s p ec ifi c, b el ow .

YOLI a re abou t to type in a b o u t 2 5 00 .0 ch a rac ter w or th o f

"hexadec ima l " numbers . In addition to th e dig i t s nomaerct. o n ine th e alphebettc c ha ra cter s fr om A -F r ep reseo t num-

b ers fr om tell to fifteen . T h es e c ha ra cters , a nd th ree in stru c-

l i ons , w ill be all tha t .a re used to en te r o u r p ro gram . Y o u

d on 't have to un derstan d ttl1e p rccess-qusi typ e in the



S ever al lin es s ho uld ap pear on th e screen, m u ch H i e fih €!" mem ory -du mp " w h ic h ac co mp an ies this ar t ic le. A fo ur-

"dig it" qu an ti ty ca lled an "address" leads o ff a line, and

ei ther e ight o r five co lumns o f Iwo~ "digif" v alu es a pp ea r

alongside.

ch arac ters exac tly . It" s no t very exc iting bu t don 't be tO Q

in t imida ted b y th e " W l J n m y " display .

E nter th e m ac hin e lan gu ag e m on ito r p ro gram :

T INYM O N/SlJPERM O N fO R VIC ,_ L OAD an d RUN the

program.

PET leE ~ - Type "SYSI024" an d h it "R ETUR N" .V ICMO N Cartr idg e - "SYS 6"4096" or "SYS 10.4096"( dep en di ng o n v er si on you h a ve) . t he n t ype "R ET UR N " .

NO T E: If you are w ork ing on th e u nexp anded V lC you will

n eed to f o U o w t he a lt er na te i ns tr u ct io n s i n p a r en th e s es .

T h e cu rs or w ill b e n a sh i ng next to a p erio d ch aracter ( ''," ) .Type the en tty s ta r t in g a t th e c urren t c urso r posltlon;

"RET R N "M 0580 05CO (.M 1180 IleO)

05xx-06xx-07x:x-08xx-09xx- Axx

L ook at th e tables of values in lhe art icle. They show e~ght

ro ws o f th ese addresses . N ote th at th e fir s t "blo -c k" h as the

a dd re ss " 0 5 0" .w hich m atch es th e fi rst address i u s t above"

T he Ilrst ro w o f the next table shows, " 0 5 e O " " , wh i ch is th e

second ( or e nd in g ) a dd re ss just above,

Y ou r rnlss l n is to typ e In t h e : m atch ing val l ies fro m thear t ic le, in p lace o f th e tw o-"dig it

ii

values you see on th

screen.

R em em ber to h it " 'R ET UR N" at th e end of each screen l ine,

o r Ih e c ha ng es won" be made.

Double -c he ck th e valu es y ou 'v e ty ped, lt 's no t easy to fin d

an eno r la ter on .

look at the next block of values. Type in the start/end

addresses 10 display:

"M 05C O 0600 "RETURN" (. M n00 1200)

Type in th e valu es , req uired and go Oil with th e res t of th eblocks .

You w i ll u s e a dd re ss es rangin.g f r om:

as sh ow n in th e t ab le s" T h e "x" characte rs s land fo t t i le

o th er tw o " dig its ," o f th e a ddr es s ln th e leftmost co lumn.

IFyou me wnrking on the un exp en ded VL C. the sequen ce o f

addresses is:

'I txx- l2 xx -1 3x x- 14 xx -1 S xx -1 6x x

Yo u w ill h ave to typ e th ese p airs o f ch aracters in p lac o f t he

lea din g tw o s ho w n lu sta bo ve,

W i th th at task co mp lete, w e are ready 10 p reserv th is w ork

on tape. So type:

.S ·VIC AID.ML· ,OI,0580,OAB6 HREiURN"

( o r.S ·VICA ID.ML " . 01 .. 11800.1686 "RETURN")

M ount a blank tap e, and fuHaw tbe in s tru ctio ns , S ave a

s ec on d c op y, fo r s afety .

E xit the M L m o nito r" w ith:

.X "R ETURN "

VER IFY th e :p ro gram normally b efo re go in g a ny lu rth er,

ow comes. the easy part Type "NEW", then the BASIC

l isting. E nter th is ex ac tly , w ith ou t i nc luding, a ny ex tr a text,

S ave th is as ·'V ~ CA ID .B A S" and VERIfY' i t,

F in ally " L OAD "VICA ID .M L" and SA VE "VI AID.R'r" onano th er blank tap e. B oth th e B ASIC parr and th e m ach ine

language ' p ar i h av e been S AV E d to g eth er .

Check-Om

W are g o ing to ch eck out th e m ac hin e langlilage u s ing a

"checksum" method, Typ e in "NEW" before p roceed ing .

Now enter the [ollowing program:

10 i= 0 : rem ( i = 3072 fo r u nex pan ded V IC )

20 t=O : f O f l= 1408 i to 274d + i:30 t= l+pee! \ iO)

40 next j

50 print t

A fter a lew seconds, i f th e value 161705 , appears. you 've

l ikely got it perfect. G O I to th e n e xt s ec tio n .

If no ll , the re 's a t least one incorrect ent ry . Change th e tw o



] print" vic tiny aid"

2 print adap ted fo r vic byt

3 p rlnt " david, a, h ook "

4 p rint" from 'tiny aid ' b y : "

5 prtnt " l im 'bu t t er f ie ld "6 print" a nd < ba si c a i d' by:"

7 print" b il l s e il e r"

8 p r in t comm ands :"

9 print" ange /?/lPrin~~4,/~

1 .0 print" .gosub., 200-~

U pr in t " d el tie 1 30 -82 5M

12 [ J ' r i n t "n um ber 1 00 ,.~ ·

i3 p r in l ~kill (v ic aIdr

14 sys (peek (43)+peek (44)""256 + 383,)

values in Lina 2'0, using the table below. Re-RIF tile

p ro gra m.an d c om pa re a ga in .s l th e valu e in th e t hi rd e olum L'I.

Repeat theprocess ~OTleach row, noting any that dlon'

ma t c h . E ach row co rresp onds to tw o "blocks" from the last

s ec t i on . Y ou w ill h o w e to re-enter th e M L monitor to r e-

-check tho se s ec t i ons lhat dirfer . Re-SAVE th e M L p a r t I ~ J

Block" V allie 1 Value 2 Checksum

.~1- 2 1408 1535 1520[

3 - [ 5 3 6 1 6 & 3 1722 i5-6 L 6 6 l J 179 ] 15925

7- 8 1192 19]9 15117

9-10' 1920 2 0 4 . 7 ~ 5 5 ' 6 5

11-12 2 0 4 8 2 1 1 5 1414113=]4 2 1 7 6 2303 15840

i5-16 2 3 0 4 2431 16276

17-18 2 4 3 2 2559 15152:

1 9 - 2 02560

2 6 8 71519421 .2688 2 7 4 1 6 0 7 3

Operation

T heflnal acid test. RelO AD the p rogram from lap .and RUN

H . T h e sc reen wil l dear and a br ief s u mm ary o f th e added

commands wil l be displayed. The cu rsor sh ou ld return

almost instantly, un der the ''R EADY .'' m essage.

I[ f tile c ur sQ ' f d oes not com e back , there is som eth ing s t illamiss . All th e valu es ap pearing in th e artid wer e p ro du ce d

h orn a w ork in g c op y o f th e p ro gr am (H en es tl) . Y O l l I st i l lhave

op t ion (3 ) from th e Procedu re sect ion available, If you do

send a tap e/disk now , mclw i e y o u r n o n -t u n ct lo n ln g ver-

s io n. I c an th en do a compare, to s ee w h ere th e erml1(s) were .

T his h as been a m ass ive' exerc ise, an d m istak es can eas ily

c reep in . Y o ur c om m en ts a re we l come .



.: 0 58 0 a s 2d 85 22 a- 2e 85 23

.: 0588 a5 37 85 24 a s 38 85 25

.: 0590 aO l O a a s 22 : s o 02 c6 23

.: 0 598 eE l 22 bl 22' dO 3c , a5 i 22.~05a lO dO 02 (;6 23c6, 22 b I 22.: iQ 5a8 fO 21 ,85 26 a s 22 dO 02

. : 05bO c6 23, 'c6 22 b 1 22 18 6.5

.: O Sb8 24 aa a s 26 65 25 4 8 a s

. : Q i5 c .O 3 7 d O 0 2 c 'o 3 8 c B 3 7 ' 6 8

.: 0 5c8 91 3 ,7 S a 48 a s 37 d O l 0 2

. : 0 5 dO co 38 c o 37 68 91 37 18

.: 0 5dS 90 b6 c9 dJ a o ed a s 37

. : O S e O a s 3 3 a5 3 8 8 5 3 4 , li e 3 7

.: 05e,g 00 aa aa aa aa aa aa aa

. : 0 5{O aa aa ilia an aa aa aa aa

. : 0 5 ( 8 aa aa aa aa aa aa im aa

.: 0600 d f' ad (e ff 00 85 37 ad

. : 0 60 8 {f if 00 85 38 a9 4c 85

.: 061G 7c ad d9 fu 0 0 85 7d ad.: 0618 da fb 00 85 7 1e 4c 8 f f c.:0 620 0 10 fO 0 3 4c 0 8 d a9 c .9

.: 0628 85 1e 1'19aa85 7d a9 bO.: 0 1130 85 7e 5 db rb 00 85 .8b

.: 0638 86 97 ba bd 01 01 c9 &

.: 1 0640 fO ] 0 dO 02 a4 ,8caS 97

. : 0648 a s Sb e s 3a bO 103 t ic 80

.: 0650 00 00 @ bd 02 01 c9 c4

. : 0 6 .5 8 e o ed a s 8b ] 0 0 2 e G t«

. : 0 6 '6 0 8 4 1 B e a2 G O 0 0 8 '6 a s (1 1

. : 06158e8 ail 7a b9 01:100 02 38

.: 0670 fd d9 ff 00 [0 13 · c 9 1 8 1 )

