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THE TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES OF RONALD WEASLEY’S
HANDWRITINGS IN FANTASTIC BEASTS AND WHERE TO FIND
THEM BY J.K. ROWLING
An Undergraduate Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One
FARIZ RAHMAN HAKIM
1113026000110
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2017
i
ABSTRACT
Fariz Rahman Hakim. The Translation Techniques of Ronald Weasley’s
Handwritings in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them by J.K. Rowling. An
Undergraduate Thesis: English Letters Department, Faculty of Adab and
Humanities, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2017.
This research is intended to discover the translation techniques applied by
the translator in translating Ronald Weasley’s Handwritings in Fantastic Beasts
and Where to Find Them book. The researcher takes the whole handwritings that
appeared on the book as the corpus of the research. The researcher uses qualitative
method and he uses himself in collecting the data through the several steps:
reading and comparing the handwritings that appear on the book, finding the
translation techniques appeared in the data, analyzing how the translator applied
those techniques and categorizing the data based on the theory of translation
techniques proposed by Molina and Albir. The result of this research shows that
from eighteen types of the translation techniques, there are only twelve techniques
that can be found on the handwriting of the book, they are Modulation (4 data),
Linguistic amplification (1 data), Compensation (3 data), Literal translation (9
data), Variation (4 data), Adaptation (2 data), Transposition (4 data),
Amplification (3 data), Particularization (1 data), Reduction (1 data), Linguistic
Compression (1 data), Borrowing (1 data). The most frequent translation
technique applied is literal translation. The message still conveyed properly even
though most of the data translated literally.
Keywords: Translation, Translation Techniques, Handwritings
ii
APPROVEMENT
iii
LEGALIZATION
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own word and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously or written by another
person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award
of any other degree or diploma of university or other institute of higher learning,
except where due acknowledgment has been made in text.
Jakarta, August 2017
Fariz Rahman Hakim
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirahmanirrahim
In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent and the most Merciful
May peace and blessing of Allah be upon all of us
All praises be to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe, for the guidance,
health, ability, and blessing for the researcher in finishing this research. May
peace an salutation be upon the honorable prophet and messenger Muhammad
SAW and all of his family, relatives and followers.
The researcher’s deep gratitude goes to his beloved parents, his late father
Dasirun and his mother Elis Resniawati, for all of their greatest love, their best
advice, patience, and prayer. Thanks for being the strength and the best supporter
of his life. Moreover, the remarkable thanks for his Grandma Euis Siti Nuriyah
and his aunty Reni Kurniasari. The researcher also wants to give his gratitude to
Mr. Moh. Supardi, M.Hum., as his advisor for his time, help, guidance,
cooperation, kindness, and patience from the first to the final level of this
research.
The gratitude is also dedicated to Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag., the
Dean of Faculty of Adab and Humanities; Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of
English Letters Department; Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English
Letters Department; and all the lecturers of English Letters Department who had
taught him during study at UIN Jakarta.
vi
In addition, the researcher would like to give appreciation to the following
friends and people, namely:
1. The researcher friends in English Letters Department of 2013,
especially for C Class that had been accompanying the researcher for
five semesters.
2. Tolalatuniyah: Dian Lestari, Rita Maesaroh, Nurrahman Hakim, Hasna
Afifah Zhafira, Ratih Clarasanti, Efrida Yanti, Diah Ayuningtyas, Lala
Aryani Farah Fawziah, Risya Maya Hestiani, Zwyna Rafika, Noviarti
Lestari, Tiffany Auliana. Thank you for every precious time that we
spent together. Thank you for the unlimited laughter.
3. Tetoths: Siti Amelia Hasanah, Adhifa Mizan Ghifary, Laksita Panji
Wisnu Andi Anta, Nur Annisya, Ewa Arizki Hutama, Tiffany
Dinovita, Enggar Tyastiwi Munawaroh, Renny Novselia Sihite, and
Izzat Robby Muhammad. Thanks for more than 10 years of friendship.