. : D 6 7 ' 8 .r o 1,3 e6 a5 e8 bd e a If

.: 0 68.0 0 0 1() fa bd 0 9 II 0 0 dO

. : 0 6 8 8 , e4 m b l , e a c8 d O e O 8 4

.: 0 690 7a a s a s O a aa bd :f5 ff

.: 069 8 00 4 8 bd f4 ff 00 48 20

.; 06aO e9 f b 00 .!Ie 1,3 00 00 2{)

.. 0 6a8 b2' (d 00 as Sf as 60 ,85

. : o s e o 24 86 25 20 J 3 c6 as 5f

.: M ba 0.6 1 6 0 90 O a a O e I b I 5 f

.: 0 61 :0 10 04 aa S8 b l 51 85 781

.: 061:8 86 1b a5 24 38 e5 7a aa

. : 0 6dO a s 25 e5 7b a8 bO Ie 8a

.: OMS 18 6S 2d 85 2d 98 65 2e

. : 0 6 e O 8 5 2 e a O 0 0 0 0 b l 7 a 9 1

.: 0 6eS 24 (;8 dO IS e6 7b e6 2S. : 0 6 1 01 a s 2 e c 5 2 5 b O e f 2 0 3 3

.: 0 6 18 c5 a s 22 all 23 18 69 0 2

.: 0 1 0 0 85 2d 90 (II e8 86 2e 2 :0

.: 0 70 8 59 c6 <Ie 61 e4 20 7c c5

.: 0 71 0 20 73 0 0 0 0 85 8b a2 0 0

.: 0 718 00 86 49 20 B e r e i 00 Z 1 5

. : 0 7 20 a s c9 o n 00 dO 07' a . 2 : 02

.: 0728 8'6 49 20 8e fd 100 20 73

.: 0730 00 00 m 03 20 fd ce 21)

.: 0 738 b2 fd O O a5 5f a6 6'0 85

.: 0740 la 86 7h 20 d7 ca dO O b

. : iH48 e a 98 18 657a 85 7a 90

.: 0 7 50 0 2 e6 7b 20 ca ff 0 0 fa

.: 0758 1)5 2{) de fd 0 0 bO 03 4e

.: 0 760 S f F e 0 0 84 55 e6 55 a

.: [)768 55 a s 31 a s 32 85, 8b bl

.: 0770 7<J!fO d8 dd 00 00 02 u o

.: 0178 ed ell c8 c6 8b dO n 88

.: 0 781 ) 84 (lb 84 97 a s 49 to 5b. : 0 7 8 8 2 0 E O td 0 a s 3 4 3 8 e S.: 0190 32 85 a7 f O 28 c8 to ca.: 0 79-8 bl 7 (1 dO f9 18 98 65 a_7

. :0 7 a O e 9 0 2 9 0 4 0 c 9 4b bO 3 c

.: 0 7 aS a s a1 ]0 0 2 d> 8b 18 6S

. : 0 7 bO O b 85 97 bO 05 20 2 4 . f e

.: 07bB 00 m 03 20,0 fe ~O , afi,

.: 0 7cO 97 38 e5 : 3 4 .a8 c:8 a5 34

. : 0 7c 8 r o o r 85 8e aG , 33 bd 00

.. 0 7dO 00 02 91 7a e8 e8 <:6 8e

. : D7d8 dO 15 AS a s 2'd 65 a7 85

.: 07eO 2d as 2e 65 8b85 2e a 5

.: 07eB 7aJ af 7b B5 Sf 86 60 a6

.: 0 7fO 43 a s 44 20 3d f e 00 20

.: I07 fB el £ f a9 00 00 85 c6 a4

.: 80 97 'Ie £2 Jc 0 0 a4 73 (8

.: 08nS 94 31 a9 00 00 95 32 b 9

.: 0 810 0 0 0 0 0 2 m '1 5 c5 S b F a

.: 0818 05 'f6 .32 c8 dO f2 84 t«

.: 0820 60 e s ab.iIl 04d1 ,21'1dO

.: 0 828 0 1 1 6 0 - lc 0 8 d 90 0 5 fO

.: 0 830 0 3 - 2 0 a6 [d 0 0 20 1 6 b c9

. : 0 8 .3 8 20 13 c o 2 0 1 7 9 D O ' 0 0 m

.: 0840 O b 20a£ fd 00 20 73 CO

. : 0 84 8 0 0 20 fib C '9 dO eO a s 1 4

.: 0850 05 15 dO 06 a9ff 5 l, , : e s s e 85 15 60 20 ea ff 0 0 85.: 0 860 43 20 ' ca rI 0 0 85 4438. .08'68 as ' 14 e5 43 illS 15 e5 44

.: 0 870 60 a5 7a 85 2.21 :1 5 7 b 85

.: 0878 23 a s 2d 85 2:4 a s 2e 85

.: 0 880 25 60 a5 22 c5 .24 dO 04

. : m ! 8 8 a s 2 3 c 5 . 2 5 6 0 ,a 4 Q b a 8

. : 0890 b I 22 a4 9 7 c8 91 22 2.0

. : 1 0 8 9 8 0 1 f e 00 d lO O J 6 0 e G 2 2

.: 08aO dO € Ie eo 23 dO e8 a4 [Jb

.: 08a8 bl 24 a4 97 91 2 < 1 20 0]. : 0 8bO fe O (l dO 0) 60 a s 24 dO

.: O Bba 02 c6 25 c6 24 4c 24 f,e

.: O Bc 00 aO 00 0 84 as 84 O f:

.: 0& 8 2.0 cd dd a9 20 a4 as ' 29

.: O B dO 7f 20 d2 f: l c 9 ' 22 dO 06

. : 0 8d 8 a s Q f 9 If 85 0Ic8 b m. : o S e o 5f f(} 19 10 ec c :9 H 10. : 0 8 1 il8 e8 ,2 4 O i 304 8 4 a 5 20.:O IUO 7c r e (0 c8 1;)1 ae 30 dG.: 0818 20 d2 f f dO i6 20 d7 ,ell

.: 090 0 38 60 aO 9d 8'1 ae a cO

.: 0908 84 a f 38 e9 i'f ita aO 00

.: 0 9 H .l 0 0 CD to ee e6 ae dlO 0 2

.: 09 1,8 e6 al bl ae . 1 0 f6 3 fI

. : 0 9 20 2 U 6b e s a5 14 8~ 35 a s

.: 928 15 85 36 20 leI r_ e 60

.: 09 30 e9 as 14 8S 33 as 15 85

.: 09 '38 34 20 Be cf .20 ca r r 1)0

.: 0940 20 ea U 00 dO 21 20 ac

. : 09 48 If I()O 20 ca r r 00 20 ca

. : ( l,950 f r I dO 03 4{' Sf f c 00..: 0 90 58 2 0 ca r r 0 0 a s 63 9 1 72 1

.~0 960 20 ca ff 0 0 a s 62 91 7a

.. 09G8 2() b7 ff 00 to e2 20 Gil

. : 0 9 70 r r 00 20 ca n UU 2 :0 ca

.: 0978 If 0 c9 12 dO Ob 2'0 ca

.: 0980 ff 00 r o e s c9 22 dO f7

. : 0 98 8 f I J I e aa I b e W 9 < 1 2

.: 0 9 9 {l 04 dd d4 ff 00 m 05 ca

.: 09 98 dO fB fO dd a5 7 0 1 85 3b

. : 0 9 aO a s 7b 85 3c 20 73 M 0 0

.: 0 9a 8 eo c J3 2 0 6b c : 9 ' 20 51 r r

.: 09bO 00 a.S 3t 85 < 7 1> a s 3b 85

.. 09 b8 7a a() 0 0 00 a2 : 0 0 00 bd

.: 0 g eO 0 0 0 0 0 1 . (9 30 90 } 1 ·8

. : o sc a 20 73 CO 00 s o 0 '3 20 82

. : 0 9c lO f f n o 68 aD 00 00 911 1a

.: 9 dS e8 d e8 20 73 00 0 I bO

.: 0 g eO 0 8 20 9, if 0 () 20 7 ! ) 0 0

.: 0geS 00 90 r 8 c'9 zc 10 b8 s n

.: 0910 96 20 ac ff 1 0 0 21 ) ca fI

.: 0 9m 00 20 ea r f .00 dO 08 a9

. : O a O O f f 3 5 6 3 8 . '5 6 2 3 '0 D f ! ~ O

.: O a08 ca f1 00 r5 I <I d U 01 20

.: O a,lO ca tf 100 cS 1 . d O b 20

.: O alS dl dd <19 20 4 c d2 r r 20

.: 1 082 0 c a ff 0 0 20 b7 ff 0 0 r { )

.: O a 28 c l2 20 a2 ff 0 0 e6 97 z

. : O a30 24 fe 00 e6 2d dO 02 e6

.: 0 a38 2e 60 20 a1 n 0 0 ' e s 97

.: 0840 20 o e Ie 00 a5 2d dO 02

.: O a48 ,,6 2e <:6 2d 60 20 fO fd

. : O a 5 0 0 :a O 0 0 1 G O 8 4 O t ; 3 4 ! = ) 7

.: Oa58 60 ,a5 35 85 63 <15 :36 B 5

.: O a ti 62 4ce co as 63 18 65

. : O ~ 6 8 3 - 3 8 5 6 3 < 1 5 6 2 6 5 3 4 S S

.: O a7 0 6,2 20 C O l r r d {) Ib 6C1

.: O a78 aO 00 flO 1:!67i1t dO 02 e6

.: (laSO 7b bl 7a 50 89 Sa Btl a7

.: l }aS8 3 48 4 I 4e 47 <:5 1 -1 45

.:: G a9 !) 4t 45 54 c 5 45 t1 9 4 ,e ( ;,4

.: O a98 4b 49 4c , c : c . 4e 55 4d : 2

.: O aaO -15 d2 00 {I, aS k 0 0 41

. : O a 1 l8 1 c o n a 5 f c D O « . :6 f h ! J U

.: O abO 98 If! 0 0 ac Ib 0 0 aa a

.: O abS <lia aa aa ail, aa aa i ' . I i f I aa



ASCIIModem Driver For VIC,RS-232

,~

O ne very p racH cal use o f the Commodo r e VIC -20 is il l

c om rn un ic atlo ns , G i ven th e sticker p r ice o f rh e V IC and a

VICModem (or astandard RS-232 modem wnh Ute VIC

R S -23 2 adap ter ) , y ou an d your bu dg et w ill fin d th is r ap idly

g ro w in g p as tim e a n e co n omic al introduction to c omp lIlUng .

The V IC has a bu ilt-in R S232 i nt er fa ce . Bu t do n't g o l ook ingfm a s tandard R s;...232 (on nee-lor (th at trap ezo id sh ap ed

connec to r m uch Iik T he Transac to r m a sth ea d b or de r) be -

cau se yo u won ' t Nnd o ne. C omm odo re dec ided they ' cou ld

getsom e m o re m ilea ge o u t o i tae Use r P o rt (l i le card-edgeconnector 0 11 th e far r ig h t l oo k in g from th e back ) an d m ak e

it dou ble as R S-232 s ince i t 's; u nlik ely bo th w in be in us e

s imul taneous ly . T here 's ju st o ne ca tch . T h e U ser Po r t is

driven by a T IL device (k now n as th e 6522 V ersa ti le

Interface, Adapter) , so ou t p u t leve ls ran ge from 10to 5 ; vo lts,

R S-2'3,2 modems requ ire a - (2 to 12 volt range, so tile V IC

R S-232 ad ap ter I(VIC lO llA ) is requ i red , T he V[C M o dem

a ls o co nnec ts la th e U ser Po rt, bu t H has th e a da pter bu ilt in ,

The V IC a ls o ,b as b uilt-in ROM rou tin e s f o r tra n srn ittln g and

rec eiv in g c harac ters o ver th e R S -23 2. T h es e ro utin es do th e

ac tu al h andsh ak ing o f da ta and are invis ible to th e u ser .

However. they don 't d o everything Some BASIC is s til l

necessary 10 g el th em sta r ted, ln t ta ct, a n d th en bu t th em

o n when 1'10 l onge r needed.

W hen a file is O PEN ed to devic e 2, th e R S -232 por t , 2

reserv oirs o r " buffers" are autom atic ally allo cated ; o n e fo r

s t o r in~ , charac ter s from th e k eybo ard allld th e o th er fo r

ch aracters co ming in from t:tu em odem . B oth buffers a re 2.5 6

bytes , lo ng and are p laced "back -to -h ack " in th e to pm ost

5 012:b yte s o f RAM . The O PEN co mmand also seals l o f r th l s

a rea o f m em ory so th at no th lng else i ( l ikes t r ings ) will tr y ro

u se it . If yp u p lan to u se R S-232, th e O PB N sh o u ld occu rvery ear ly in you r p ro gram . O t herw is e, an y s tr in gs t hat a re

built at the top of memory wil l get clobbered wnen 'the

O PE N com mand allo cates th ese bu ffer s . Also m ak e su re

y ou r p ro gram . h as a free sp ace o f at lea st . 51 2 by tes; (p relera-

bly more ro t variablesan d arrays) o r you.'11 sud d en ly fin d

t h a t th e end o f y ou r tex t h as been g obbled!

Two other rather no tew or th y even ts occu r upon opening

th e RS-232'. F i rs t" t h e s er ia l por t is disa - led . T h at 's r ig h t, n o

m ore disk o r p rin ter , If th at was n't e no ugh, th e cassette po r t

is a ls o ben ch ed . lit seems that th e V IC devotes qu ite a biL o f

it s n!lterfac'e Iuternals to s uppo r t i ng RS-232. Disk andprinter loggillg I s s ti ll poss ib le , however it would require

c los ing down th e R S -23 2 w hile t hey a re s er vi ce d. T h es efeatures would slow down a BASIC p rogram to the po in tw h ere c hara cters m ig ht be lo st, A m ac hin e 'lan gu ag e dr iver

w ou ld be n e:o ess .a ry f or a m ore aophis ticared ter min al p ro -

g r am .

T he tra nsmit/re ce iv e ro utin es b eg in w o rk in g when charac-

ters start ap p earin g in either o n e o f these buffers, U sually



only o ne bu ffer sees activ ity a t any ODe t ime. Rarely do both

ends o l e ! communica t ions lin k want to tafk atthe same time.

S o; ,a fte r y ou send ch aracters, you 'll be W aitlllg 101' a re-

sponse . Don't WOlf}' abou t che ra ctersk om bo th lends mfx -

in g to ge th er o n any S l i ng : ! e l ine. It p ro ba bly w o n't h ap p en .

E ach bu ffer h as 2 o ne-by te pointers th at a re s tored £wm

$029B !o $029E. A one-byte po in t e r is m o re a cc ur atelyre fe rre d to as a n "index", but w e'll use the term "pointer" fo rbetter readabil i ty an d c la r it y .

.~

The Input or Receiver BuBer

T his one co llec ts ch arac ters com ing from th e m odem . T he

l il rs lp o in te r ( $0 2 9B ) t el ls t h e ,til' ro ut ines w here ~n s to re th e

n ex t i n com i ng character and th e o th er ($0 29C ) tells B A SIC

whe r e it can G E T"" its nex t ch arac ter fro m. In it ia lly , th e 2

p oin ter s s tar t o u t a t the same p lac e. A t th is po i n t a IG ET #

would return a null str ing i nt o t he v ar ia ble , When acharac-

t r a rr ives a t th e p or t" If,s s to red in th e rece iver buffer andthe po in ter at 5029B is ' incremented. Now there 's a gapbetw een th e tw o p eln ters , T he nex t G E Tf.!wou ld pu l l th i s

ch arac ter ou t o f th e bu ffe r and $0 2 '9C is inc rem en ted,

m ak in g, bo th p o in te rs e qlla J aga in . E ss en tia lly , o ne po in t e r

i s ci 1 as i ll g t h e anotherin an attemptto k eep th e g ap as smallas p o ssible, m uch lik e a race betw een two vehicles on a 25 6u n it t ra ck .

T hu s, th e id eal o rd er o f even ts Is .. ' 1 ch arac ter cernes in ,

BAS IC g , et s it out, ano th er com es in, an d 5 0 0 on. B u t su ch I

n ot a lw ay s th e c ase. A t v ery h i gh t ra n sf er s p ee ds (w .i lk h . lt h e

V IC is p r epa r ed 10 handle ) . BA S iC c an p ote ntia lly tall be-h ind . A charactercomes in. and ano the r . and another, and -

BAS IC may only p u ll one ou t fo r every 2 or 3 th at come in.

T hls situatio n is O K un tii th ere is 2 55 ch an :iC ilers w aitmg fo r

BASIC 0 re t r ieve , W hen tile next one arr ives , $029B Is

in crem en ted, an d th e.2 p oin ters bec om e eq ual ($0 9.28 h a

" la p p ed " .$ 0 29C}. T b o.s e:2 56 ch arac te rs a re now lost be -

cause it ap pea rs to th e V IC t ha t there a re no ch arac ter s in th e

buffer,

A t 30 0 bau d, ap p rox lm ately 30 cbars p er second, (a very

p op ula r sp eed in th e m lc ro en vir onmen t) th is p ro blem is not

lik ely to a rise u n less th ere is too m uch B AS IC betw eensubsequen t GET " "'s . .1 f a co ntin uo us stream o f data is s lam-ming in to th e p or t, to o m any IF s la te m en ts m ig h t slow down

BAS iC enough t ha t e nt ir e buffers g e , tmop p ed , Sho rt in c om -

in g bu rs ts sh o u ld be no problem th ou g h .. As long as th e

s tr ing s are less th an 256, th ey 'll w ait in t he 'b uf fe r c om t or t-

ably unt i l BASIC g ets th em ou t .

The Output or 'Transmitter Buffer

Characters are sen t from t h i s bu ller w hich o pera tes m uch

th e s am e w ay as th e receiver bu ffer . O n ce ag aln , 2 p oin ters

'c o nt ro l t h e now of da ta ! n and ou t o f th e bu ller , T he fir s t , a t

$ 02 9D " tells t h e t r an s r ni l/ r ece iv e rou t i ne s w here to g ri:l.b

ano th er ch arac te r fo r s ending . T he o th er p oin ter , a l $ 29E.

indica tes w here th e PR IN T '" ' c om mand w i l l p la ce s ub se-q uen t c harac ters , A s t hey ar r ive ill th e b u ff et , t hi s p o in ter is

incremented. and as they gel sent, $02.9D is incremented,

SQ , lik e th e in p u t bu ffer . th e tlr r ou tin es a n.~ c on st an tly

Ilryillg, to elim inate any g ap betw een L Ju :tw o, pointers.