Thanks for the supporting thanks for always be there when the
researcher needs them.
4. Translation class of 2013, especially for Dea Amanda Putri. Thank you
for always be the place to share, thanks for the best supporting, and
thank you for being the guide for the researcher in finishing this
paperwork.
5. KKN ALHENA 2016. Thank you for the support even from a far
distance.
vii
6. All of the people and friends who already helped the researcher to
finish the research that cannot be mentioned one by one.
May Allah always bless them wherever they are, Aamiin. Hopefully this
research will be useful for the people who read it. Suggestion and criticism will be
accepted for the improvement of this paperwork.
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Example of Translation Techniques ....................................................... 3
Table 2: Data Description of Handwriting ......................................................... 26
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ i
APPROVEMENT .............................................................................................. ii
LEGALIZATION ............................................................................................. iii
DECLARATION .............................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. v
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Research ............................................................ 1
B. Focus of the Research ...................................................................... 4
C. Research Questions ......................................................................... 4
D. Objective of the Research ................................................................ 4
E. Significance of Research ................................................................. 4
F. Research Methodology .................................................................... 5
1. The Method of Research ........................................................... 5
2. The Technique of Data Analysis ............................................... 5
3. Instrument of the Research ....................................................... 6
4. The Unit of Analysis ................................................................. 6
CHAPTER II THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION ................................... 7
A. Previous Research ........................................................................... 7
B. The Definition of Translation ........................................................ 10
x
C. Process of Translation ................................................................... 11
D. The Principles of Translation ......................................................... 12
E. Translation Technique ................................................................... 13
F. Literary Translation ....................................................................... 23
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ........................................................ 26
A. Data Description ............................................................................ 26
B. Data Analysis ................................................................................ 28
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................................... 56
A. Conclusion .................................................................................... 56
B. Suggestion ..................................................................................... 57
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 59
APPENDIX ...................................................................................................... 61
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Research
The activity of translation, especially literary work, has been widely applied
in Indonesia. The large number of the translation of literary work indicates that
the reader in Indonesia has a great interest and curiosity in foreign literature.
However, translating literary work is not always easy since a literary work has
more complex aspect such as idiomatic expression, metaphor, cultural words and
the diction. The quality of translation work is often doubted by the target language
reader. Sometimes, the readers get confused when they read the translation work
because the message from the author of a work is not always conveyed properly in
the target language. Occasionally, the reader should read the original text of a
literary work and then compare them to the translation work to know the actual
meaning and message intended by the author. Therefore, the translator is required
not only understand both source language and target language, but also have to
understand the culture and another aspect so the translator will generate the same
meaning and message as conveyed by the writer of a literary work.
In the process, the translator can convert the SL text into TL text by using
several translation techniques in order to make the readers understand about the
translation. The translation techniques are procedures to analyze and classify how
translation equivalence works (Molina and Albir 509.) This also can be
interpreted as the way a translator used to transfer the message from SL to TL
2
which can be applied at the level of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Selecting the proper technique of translation will generate a good translation and
the reader will understand what the writer of source language referred to.
Most translated literary works, like novels and fictional books, are the best-
selling books in their countries. One of the fictional books that interests the
researcher is Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. This book is written by a
famous British author, J.K. Rowling, which is known for the Harry Potter series,
that was published in 2001 by Scholastic Inc. This book is one of a companion
book for the Harry Potter series, like its predecessor Quidditch Through the Ages
and The Tales of Beedle the Bard. The researcher is always interested in the Harry
Potter’s world created by J.K. Rowling because she always managed to bring her
genius and creative idea in every work of hers. This book is one of the most
unique books ever made by the author. The uniqueness of this book is that the
author interprets this book as the copy of Harry Potter’s textbook. There are some
notes written by Harry Potter’s friend, Ronald “Ron” Weasley. The handwritings
in this book is just like another handwriting that usually written by a schoolboy.