U nlike the Input buller, the t/r ro utin es w on ', ,all0\\' the

ou tp u t buf fe r to o ve rflo w ..H PR INT ; illil. es to p lace more Iha n

25 4 characters in th e bu ller , B A SIC will w ait u n lil som e o:f

them are' sent before Iettingany more pile up. Since most

o it:eo th e k eyboard will be th e m ain sou rce o f ou tp u t

characters, it's unl ikely t ha t the output buffer will see t h i s

condition. A send-from-disk feature cou ld possible till upth e tran sm it ter bu ffer , bu t, as m entio ned ea rlier . th e' serial

po r t Is disabled by tile ,R5-23,2 , 50 d is k: is ln a cces sa ble

anyways. A machine c od e d riv er would meed to do e [he

R S -2 32 , br in g in s ome d is km 3 te ria l, re -o p en cornrnunice-

N O I l l S and continue from th ere. O ne wou ld also . h a v ' E io

incorporate certain p recau t i ons to take care of the buller

space t h a t · g e t : s de-allocated and then re-ellocated during

t h is -p r oc ed ur e. A g a rb a.g e col lec t du du g disk /p rin ter ac cess

mig h t put s ome vi ta l s t r ings u p th er e th at wou ld eventually

be destroyed. As you can see, an all-encompassing VIC

modem driver would require some careful thought,

AllasST

T h e s ta tu s var iable S T t akes 011 a w h o le new m ean ing

du ring R S-232 u se , B its wi t h i n ST are u sed to flag var io u s

t r ans miss io n erro rs bu t if every th ing seem s to be g o ing O K .

an ST t es t i s o ft en un ec es sa ry , [f y ou 'd lik e t o i ns er t one , a

s lm pl 'e tes t fo r 5 r<>0 will ln dic ate an nor , o the rw i s esmoo th s ai li ng . S f Is c le ar ed 1 .0 ze ro i J :nmed i a te l y after beingread, s o if you w an t to k now w ha t it was , you'l l need tl O t r ap

it in to s om e o th er v ar ia ble.

ClosinglJlp

A s imple C L O S E bring s you r V IC back to n or mal. T h e sp a e

ea ten lip by t ho se b uf fe rs i s r et ur ne d (try ?FR E(O )} .r i le se r ia l

po r t comes bac k, an d th e cass ette w ork s once m ore, B ut

before you c ia . C ommodor e suggests thts line just to make

s ur e ev er yth in g's been s en t;

140 if peek(37 t 51) and 64 th en 140



More V IC RS~2S2 lafo ASCU l 'cnmJmaI Software

T he VIC Programmers Re:fer,ence G uide has a, sec t ion on

RS - 232 . De ta il s 0 11 cent rol registet and com mand reg is ter

s e t up I S c over ed alo ng w ith s om e more RS~ , 232 J a c r s .

B elow is a p r,og ram tha i w iD g .e t y ou s ta rt ed . S im p l er ones

are aro un d, bu t lh ls o ne t alk s t ru e ASC II ..F o r a m o re de ta ile d

descript ion o r .the p rog ram, take a lo ok a t t he a rt ic le titledT r aa sla tlo n A r ra ys in 't h is i ss u e ,

C OMPUT E's A ugL ist "82 I ssu e 2? h as am ide w orth look ing

II p b y jim B utterfield and JIm law. F o O l th ose of y OU ! ge t t ing

bo red w ith d en ai ls ; here's w ha t w e've been I ,ead i. ng u p to .

10 0 g o su b 20 0I] 0 get#l, a$ ; i r a$ th en p rin t ch r$(f(a sc(a$)} );

120 g et a s : if a $ t h en p r in t# l c l1 r$ (t (a sc {a $) )) ;1 30 i fa S< > "! " goto no : rem o r su bst. an y ChM to end p ro g

140 if p ee k {3 71 5 t) and 64 th en [40

150 dose t160 p r in t ch r$(9) : rem enables Shm/CBM

170 end

20 0 open 1 ,2 ,3 , c h r$ (6) + chr$O 60 ) : r em sets 30 0 bau d

210 p r in t ch r$(14) : rem sets u p p er /low er case220 p rint ch r$(8): rem locks , ou t case ch ange by Shi f t lCBM230 d ,im r( 255) , f( 2S5)

240 'lo r i",,3 ,2 to 64: tG)=j : nex t

250 forj;;;;;;65 to 9 0: 'tUi) '" " j+32 .: nezt

2 , 6 0 fo r i" , , 9 J to 9 5 : l(j)i=j : next

27 0 fo r j= 19 2 to 218: t(j)i='j-128: next

280 t(13)=13: 1(20)=8290 rem a dd ex tr a fu nc tio ns h er e

30Q for j l""Oto255 :if ~mthen f(tOH= j : f{tOl+ 128)= j : next

3W reairn



h ou s ing , bu t in a co lou r th a t lo ok s l ike a c ro ss betw een

beig e and g rey . Unlik e the V IC , it has a 40 column by 2~ line

s c reen ou tp u t and th e m odu la to r is conta ined ins ide th e

h ou sln g w h er e: it belongs ..The keyboard reels a . l lt tl e n lc r

to o, bu tth at 's o nly a pe r sona l oplnion, pos s ib fy injluertced

by the order in which they carne eut.

Tlbe Commodore 64: A Preliminary Review

.r

ln a wor ld w here new m ic ro com p ut er s s eem to be appear-

in g fas te r than federa l bu dg ets , i t 's h ard to dec ide w hen tobuy. T h a i fear o f o bso lescen ce is " ,·ery real w hen YO UR

m oney is 011 th e line '. B u t all compu t e r s will eventua l ly

b e come obsolete , s o w a itin g br a beue r o ne is perpetual.

There fore , yo u mUSI determine wh i c h compute r w W di n

every th ing you des r re a t a p r ice th at su its yo u r bu dg et.That's a pretty ta ll o rde r. because you might fin d o ne t h a tdo es every th in g, bi ll a s ec on d m o rtg ag e o n y ou r house was

I10t in y ou r p lan s. A ltem ate ly . th at inexp en sive m ach in e

you've had your ey on mighlt only give you room for a

stmplemortgage program an d yo u fin d yo urse lf faced with

exp anding no t on ly th e co mp ute r bu t yo ur lnvestmem t oo .

P inding a cernpromlse can be lau gh .

II you've d ec id ed th an y ou 're definitely in th e m ark et fOlr a

m icro , ch eck ou r th e Commodo r e 64 ; Commodore ' s newes tentry and, without a doubt, their best so far. AIUlOUgh It

look s lik e a V IC from th e ou ts ide, ins ide it 's1 :1

w hole newstory.

T he 64 alread y has 64K o f RAM (hen ce the name), sa

"m emory exp ansion" can be s retch ed oft your shopp ing

list. Of course, not all 64K is available srrnultaneously.

Memory is . sp llt in to ectlo ns wh ich .must be swi tched in o r

ou t as req uired. M o re o n 64 bank -sw itch ing in a la ter issu e.

L ik e th e V IC , it comes in that "wedge" shaped plas t ic

Standard Design Features

• C artrid ge slo t to r gam es, ic., co mp atible w ith the n ew

MAX ma ch in e.

-8 bit u se r p o r t

" S er ial.bu s 'F ordisk, printer , etc., (lik e on th e V IC )

• C as set te tap e p or t

• C om p osite v:ideo o utp u t a nd m o du la to r output po r t s

• A ud io o utp ut jack

• 3aIK avallabie fo r BASI text

• 2 bu ilt-in A nalo g to O ig .ilal co nver ters

• 16 colou rs

And tbe're's more....

Several new ch ip s h ave been u sed in th e 64's des ig n . A new

m icrop ro cesso r, th e M O S 651 0, m ak es it s debut. The 6510 is

still an 8 bit m achin e, but !n tern al ban k sw ilchin g cap ablli-

ties allow for th e bonu s R AM . O U 1 e . f featu res in clu de: p ro -



g ram rna ble s ta ck p o in te r, v eriable len gth stack , an g bit

bi-direc~iol1al 1/0 portand it's software compatible with

6502 programs.

T he 6566 V ideo D isp lay C hip

T his o n e's a beauty! E verythln g yo u ever wan ted to d o in

m ovable g ra ph ics ... and 'th en som e, T h e 6566 h as th e·cap sblllty o f m ovin g defin .able sh ap es , o r m ote c omm only

kn ow n as "sp rites" " Up un til now, s prites h ave o n ly been

ava iT able o n m ach ines lik e arcade g am es .P acm en s. g alax i~

a n s , : f r o g ; s ,e t c . a re a l l d on e usl,n g sp r i tes .

T he 64 allo ws 8 sp rites to be disp lay ed s]ml1ltaneously (wi th

m ore: by u s ing "ras ter com pare" w hleh w ell exp lain . in a

later i ss u e) . Y o u s imp ly defin e a s ha pe s om ew h ere I I I mem -

o ry , se lect a sprite number , po i n t th at sp rlte at th e sh ap e,

an d tu rn i t o n. L ik e m ag ic i l1at shape w ill a pp ea r in sta ntly

0 11 th e screen . T hen by merely giving X a nd Y e oo rdin ates ,

the s h a p e moves aro un d th e screen by itself! N D moreera;sing the s h a p e at i~ sprevious Iqcatkm, 1 1 1 0 mo re u pd aU n:g

sc reen R AM and co lou r tables ... everything's done in

hardware !

O t h er s p r it e f ee lu r e sl ndude- h c rl zon ta l and/or v er tl ca l s i ze

ex pa ns io n; h i- res o r m u lt i c olo ur s pri tes ; c olH sio n detec tio n

betw een sp r i tes . o r sp-rites an d back gro un d; 'sprlte/ba ck g ro u nd d is pla y p rio ri t y (s pr it es ca n appeal in ,fro n t o f

backg round . 0]' d is ap p ea r be hi nd b ac kg ro u nd ).

Other 6566 feattur~sinclude: .srnooth scrolling horizontally

and vertically; ~6 colours with 3 grey shades; bi t map modef or h i -r es o lu t io n d i sp , la y ; I /O p o r ts fo r 2 ioystkks 'Or 4

p addles o r Ilg ht p en Inp ut.

T he 6581 Sound In terface D evice (S ID )

T he S ID is vir tu ally a syn th es izer al l a C h ip . It h a s 3

independently controllable voices, each with a 9 octave

rang,€!and 4 wave io rm s in clu di ng square, t r i ang le , sawtoo th

an d n oise . E ac h voice a ls o h as a p ro g rammab le en ve !o p egenerator a nd v olu m e cont ro l w r t J } a m as ter vo lu me co ntro l

f or a ll ~ 1 1 re ev oi ce s, rile S ID h as som e o~he;f v er y s ep h ls tl -

cared f ea tu res such as oscil la tor synchrentzatlon, r ing mod-u la ti on , f ilt er r es on an ce c on tr ol. a nd it even h as al l externali npu t [o r p ro ces sing s ig nals [ro m o th er sou rce s su ch as ane le c tr ic g u i ta r .

Inail . the 6581 call p rodu ce sou nd w ith better qlJality than

som e o f th e lnstrurnents it can s imu la te . W i th a l iU le p r o-

g ra mm in g , v oic e s yn th es is shculen 't be to o much ~rouble

either.

T he 64 com es w ith 2 of th ese, T he: 65213"5rep lace tile 6520

an d 6 5.22 o f e arlier mach ines . Each chip has an 8 bit shlfLr :eg is[et fo r s er ia l 1 10 , 24 clo ck w ith p ro gram m able a la rm , 8

or 16 b i t t h andsh ak ing on read or w rite,. 2 indep endent H 5bitinterval timers and ~e capabi l l ty for sourcing or sinking 2

s tandard T T L lo ads . I've been lold ~ha. t the e xt er na l i np u t ton ile S ID c all on ] y p rocess "S ig nals th rou gh th e fih er section

which ellminates several possibilities. However, the 10526

h as tw o analo g 1 .0 d ig i ta l convert e r s. B y o o nn ec ti ng e xt er na l

s ou r ce s h er e" a u di o s ig n a.ls can be s en t th ro u gh illl s ec tto ns01 the S ID w hjc:h w ill p ro v.id e' fo r some ralherinteresting

experimeI!Jlat ion. The AID's will also elim inate a lot of the

analog :int:edacing probleresthat hf1ve plagued us. in. th e

pas t .

Aooessories

Commodore intends to u se m any o f the s am e a cc es so rie s fo rthe 64 as are availabl'e now for the V1C. V I C joysticks,

paddles , disk dr ive , I J ri n ! te r " modem, RS -232 car t r ldge and

C2N cassette are a ll comp atib le w ith the 64 , Abo l. lll. the on ly

d irferen (e is th e s lQ 't fo r thin gs lik e g am es a nd utlllty eer-

t r idg es .It 's been c ha ng ed to a v er tic al p in type c on nec to r a s,

op p osed to th e card! edge ' typ~ connector on th e V IC -20 ,

T hls is no t on ly less space censurn ln g, but p romises to be a

li t tle m ore- ru gg ed as th e co ntac ts a pp ea r 'to be les s suscepti-

ble t o fr ic ti on w e ar ,

Future accessories, accordung to Commodore, include a

Z --S O p lu g-in card. so ft-Iced m odu les fo r B A SIC :4.0 , Pascal ,F o rt h, a nd P ilo t, e xt en de d BASlC c a rt ri dg e s f or g r ap h ic s 31'J:d

s ound suppo r t , and m on ito r t ype c ar t r idg es fo r m ac hin e

languag,e exerc t ses ,

SomeComm.ent:s

T h is tim e C omm odo re's done II r i .gh t ! . They p laced the

s c re en :RAM immed ia te ly fol lowing zero p ag e, th e s ta ck , an dRAM allo cated fo r the-cassette buffer. Th i s leaves a 38K

s tretch o f u nin terru pted m em ory w hlca has been set u p fo r

BASIC 'text. Unlike th e V IC , th e screen won't be m oving

around on you , bu t lik e th e V IC , t h e L O AD com mand willad ju st fo r th e new s ta rt o f te xt a ddre ss ,$ 0800 .

T h e c h ar ac te r g enerato r ia set u p lik e in P ET /CBM s, It lakes

no address sp ace aw ay from th e p rocesso r u nles s you w ant

t e mo di fy ' i t . U sing a very .simplepmgrarn, it can be transfer-

red to R AM (w h ere it will requ i re a ddres s sp ac e) an d iii,

c hara cte r p oin ter in vo kes th e n ew lc ca rlc n,

The 64 has 16 colours, 8 more than the VIC. Commodore



h ad so me tro uble ' w ith co lou r qua l i t y 01\ T V and moni to r

o utp u t, bu tth is h as been c leared u p il l t i le r e le a se vers ions,

L t h as th ree dist inct g rey shades th at co meu p beau tifu lly

even th rou gh m odu lated output to a TV . T h e y also h ave <lin

e lem en t o f br illia nc e a bo ut th em thai m ake th em a p p e a r

m ore like co lou rs as op posed to ju st sh ades .

T h e C on tr ol key is always, a nice fea tu re on any m ach ine.T h e V IC C ontr ol ke y apparen t ly had som e p roblem s w hen

used in a communications envi ronment , but this is a ll0# _

c leared u p fo r th e 64. R UN /STO P-R EST OR E w ill s t ill g : e t

you ou t o f lu sta bo u t a n y crash , and c .hangtngfrom Uppe r !

L owe r ca se ' to G rap h ic s mode [5 a snap 'W ith th e sh ined

C om modo re 'k ey at th e low er lelt co rner of th e keyboard. 8

func t ion keys are included (4 p lu s 4 sh ifted) and I've been

in fm medl [h at a new m eth od o f k eybo ard s cann ing wi l l

allow th e C ontro l and Commodore k eys to a lso be used ass h ift k ey s. C om b in at io n s ot C T R l., S hir t , and th e C om rn o-

dare k ey m ig h t resu lt in as m any as 32 etfedive function

keys!

C om modore op ted to s tay w ith th e ser ial bu s fo r Iotertaclng

p e ri p he ra ls . U n li ke ' I E EE paral lel , b it s a r e d el iv er ed iII se r ia l

w h ic h r edu c es c omm u n ic ati on s speed e on si de ra bl y, T h i s

r'eductiolll i sn 't r ea lly noticeable w ith th e p rin te r , be t d is k

ac cess is so mew ha t h am p ered. F or tu na tely th ere w ill be an

lEEE ln ter ta ce c ard avai lable fo r th ose th at already OW1ll

IEEE p e ri p he ra ls ( se e th e N ew Produ cts section Jor info rm a-

t io n o n RIC"s V-Link) .

fo r som e reason th ey decided to ,ins ta ll BASrC .2.. in tbe 64

w h ich do esn 't h ave all th o se n ice disk comm ands lik eCa t al og , 'R en ame, Copy , e t c_Tha t ' s not ' roo hard t o l iv e with,

[ bu t th e p ro ble m w llh SABle 2 , a s y ou 'll r ec all , i s th e. n as tyr ea lm o f " g ,a rb ag e c olle ct io n" . R e ca p pin g. g ar ba g e c olle ct io n

o ccurs w hen there isn 't en o ugh un used m em ory to acco m-

m odate a new str ing g enera ted by BA SIC . A t th ls p olntth eo pera ting sy stem dec ides It m us t perform a ga : r: bage ' co ll ec -

tio n .. T h e s ys tem re-packs all go od strings all th e to p o f

memo ry , e ff ec ti ve ly throwing, aw ay any old ones th a t a re 11 0

l onge r needed . D u rin g th is p ro ces s, th e m ac hin e will a p p e a r

to "hang-up". The delay will vary depending on several

co nditions . p resent a t th e t im e, bu t on 32K BASIC 2 PE .T !

CBM's , t he re ' were r epo r t s o f g arb age co l l e c t i ons takinganyw h ere from 20 seconds to 2.0 m inu tes . As ment ioned

ea rlier , C omm odo re in ten ds to m ak e B A S IC 4 ].0 a va ila ble o n

a plug-in car tr idg e, bu t th is wil l p r oba bly c on ta in the-disk

' commands only . F ortu nate:!y th ere are a nu mber o f way s to

avoid! thisproblem whi ch we'll cover in a fu tu re ar tic le, bu t

BASIC 4 .1 J wo uld h ave been much better s uited fo r th e 64.

In Summary

T h e Com modo re 64 is super io r in ev,ety asp ec t over th e V IC .T h e V IC s ti l l h as ils a pp lic at io ns t ho u g h so don't d ee m lto u l

lo r t i le c ou nt y et, B u t e ve n a t double th e p ric e O o f th e V I C -2 0,

th e 64 seem s to be th e l og i ca l .cho i ce . .P rog ra r r r rn e r s will lind

th e 64 a p lea su re to , w ork w ith . Games? A c inch o n th is

machine ... and you can bet they'll be a bs o lu t el y d az zl in gw Ith th e added g rap hiC S and sou nd fean ires .