Sometimes it shows the disagreement about the theory of the book itself,
sometimes when they read about anything on the book and they write the note
because they already experienced it, or maybe sometimes they just bored and put
random notes on the book itself. The author interpreted the note as the usual
handwritings and the translator also translated it into handwritings in the target
language. These handwritings make the book more alive because the reader will
certainly get the sensation of a book that was owned by a famous wizard. These
3
handwritings also add the humorous element to the book itself. Here is a sample
of the text:
Table 1: Example of Translation Technique
Source Language Target Language
Shared by Ron Weasley Juga milik Ron Weasley
The text above was taken from the front page of this book and the author of
the book tried to interpret this text as the notes in the form of handwriting. In this
data, the translator tried to change, or shift the meaning when translating the
“shared by” phrase. The translator used a specific technique in translating the text.
In the source language, the literal meaning of the phrase is “buku ini juga dibagi
penggunaannya oleh Ron Weasley”, but the translator translated the phrase with a
better style that fits on target language style. In this phrase, the translator
translated that phrase into “juga milik”. This translation techniques is called
modulation because there is a shift or changing of point of view in the meaning
from the source language to the target language.
As this book has some uniqueness that is nonexistent in another book, the
researcher is interested in reviewing this particular book. This research will
analyze the type of translation techniques that occurred in translating the
handwriting notes of the book. This research is entitled “The Translation
Techniques of Ronald Weasley’s Handwritings in Fantastic Beasts and Where to
Find Them by J.K. Rowling.” This research is oriented to the translation
techniques that is applied in the handwriting text. This research is expected to
broaden the knowledge of both the researcher and the readers about the translation
4
techniques in a literary work and giving the contribution to the translation studies
in the future.
B. Focus of the Research
Based on the background of the study above, the researcher will limit this
research to focus on the translation techniques of the handwritings appeared in
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book by J.K. Rowling which translated
into Indonesian by Komalawati Suhendra.
C. Research Questions
Based on the explanation above, the questions in this research are;
1. What kind of translation techniques applied in the handwritings on
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book?
2. How are the translation techniques applied to deal with the translation of
the handwritings on Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book?
D. Objective of the Research
Based on the questions above, the purposes of this research are;
1. To identify the translation techniques applied by the translator to
translate the source language into the target language of the
handwritings in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book.
2. To know the result of the translation techniques applied in translating
the handwritings in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book.
E. Significance of Research
The significance of this research is that the researcher hopes that this
research will enrich the researcher’s understanding and the ability of translation
5
study, especially about the translation techniques applied in many literary works.
Furthermore, the researcher also hopes that this paper can give the contribution to
the readers, especially for the English Letters Department students, who are
interested in developing the research about translation techniques applied in a
literary work.
F. Research Methodology
1. The Method of Research
This research uses qualitative research methods. The qualitative research
itself is a research that relies on verbal and other non-numerical data as the basis
for the analysis and describing the problem (Farkhan 9). The researcher tries to
analyze the techniques used in translating the handwritings in the book and how
the translator applied those techniques.
2. The Technique of Data Analysis
The collected data will be analyzed qualitatively by performing the
following steps:
1. The researcher determines the book both original and translated one.
2. The researcher finds the handwritings that appeared in the book
3. The researcher compares the handwritings that appear in both original
and translated book.
4. The researcher considers the translation techniques appeared in the data,
and then analyze how the translator applied those techniques by giving
descriptions.
6
5. The researcher categorizes the data based on the techniques applied to
each data.
6. The researcher finds out the effects of the usage of the translation
techniques to the handwritings of the book.
3. Instrument of the Research
The instrument of this research is the researcher himself as the subject to
collect the data by reading the Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Book
and its translation, classifying, finding, marking, selecting, and then analyzing the
result of the translation having the translation techniques.
4. The Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis on this research is the handwritings of Ronald Weasley
found in the book written by J.K. Rowling entitled “Fantastic Beasts and Where
to Find Them” that was published in 2001 by Bloomsbury Publishing, and its
translation published with the same title by PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2002
that was translated by Komalawati Suhendra.