S up po rt fo r th e 64 w ill p ro bably reach u np receden ted lev -

e ls . B e si de s b ei ng capab le o f nearly ev er y P ET fea tu re seen

to date, the added features of this machine will have

p rog ra rnme r /wr l t e r s lust c rank ln ' o u t m ate r ia l, Y ou can

cou nt on at least one 64, rela ted ar lide in every m ag azine

with CB M c on ten t. T h e 'T ransacto r w ill be no excep t i on , bu t

with a difference. We'l) le t Y0I.I. ]mow whenaVI:C/PET/CBM

app l i ca r i on will wo r k 01 1 it 64 . S ee th e a r t ic le th is is su e o n

V IC M odem D river , and 54 m emory m ap s ap p ear at tile

back,



Commodore-64, Arehlteeture :Map

,~

C H A _ H lI , c r E R S E T

(bit 2 o f $000'1)

() ~ CHAR ROM

1 = tlO ! :tOM /RAM

VIC II C hip seesrhts 15K block

I ln p( )wer-IJ .j>

$ j E O O O

$ O C O O

$0800

: m o o o

$(;000

$ A I O O O

'$8000{32768)

M O D O

( 1 6 3 & 1 ) 1

$ 2 0 0 0

{8192]

i S O S O O

$ Q O [ J O

r-----·(6553S) ~~~~ r--------------,

KERNALROM

8 K I - I 1 R A M

r t l l ! 1 0 1 $ 1 0 0 0 I}

0 , = RA M

I .. KERNAL ROM

~---{;;I31I)----I !------------I

C i IA 1 ; . C I A 2 1 'S . B L l S , P . U , p . l1------ (55~O----I

C olo ur R alj1 Nibbles1-----(S'i~5)----I

V](:II,Sm~-~-a;.1~~Bj-· ----I

~ K R A M

1----- (.-19152)----1

B A S I C

INTERrR~n:R

RO M

1----(40960)---~

8ASIC

U ser RAM

( 3 8 fJ 1 2 . !B y le s )!

i lK R AMmaps 10 $1)000 when

bits Q & l oHOOO I = I)

........----------___j

B K L O R A M

OJ i l 0 01$00 (1 )

0"" RAM

I = B .AS IC ROM

E X R O M

SK .ROM C i lt hid s e

11 ' 1 < 1 ] ) 5 , h~rr:

...- .. '.--------~~~

H I - R E S S e < O O I l

mapSIHl:fe

. .. . . . . . 1 - - _ - - ...J

!----- j : 2 0 4 : 8 ) ---------I

S creen O K ) : : : : : : : _ , ' 11------{1(24)------I L...-~~~~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ l

Wo rk sp ac e (1 K)

P r o n e S S O F Reg . ( SO I l)

H I·RES Co lo u r 1able



Commodore 64 Mem,ory Map Compi l ed byJ im Butte rfie ld

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0003 -0004

0005 ~0006

0007

0 0 0 8

0 0 0 9

D O D A

0008

o o a e0000

O O O E

Q U O F '

I){) IQ

O O H

0 0 12

0013

{)Q U , - ~ 0 0 1 5

O O U 6

0017 ~OO J8

0 01 '9 -0 021

1 00 22 -0 025

1 00 25 -0 02A

002B -002C

002D ~002E

002F -00301

0031 ~0032

003'3 -0034

0035 -0036,

0037 -0038

0039 -OOSA

003B -oose003D-003E

0 03 ,P -0 041 )

0 10 4] -0 042

0043, -0044

004,5 -O( )46

0047 -0048

0049 -{J04A

004B ~004C

004D

004E -005,30054 ~0056

0057 -0060

0061

0062 -10065

0066

0067

0 0 6 8

0059 ~006E,

O D 6 F

o1

3~5-6

7

8

9 'II]

U

12

1 3

14

\5

1 6

17

18

19

2 0 - 2 1

22

23-24

25,-33,

34-37 '

3 8 - 4 2

4 a . . . 4 4

45~46

4 7 - 4 8

4 9 - 5 0

5 1 - 5 2

5 3 - 5 4

5 5 - 5 6

5 7 - 5 8

5 9 - 6 0

61~62

63-64

6 5 - 6 6

6 7 - 6 8

6 9 - 7 0

n~72

1 3 - 7 4

7 5 - 7 6

77

'l8~83

84-8'6

8 7 - 9 6

'9 7

98-101

102

10 3

10 4

lOS- l IDH]

Chip directional register

CtJi :p 110 ; memo r y & t ap e control

F lo at- F ix ed v ec to r

Fixed-Float vector

Search charac ter

Scan-quotes f l a g

T A B co lu mn save

0 '"' L O AD , 1 :::V ER IF Y

Input buffer pointer/# subscrpt

Defa ult D IM fla g

Typ e : F F ; ; ; ; ;; s t n in g . O O = = 1 i 1u m e r k

1 'y ]j e: 8 0= in te ge r, 0 0 '= floaflng po in t

DAT A scan /L lS T q uete/rn ern ry flag

SubsCl ' ip t lFNx flag

0 = IN PUT ;$4 0 =GET;$98; READ

A T N sign/Comparison e v a l f l a g

C urren t l/O p rom pt flag

Integer value

Po in te r: t emp o r ar y st ring s tack

last 't em p s tr in g v ec to r

S ta ck fo r tem p ora ry s tr in gs

UUlity p ointer ar ea

P ro du ct a rea fo r rnultiplkatlcn

Pointer: Start-at-Basic

Po i nt er : S t a rt - ol -Variables

Po i nt er : S tM! - o f~ 'A r ray s

Po i nt er : End -o f -A r r ay s

P o in te r: S t ri ng ~ s to ! "a g e(movi ng d own)

Urmty string pointer

Pointer: Limit-of-memory

C u rr en t B a sic : li ne n um be r

P revio us B as ic lin e n um ber

P o in te r: B as ic sta teme nt fo r CON T

C ur rent D A TA line nu m ber

C u rr en t DATA a ddr es s

I npu t vector

C urr ent var iable nam e

C u rr en t v ar ia ble .a dd re ~s

Varlia ble p o in te r fo r FOR iN 'EXT

V-save ; op-save; B a sic p oin te r s av e

Compar i son symbol accumu la t o rM ise w ork . area, p oin ters. etc

Jump ve cto r fo r fun ctio n s

M ise n um eric w ork area

A c : c u m Nl : E x p o n e n t

A c cu m *l: M a ntis sa

A ccum= t: S ig n

Series evaluation constant pointer

Accums 1 h i-o r d er ( o ver flow )

Aocum o ! 2:: E xp onent, etc.

S i g n c omp ar is o n. A c c i i ! I vs #2



(1)70

007] -0072

0 0 73 -O OSA

007A -'O Q 78

0088 -O DSP '

009'0

009'1

0092

0 0 9 3

0094

009S

' 0096

0 0 9 1

0 0 9 8

0 0 9 9

009A

(109B

o o g e00900 0 9E

009F

D O A O - O O A 2

O O A 3

O O A 4

O O A 5

O O A 6

O O A 7

O O A a

00A9

O O A A

O O A B

O O A C - O O A D

O O A E - O O A F

O O B O - O O B I

00B2 -0083

0 0 B 4

00B5

00B6

00B7

00B8

00B9

O O B A

o e m s -DO Be

O O R D

O O B E

O O B F

o o e DO O C 1 " " ( ) O C 2

O O C 3 .. .J O O C 4

00C5

O O C 6

O O C 7

o o e sO O C 9 ~ O O C A

O O C B

H2113-114llS~138

12:2-123

139-143

144

145

' 1 4 6

14 7

~48

149

150

151]52

153

15 4

15 5

15 6

157

158

159

1160-162

1 ' 6 3

164

1 6 . 5

166

i67

168

1 6 ' 9

HO17]

1 7 2 - [ 1 3

174-115

176-J771 7 8 - 1 7 9

l80181

182

183

184

185186

187-188

189

1'90

1 ' 9 [

1 9 2

193-194

195-196

197

19 8

] 9 9

200

201 -202

20 3

Accum" I lo - o rde r ( rounding)

Cassette bu. ff Jell/Series pointer

eHRGET subro utin e; get B asic cha r

B a si c p o in te r (w it hin sl1brtn)

RND seed value

S tatu s w ord S T

K e y s w : i t c h P IA : S T O P and R V S f la g s

Tlmtng constant for tape

L o a d ; ; ;; : 0 , V e r if y = :: : : : 1

S e r, ia J o u tp u t: d e te r r e d c h a r flag

S e ri al d ef er re d C h a r ac te r

T ap e E O T re eeived

R e g i st er s a ve

H ow mall)' open m e ; "In p ut d ev ic e, normally 0

O utp ut C M D device, n ormally 3

Tape cha racte r p 'a rit .y

Byte-received flag

Direct =$80 /R UN =0 ou tp ut contro l

1'p P as s 1 er ro r lo g/ch ar buffer

T p Pass 2 er r lo g co rrec ted

JiJfy Clock HM LS e ri al b it c o u ll t/ EO ) nag

Cy cle c ou nt

C o un td o wn .tap e w rite/bit c oun t

Tape buff er p o i I ll er

1 ' 1 ' W rt lo r coun r /Rd pass/tnbu

T p W r t new by te/R d error/lnbjt cnt

W r t s ta ff b it /R d bi t er r /s tb it

Tp Scan ;Cf I .t ;Ld ;£ndJby t e a s s y

W 'r l ea d le ng tll/ R d c h ec k sum /p a ri ty

Pointer: tape~, scrolling

T ap e an d ad d sl:E nd o f p ro gram

Tape t lmingcons tan ts

P nlr : s ta r t o f tap e bu ffer

1 ""T p t im er enabled; b it c ou n t

Tp EOT /R S 2'3 2 nex t bi t to send

Read cha rac t e r error/outbyte bu f

Ii! c ha ra cters in fi le n am e

Cur rent l o g ic a l f il e

Cu rre n t s ec n d y a dd re ss

Cu rr en t dev ice.