The handwritings in this book is just like another handwriting that written
by a schoolboy generally. Sometimes it shows the disagreement about the theory
in the book, sometimes they put an explicit information in anything that they
already experienced, or maybe sometimes they just bored and put random notes
on the book itself. Most of the handwritings are not related into another one.
7
CHAPTER II
THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Previous Research
Based on the researches that have been done before, there are some research
related to the translation techniques. One of the researches included Aulia
Rahmawati’s research, Analysis of Translation Techniques in Roth’s Divergent (A
Descriptive Qualitative Study) (2015). This previous research focused on the
translation techniques used by the translator to translate the utterances on the
novel. The position between this research and this previous research is the
researcher uses the notes that represent as the Handwritings of Ronald Weasley in
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book as the unit of analysis in his
research since some people only know the Harry Potter stories itself without
knowing that there are another companion books for the series and this book is
one of them which make this research interesting. Meanwhile, this previous
research uses the direct speech in the Divergent novel. Both of these researches,
this research and the previous research, used the framework proposed by Molina
and Albir (509).
The result of this previous research shows that there are 12 translation
techniques found on her data analysis which are adaptation, amplification,
borrowing, calque, discursive creation, established equivalent, generalization,
linguistic compression, literal, particularization, reduction, and transposition. The
most dominant techniques found in the previous research is borrowing which
8
means that the translator uses more familiar dictions to make the readers easy to
understand the translated text. The translator mostly successful to bring the
message properly to the reader.
Issy Yuliasri and Rudi Hartono’s discussed the similar aspects in their
research entitled Translation Techniques and Equivalence in the Indonesian
Translation of Humor in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2014). Their
research focused on the translation techniques applied by the translator and the
equivalence in translating the humor and insults utterance in Harry Potter and the
Sorcerer’s Stone novel. The position between this research and the previous
research is the researcher uses the notes that represent as the Handwritings of
Ronald Weasley in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book as the unit of
analysis in his research which has some uniqueness that is nonexistent on another
book. Besides, the researcher is intended to show the readers that there is a
companion book in Harry Potter universe that is also interesting to read by the
readers. Meanwhile, the previous research uses the humor and insult utterances
that obtained in the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone novel. Yuliasri and
Hartono also discussed the equivalence in the translation of Harry Potter and the
Sorcerer’s Stone novel while the researcher only focused on the translation
techniques found in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book.
Both of these researches, this research and the previous research, use the
framework proposed by Molina and Albir. The result of this previous research
shows that there are 5 translation techniques found in their analysis, which are
literal translation, linguistic amplification, modulation, generalization, and
9
amplification. The most techniques that found in Yuliasri and Hartono’s research
is literal translation. The findings of the text analysis in this research also showed
that some of the humor was successfully rendered by using the techniques but
some was reduced and/or even gone. However, despite the reduced humor, the
translated novel is well-received.
Another research is done by Wenny Puspita Sari, Refnaldi, and Havid Ard
entitled Translation Techniques and Translation Accuracy of English Translated
Text of Tourism Brochure in Tanah Datar Regency (2013). Their research
focused on the translation techniques applied by the translator and also to find the
accuracy of the translation itself. The position between this research and this
previous research is the researcher uses the notes that represent as the
Handwritings of Ronald Weasley in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
book as the unit of analysis in his research which has some uniqueness that had
been explained above. Meanwhile, the previous research uses the Translated Text
of Tourism Brochure in Tanah Datar Regency.
Both of these researches, this research and the previous research used the
framework proposed by Molina and Albir. The result of this previous research
shows that there are 8 techniques were found in their analysis, which are literal
translation, amplification, addition, reduction, transposition, omission, borrowing,
and generalization. The most often techniques that was found in the previous
research is literal translation. Meanwhile, in this research, the accuracy level of
the translation in this research is only 60% and concluded as less accurate. In the
10
research findings, they also concluded that the translator is tend to maintain the
characteristic of the SL in the TL.
B. The Definition of Translation
Translation has so many definitions that are described by the linguists.
Newmark (7) described “translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a
written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or
statement in another language.” This means that translation is an act that tries to
replace the text with the same message derived from one language to another
language. In another book, Newmark also states “the translation as rendering the
meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the
text” (Newmark, 5).
According to Bassnet, (2014), translation involves the rendering of a source
language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as to ensure that (1) the
surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2) the structures of
the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL
structures will be seriously distorted. This means that a translation work should be
at least similar in the term of meaning, and the structure should of the text should
be as close as the SL without distorting the TL structure.
Larson (3) described “translation is transferring the meaning of the source
language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the
first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is
meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant.” This means that a
11
translation is a process of transferring the meaning of a language to another and
still considering the structure of the text.
Hatim and Mason (1997) described that the translation as an act of
communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries,
another act of communication (which may have been intended for different
purposes and different readers/hearers). According to Catford (20), translation is
the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by
equivalent textual material in another language (target language).
According to the definition above, the researcher concluded that the
translation activity is not only trying to transfer the text from one to another, but
also tries to transfer the meaning, the structure of the text, and find the
equivalence that appeared whether in source or target language.
C. Process of Translation
The process of translation, as define by Jeremy Munday is “the process of
translation between two different written languages involves the changing of an
original written text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the
source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different
verbal language (the target language or TL)” (Munday 8).
Nida and Taber (33) describe that there are three steps of the process of
translation; analysis, transfer, and restructure. In the book Translation: An
Advance Resource Book (Hatim and Munday: 45)
12
The translator . . .
(1) Analyses the SL message into its simplest and structurally clearest
forms
(2) Transfers the message at this kernel level
(3) Restructures the message in the TL to the level which is most
appropriate for the audience addressed
On the first step, analysis, the translator analyzed the text by learning the
message that conveyed in the source language text into the simplest form and in a
proper structure. The different meaning between every word in the SL and the TL
should be learned well by the translator. The aim of doing the analysis is that the
translator will understand the proper meaning of the source language text. On the
second step, the translator transfers the text from the source language to the target
language after doing the whole analysis of the grammatical order in the source
language. On the last step, the translator restructures the message that appeared on
the source language text to the target language properly and could be understood
by either in the source language or target language reader. Those three steps
should be done repeatedly in order to get the good result of a translation work.
D. The Principles of Translation
Sayogie (9) states it is necessary to have the principles of translation that
can bridge the transfer both in the term of linguistics and extra linguistics. Savory
(50) propose twelve principles of translation to achieve the good translation:
1. A translation must give the words of the original.
2. A translation should read like an original work.
13
3. A translation should reflect the style of the original.
4. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original.
5. A translation may add to omit from the original.
6. A translation of verse should be in verse.
7. A translation must give the ideas of the original.
8. A translation should read like translation.
9. A translation should possess the style of the translation.
10. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translation.
11. A translation may never add to omit from the original.
12. A translation of verse should be in prose.
Savory’s principles above are describing the requirements in translating the
source text. A translator should consider with the originality in translating text
that will make the readers feel like they reading the original text when they read
the translated one.
E. Translation Techniques
Molina and Albir (2002) defined the translation techniques as procedures to
analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. The translation
techniques applied at the level of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The
translation techniques have five basic characteristics:
1. The translation techniques affect the result of the translation.
2. The techniques classified by comparison of the source language and the
target language.
3. The techniques affect the micro level of text
14
4. The techniques are discursive and contextual
5. The techniques are functional
Molina and Albir (2002) classify the translation into 18 techniques:
(1) Adaptation
Adaptation is the translation technique that the translator replaces
the cultural elements that appeared on source language (SL) text with
another cultural element that has the same or similar character that
derived from the target (TL). This technique can be one because the
cultural element in the SL is not found in the TL or the cultural
elements in the TL are more familiar to the target language reader.
Example:
SL: As white as snow
TL: Seputih kapas
The utterance is translated into seputih kapas because kapas is
more familiar in the target language culture than salju which is the
literal meaning of snow.