P oin ter to Iile n ame

Wr sh i,ft word /Rd input char

/I blocks rem ain in g to W r /R d

S er ial w or d b u.ffer

T a pe m o to r in te rlo ck

1 / 0 start address

K er nel se tu p p oin ter

La s t keyf. l ressed

Iii ch ars in keybd buf fer

Sc reen reverse, f l a g -

End-of-hue forlnput pointer

I npU t cur so r lo g ( row, column)

Whi 'ch key: 64· If no key



e o e e 20 4 0 = nash cu rsorO O C D 2 0 5 Cursor Liming countdownO O C E 2.06 Character unde r cursorO ; O C F 20 7 Cur so r In blink p h a s en O i D O 208, In pu t fr om screen/from keyboardo o m -00D2 209-2~O P o in te r to s cre en lin e

0 0 1 0 3 2 1 1 P os it io n o f c u rs or on a bo ve lin e0 0D4 2 ] 2 O=direc: l CLltSDr, e ls e p r og r ammedO O D S 2 ] 3 Curren t screen lin e len gth

0 0 06 2 ' 1 4 Row where c uro sr live s0 0 07 2 : 1 5 Last inkeylehe,cKsl lm/buffer

. , .00D8 2 :1 S ; -It o f INSERTs outs tand ' I 1 . g00D9 -OOF2 211-2,42 S creen line link tableO O F 3 - O O F 4 2 4 3 - 2 4 4 S c re en c o lo r p o in te rO a F S - O a F S 24:5-2:46 Keyboard 'Pointer

O O F 7 ~ O OF8 2 4 7 - 2 4 8 RS~232 Re v pn t r

O O F 9 - O O F A 2 4 ~ 2 5 0 R S = 2 3 2 T N pntrO O F F - O IOA 256~266 F lo atin g to A SC II w o rk area

O I a O -OI3E 2 5 6 - 3 1 8 T ap e erro r lo g

0100 -01FF 2 5 6 - 5 1 1 Processor stack area0 : 2 0 0 - 0 2 5 8 5 1 2 - 6 0 0 Ba sic in pu L b uf fe r

. 0 2 5 9 -02:62 6 0 l - 6 1 0 L o g ic al fi le table0 2 , 6 3 -02:6C 611-620 Device # table

02'6D - 0 2 7 6 6 2 1 - 6 3 0 Sec A d d s ta ble

0 2 1 1 - 0 2 8 0 6 3 1 - 6 4 0 Keybd bu ff ,e l"

028 i - 0 2 8 2 6 4 1 - 6 4 2 Star! o f B asie M emory

0 2 8 3 ~ O 2 81 643~644 fo p o f Ba si c Memo ry0285 645 S erial bu s tim eo ut flag

0 2 8 6 646 Cu r r en t CQloJ: code0 2 8 7 6 - 4 7 Colo r under cu r so r0 2 8 8 648 S creen m em ory p ag e0 2 8 9 649 M ax size of keybd buffer

028A 65 0 R ep ea t a ll k ey s

028B 651 Repeat speed counter028C 1 3 5 2 R e p ea t d el ay c o u nt er028,0 653 Ke y bo a rd S h i ft /C o n tr o l f la g

0 2 S E 6 5 4 L a st s hi ft p at te rn -

028F -00290 S55~56 K e yb oa rd t ab le s et up p o in te r0291 65 1 K eybo ard shift m od e

0 2 . 9 2 6 5 8 o =s c ro ll e na bl e029 13 659' RS - 2:3 ,2 c o n tr o l r eg

0 2 : 9 4 660 R S -23 .2 co mm and reg

0295 -0296 6,61-662 B it timing0297 6 6 3 RS-232 s ta tus

0 2 9 8 6 6 4 #" h it s t o' s en d

0 2 9 9 -029A 6 6 5 R.S--232speed/code029B 667 R S 2 3 2 r ec ei ve p o in te r029C 6 6 8 R S 23 2 in pu t p oin ter

0290 669 R S 23 2 t ra ns rn lt p o i n te r029E 6 7 0 RS232 outpu] pointer

029F -02AO 671-612 ' [R Q save du rin g ta pe 110

02AI 673 C IA 2 (NMI ) I nt er r u p t Cont ro l

021 \2 '074 C IA 1 T im er A contro llQ g

02A3 1 6 7 5 C IA 1 In te rr up t Log

02A4 67 6 C IA t T imer A en abled H ag



02A5 677 S creen r ow marker

0 2 C O -02FE 704-766, (S prite 1 1)

0300 -030] 768-769' E rro r m essag e lin k

0 3 0 2 -0303 1"1'0-771 B as ic w arm s tar t link

0 3 0 4 -03015 772-773 , C ru nch B asic tokens l ink

0 3 0 6 -0307 7 7 4 - 7 7 5 P rin t to ken s lln k

0308 - 0 3 0 9 7 '76-771 s . t a n ' new Basic cod e lin k

o . 3 0 A -030B 7 7 8 - 7 7 9 G et a ri th rn eti,c e leme nt lin k

03 0C 7 8 0 S YS A - reg save

030D 781 S YS X -reg save

Q S O E 7 8 2 S Y S Y -reg save. . O S O F 783 SYS status reB save

0310 -03,12: 7 8 4 - 7 8 5 US R fu nc tio n ju m p (8248)

0314 - 0 3 1 5 788-789 H ar dw ar e in terr up t vec to r (EA31)

0316 - 0 3 1 7 7 '90-791 B rea k in terr up t v ec to r (f 'ES6}

0318 -0319 792-79'3 NM I i nte rr up t v ec to r (FE47 )

0 3 1 1 1 . ~031B 794-79'5 O P E N vector (F34A)

031C -03,lD 7 9 6 - 7 9 7 CLO S E v ec to r ( F291 )

031E -031F 7 9 8 - 1 9 9 S et -I np u t v ec to r [F20E)

0 3 2 : 0 -0321 8 0 0 - 8 0 1 Set-output vector ( F ' 2 5 0 )

0322 -0323 802,-803 R es to re [/0 vecto r ( 1 0 3 3 3 )

0 3 2 4 -0325 8 0 4 - 8 0 5 I N P U T vector (F157)0:,26 -,0321 806,-807 O u tp u t v ec to r (FleA)0 3 2 8 -0329' 8 0 8 - 8 0 . 9 Te st -ST 'OP vec to r (F6,ED~

032A -032B BHl!-81l G E T vector W13E )032C -032D 812-813 A bo rt 1 /0 vec to r (F32F)

032'E ~032F 8.14-815 War .m stalJt vector W E S 6 )

0330 -033] 8]6~811 L OAD link (F4A5)

0332 -0333 818-819 SAVE li nk ( F . 5 E D )

083C - 0 3 F B 828-1019 Cassette bu ffer

0 3 4 0 - 0 3 7 E 8 3 2 - 8 9 4 ( Sp r ite 1 3)0 3 , 8 0 -03BE 89'6-958 ( Sp rite 14 )

0 3 G O -03FE 96.0-]022 ( Sp rite 1 5)

0 4 0 1 0 - 0 7 F F 1 . 0 2 4 - 2 0 4 7 Screen memo ry

0 8 0 0 -9FF'F 2 0 4 8 - 4 1 : 0 9 5 9 Basic RAM memory

8 0 0 1 0 - 9 F F F 327168-40959 A.lter.nate: R OM p lu g-in area

A O O O -BFFF 4 0 9 6 0 ~ 4 9 1 5 1 ROM : Bash :

A Q O O -BPFF ~ 9 a 6 0 = 5 9 1 S 1 Alte rna te : R A M

C O D O -CFFF 4 9 1 5 2 - 5 3 2 4 7 RAM memory. I nc lu di ng a lt er na te

D O D O -D02E 5 3 2 4 8 - 5 3 2 9 4 V i deo C h ip ( 65 66 )

0400 -D41C 5 4 2 7 2 - 5 4 1 3 0 0 So un d C hip (65 81 SID)

D 8 0 1 0 -DBFF' 5 5 2 9 6 - 5 6 3 1 9 C o lo r n ybble m em o ry

DCOa -DeOF 5 6 3 2 0 - 5 6 3 3 5 Inter fa ce eh lp 1 .,1 R Q (65 26 C IA )

DODO -DDOF 5 6 5 7 6 - 5 6 5 9 1 In ter fac e em il' 2, NMI ( 65 26 CLA .)

0000 -DFFF 5 3 2 4 8 - 5 3 2 9 4 A J f e r n a t e: C h ar acter s et :

E O O O -FFPP 573414-65535 ROM : Operating System

E O O O -FFFF' 5 7 3 4 4 - 6 5 5 3 . 5 Alte rna te : RAM

FF81 -f 'FF5 6 5 4 0 9 - 6 5 5 2 5 J ump Table , ln clu din g :

F F C 6 - Set Inp ut ch annelFFC9 - S et O u tp ut ch annel

me - R esto re defau lt 1 /0 channels

F F C F -INPUTFF I )2 - PRINTF F E l - T est S top key

F F E 4 - G E T



Commodore 64 - ROM M,emory Map ADlE;AD78 ;

AD9E :

AEA8 ;AEF l ;AEF 7 ;A.EfF ;

AF08;

AF14 ;

AF28;

AFA7 ;

,AF~6;.AFE9~

BOt6 ;B081;

B0 8B ;8113;

Bl1D~BI9-1 ;B lAS ;

B1B2';

BIDI.;B245;,

B248;

B:34C;

B3'lD;B391;

B39E ;B3A6;

83B3 ;B3E1;B3F4;

B465 ;8415,;

B481;B4F4;

8526;

B580;8606:

B63D ;B67A;

B6AS;86DB;B6EC;

8700;

8'72CiB'737;

8761;B77C ;

8782;8788;

879B ;B7AI ) ;

B7EB ;

B7F1;

B80DjB824;:

B82D;

AOOO~ ROM control vectors

AOOC ; K ey wo rd ac tio n vecto rsA052; Function vectors,

A080; Operator vectorsA09E; Keywords

A19E; Error messages

A 3:28; E rro r m ess ag e vec to r s

A 3,65 ; M ise messagesA .38A ; S can s tack fo r F O R /G O SU BA3B8; Move memoryA3FB: Check stack depthA408; Check memory spaceA 435; 'o u t o ,fmemory'

A437; E r ro r r o ut in eA.469; BREAK entryA474; 'ready.'