(2) Amplification
Amplification is the translation techniques that by explicitly or
paraphrasing an implicit information in the SL. This technique
introducing the details or information that are not formulated in the SL
text. The additional information usually related to the culture, term, and
some linguistic problem. Newmark (91) states that “The additional
information a translator may have to add to his version is normally
15
cultural (accounting for difference between SL and TL culture),
technical (relating to the topic) or linguistic (explaining wayward use of
words), and is dependent on the requirement of his, as opposed to the
original, readership”.
Example:
SL: “and it was put into the Thames”
TL: “…. dan dibenamkan di sungai Thames.”
In this example, for the readers who are not familiar with the
names or any foreign word, the translator adds the word sungai to
explicit the meaning of the Thames itself.
(3) Borrowing
In this technique, the translator borrows some words, utterance, or
idiom from SL. This technique may use the pure borrowing, without
any change or adjustment, or naturalized borrowing which has the
adjustment to the spelling or pronunciation. The naturalized borrowing
corresponds to Newmark’s naturalization procedure. This procedure
succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal
pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL
(Newmark 82). The example for the pure borrowing are the word
printer translated to printer and bank translated to bank. The
naturalized borrowing example are music translated into musik, camera
translated into kamera, and computer translated into komputer.
16
(4) Calque
Calque is the translation technique where the translator translates
the SL word or phrase by literal. Vinay and Darbelnet (32) states “a
calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an
expression form of another but then translates literally each of its
elements”. They divided the calque into lexical and structural. Lexical
calque regards the syntactic structure of the TL text while presenting a
new mode of expression, then the structural calque introduces the new
construction into the language.
Example:
SL: electronic mail
TL: surat elektronik
The term “electronic mail” in the source language text that means
“method of exchanging digital messages between people using digital
devices such as computers and mobile phones” is translated literally
into surat elektronik in the source language.
(5) Compensation
Compensation is the translation technique that introduces an SL
element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the TL
because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the ST. Vinay and
Darbelnet (199) define the compensation as the technique which keeps
the tonality of the entire text by introducing, as a stylistic variant in
another place of the text, the element which could not be rendered at the
17
same placeby the same means. This technique allows the conservation
of the integrity of the text while leaving the translator complete freedom
in producing the translation.
Example:
SL: You can let your imagination go wild
TL: Kamu dapat membiarkan khayalanmu mengembara sejauh
mungkin.
(6) Description
Description is the translation technique that replaces a term or
expression with the description in the target language. This technique
usually used when the term in the source language does not have the
same or similar term in the target language. This technique is similar to
amplification technique, but in here the source text element is removed.
Example:
SL: She just ate the panettone
TL: Dia baru saja memakan pannettone, kue tradisional italia
yang dimakan pada malam tahun baru.
The translator deleted the word “panettone” and replaced it with
the description of panettone itself, which mean the traditional Italian
cake that eaten in the new year eve.
(7) Discursive creation
This technique used to establish a temporary equivalence that is
totally unpredictable or out of context. This technique done to attract
18
the attention of the reader. This technique purposed in translating the
title of a books or movies.
Example:
SL: Husband for a Year (Rebecca Winters)
TL: Suami Sementara.
The book entitled “Husband for a Year” transfered freely into
suami sementara.
(8) Established equivalent
Established equivalent is the technique that translate a term or
expression recognized on the dictionaries as an equivalent in the target
language.
Example:
SL: Ambiguity
TL: Ambigu.
The word “ambiguity” is translated into ambigu and that is listed in
the dictionary.
(9) Generalization
Generalization is the technique that used to translate a term with
the term that is already known well in public and known to the wider
community. This technique usually used when the term in a source
language is specific while there is no similar or equivalence in the
source language and then translated to the general one. The translator
usually generated it into superordinate or general term.
19
Example:
SL: Penthouse
TL: Tempat tinggal
The word “penthouse” is a smaller structure joined to a building
(Merriam-Webster 2016) and it is translated into tempat tinggal because
this is a general term in the target language culture.