A480; Ready for Bask

A49C; Handle new line

A533; Re-chaln linesA 560 ; R ece tve input I lneA579; Crunch tokens

.A 613; F ind B as icJ in eA 642 ' P erfo rm '[N EW ]A65E ; P er fo rm { CL R ]A68E; Back up text pointerA 69C : Per fo rm [L IS T ]A 1 42· P er fo rm [FUR JA 7ED ; EXe c u t e s ta te rn e ntA ,S 1D : Pedonn [R EST OR E]A82C; Break

A.82F.; Perfo: rm [STOP]

A831; Perio rm [E ND ]

A857; Perform [CONT]A87l; Pe r fo rm [RUN]A883; Perto rm [GOSUBJA'8AO; P erfo rm [G O T O ]A8D2;. Perform [RETURN]

A8F8; Perform [DATA]A906;' Scan for next statement

A928.; P erfo rm [L F]A93B; Perform [REM]A94B; Perform [ON]A 96.B ; G et f ix ed p oin t nu mberA9A5j Perform [LETJIMaO ; Pe r fo rm [PRlN'f#]

A A86; P er fo rm [C MD )'AM O ; Per fo rm [PR IN T ]ABlE; Print string from (y .a )AB3B;, Print format character

AB4D: Bad input routineAB7B; Perform [G.ET]

ABA5; P er fo rm [IN P UT -]

A8BF ' : Per fo rm [ INPUTlABF9; P r omp t & input

AC06; Perfo rm [R EAD],

ACfC ; Input error messages

P erfo rm lN EX T]Ty 'pe match checkEvaluate expression

C onstant - pi[valuate within brackets

Tco mm a ..

Syntax error

C h ec k 'r an ge

Search for variableSetIJpFN reference

Pe r fo rm [ OR ]

Perfo rm [A ND JCompare

Perform [DIM]Locate variable

Check aiphabetie

Create vartebte

Ar. ray peinter subr t lneValue 32768

Float-fixed

Set up array'bad subscript'

'illegal quantity'

C om pu te ar ray s izePe r f o rm [PRE]fix-float

P erfo rm [P O S]Check direct

Pe r fo rm [DEF]

C h ec k fn sy nta xP erfo rm [F NJPerform [STR$]

C a lc u la te s tr in g v ec to r

S et li p s t r io .gM a k'e ro om Io r s tr in gG a r ba g e c o lle ct io nCheck salvageabiJity

Co l le c t s tr in g

ConcatenateB u ild s t r ing to memoryDiscard unwanted string

Clean descriptor stack

Perform [CHR$]

P er fo rm (L E FT S]Pe r f o rm [R IGHTS]

Perform rMID$]

:P 'uUs lr ing parametersPerfo rm [L EN JExi t string-mode

Pe r fo rm lASe]Input byteparamterPerform [V A L ]Parameters for f;OKE/WAIT

Float-fixed

P er fo rm fP 'E E K]Perfo rm [PO K E]Perfo rm [W A IT ]





EDFE:E6:13;

EE85:

EE8E;

EE97;

EEAO ;

EEA9;E.EB3;

EEBB;, E F ' O S ;

EF2E.;

EF3]'

EF3B;

EF4A;

EF59 ;- [P7E;

EFC5;

E F ' C A ;

EFeD;EFDO ;

EFE1;

F O O D ;PO l 7 ;

F 0 4 i D ;

F O S G ;

FOA4;

FOBD ;

F12B;

F ' 1 3 E :F14E;

F157;

FI99;

FICA;

F IOD;

F2 0E :F 2 5 0 ;

F29];

F30f:

F 31 F ;F32F ;F333 ;

F34A ;

F3D5;

F409 ;F 4 , 9 E ;

F5AP;F5Cl; ,

F S D . 2 : ;F5DD;F G 8 F ;F69B ;

F6BC:

F60D:F 6 , E 4 ;

- F 6 E D ;

F6f'B;,

F12D;

f7GA;

Send 'unlisten'

RecEl' ive from s er ia l bu sS er ia l do ck o nS erial clo ck off

S er ia l o u tp u t 'I 'S er ia l o utp u t '0 'Gel sertal in & clock

Delay lITIS

R S - 2 3 . 2 s e n d

S end new R S-232 by teNo-DSR errorNo-CfS error

Di s ab le t lm a rC om pu te, bi! c ou nt

RS232 receive

S etu p to rec eiveR e c ei ve p a ri ty e rr o rRece ive overflowR ec ei ve br ea k

F r am i ng e rr orS u bm it to RS232

N~D'SR errorSefid to RS232 buffer

Inp ut fr om R S232'

G et fro m R S23,2

C heck ser ia l bu s idleMessages

Pr in t J f direc tGet...from R S 2 : 3 2

I npu tGel . . l a .pe/ser , iaJ l rs232Output;

.. to t ap e

Set i npu t deviceS et o u tp u t d ev ic eClose m eF ind f ileS et file va luesA b or ta ll f i le sR e s t o n ! d e J a L l l t I /ODo r lJeopen

Send SA

O p en R S232L o ad p ro g ram,seerching'

'P r in l f il ename

,loadi:ng/verifyjng'S a ve p r o g ramPrint ' saving '

B um p clo ckLo g PIA k ey reading

Get time

Set l ime 'C h ec k s to p ke yO u tp u t er ro r m essag esF ind an y t ap e b ea d!W r ite ta pe h ead er

F 7 D O ;

f7D1;f 1EA ;F8 0D ;1"817;

P82E;

1 " 8 3 8 ·I

F841;

F864';

: F 8 7 5 ;F8DD;

F8E2;

F92C:F A 6 0 ;

PB8E;

FB9'7;FBA6 ;

P B C 8 , ;

FBeD;

FC57 :peg3;

FCB8~F O C A ;

FCD1;

FCDS;

FCE2;

1 - ' 0 0 2 ;

FO lD ;F 'DI5;

PO tA ;

FD30;

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PE66;

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F i nd s p ec ifi c h ea de r

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'press, play.,'

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R S-232 tim ing tableNM I R S-232 inNM I R S -23 2 O L D t

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Proeesser- 1/0 Port (6510)

$ 0 0 0 0 ~NI

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S I l Q O l1 3 1 J o 1 ; ! Tape Ttlp!! O-ROM EF R AM A 8R AMM .o lo r 5enSf Write $"vltch $wilch Switch

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54296

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54297

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$D418 54299

54300

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N o te : S p ec Ia l V O i ce F ea tu re s

(lEST , R IN G M O D, SY NC )

a te omi lt ed : [rom th e' ( 'tb ov e diagram.



CIA 1 (IRQ) (6526)

ll"addle5el I IJo slick 0

A f: l t'ier R igh i lell Down U~

K Eybo ar. R ow Select ([rwelted)

I .Ioysli k IFire R illh l L ell Dewu U IJ

Key oard Column R ael

SF F - A ll O u!pU I

$ 0 0 ,- A l l. ll 'l pU l

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O ne OUi Time! T imer ISho t Mode PI? Qui , S S ta rt

Serial Clock Serial Clock A T N RS-231 VICTI V I C ~ I

IN IN OUT OlIT OUT O UT addr 15 addrl-li

DSR crs OC O " R " D l " R Ins ,RS-232IN IN IN I N O UT OU T I N

S 3F - S er ia l

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TimerASllltil

Timer

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DDR B 56323

T A L 563211

'l'AH 56325

TBn. 56326

T H 56327

ICR f>(l333

eRA 563:'J i1

DORA 56578

D DR B 5 G5 79

T A L 5 1 5 5 1 ' 1 0

'I ;AH 56581

' r i B L 5 6 5 8 2

T , R H 56583

ica 56581)

CRB 56591



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w ~II b n l u l l ( e d c ro s s suc t iou o f d is cip lm r s - fr om{1( adt uno, qovemm nl (lfjl'nCIOS, nnd th computer

•mob l i f t mls jJ cbl fo r I v ryonr in th , d isk mo krm )b u . .i n .s s,

H o w ? By tJ IIh . . 1 I Il< J t O IJ - I h 'I peuodic oUy ( o l t 11 ,

n' uspecl Iund Ithi full moun ) to (on oct rnor

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Jish . T ilf II 1110II(nl lui book ru ns all I 20 !l1I1

spnc d p n q r - s l is tmg , and I n ~ 1 t i f l C J urOfl !lu nd, ·dsu pon hu nd, t d .. o r slonrlords (J dl~krnus l nn ~I In

o , d t r 10 b r o bil'S'Iud by A N S I . (And l il t: roby b e l a k u fI5 r .r io u~ ly by p i op k who IClkt, dhk . ',I'I io u ..l y . )

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