(10) Linguistic amplification
This technique adds the linguistic elements from the source
language into the target language. This technique often used in
interpreting and dubbing.
Example:
SL: The David you are sculpting is you
TL: Patung David yang Anda ukir adalah diri Anda sendiri.
In the example above, a target language element diri Anda sendiri
added that has correlation with the context.
(11) Linguistic compression
This translation technique used to synthesize linguistic elements
that appeared in the target language. This technique is often used in
interpreting and sub-titling.
Example
SL: Are you sleepy?
TL: Ngantuk?
20
The target language text is reduced linguistically by deleting “are
you” and then translated into Ngantuk?
(12) Literal translation
Literal translation is the technique that used by the translator to
translate a word or an expression word for word. Newmark (69) gives
definition of literal translation ranges from one word to one word,
through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause and
sentence to sentence.
Example:
SL: look, little guy, you-all shouldn’t be doing that
TL: lihat, anak kecil, kamu seharusnya tidak berbuat seperti itu.
The source language text can be translated literally because it is
equivalent with the target language culture.
(13) Modulation
Modulation is the translation technique that applied by changing
the point of view, focus, or cognitive aspect that appeared on the source
language, either lexical or structural. Vinay and Darbelnet define that
modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a
change in the point of view. This change can be justified when,
although a literal, or even transposed, translation results in a
grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic
or awkward in the TL (Vinay and Darbelnet 36).
Example:
21
SL: I cut my finger
TL: Jariku tersayat
The sentence is translated into jariku tersayat that changes the
point of views that also involves the change in the grammatical
category because if it is translated literally into aku memotong jariku
because it is not equivalent with the target language culture.
(14) Particularization
Particularization is translation technique that uses term that is more
concrete and specific. The technique is the opposition with the
generalization technique.
Example:
SL: She likes to collect jewelry
TL: Dia suka mengoleksi kalung emas.
The word “jewelry” is translated into the sub-ordinate of
perhiasan: kalung emas to make it more acceptable.
(15) Reduction
The technique applied with partial subtraction, because the
substraction is considered not to cause the distortion of the meaning.
This technique also suppresses a SL information item in the TL. The
technique is opposed to amplification technique.
Example:
SL: Joko Widodo the president of republic of Indonesia
TL: Joko Widodo.
22
The information of Joko Widodo itself is deleted because the target
readers have been familiar with the name of their presisent itself.
(16) Substitution
Substitution is technique that used to change linguistic elements for
paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa. For
example, the gesture such as nodding is translated into setuju,
shrugging shoulders is translated into saya tidak tahu.
(17) Transposition
Transposition is the technique that used to change a grammatical
category of the source language into the target language. According to
Newmark (85) shift or transposition also means a grammar changing
from SL text to TL text. Vinay and Dalbernet (36) define that
transposition is replacing a word class with another without changing
the meaning of the messsage. This technique usually used when the
grammar in the source language and target language is different.
Example:
SL: My brother brings the book
TL: Buku itu dibawa oleh adikku
The element category in the source text is changed grammatically.
‘my brother’ as subject in the source text become object in the target
text and so does ‘book’ as object in the source text becomes subject in
the target text.
23
(18) Variation
Variation is the translation technique that replaces the linguistic or
paralinguistic elements, such as intonation and gestures, that affect aspect
of linguistic variation. This technique usually applied in translating
drama text.
Example:
SL: Hi chick?
TL: Hai cewek?
F. Literary Translation
The literary work, such as prose, poetry, or drama, is not easy to be
translated. Newmark (162) states that the cultural gap between the SL reader and
the TL reader (different ways of thinking or feeling, material objects) may affect
the cognitive translation (the transfer of cold information) which can be perfectly
possible and may be possibly perfect. In translating the prose, in this case fiction
art, the translator should really understand the differences that appeared in the text
such as the language style, background, theme, and the moral value that conveyed
by an author to the reader.
Helloc, as cited by Bassnett (120), mentions that there are six general rules
for prose text translators:
1. The translator should not ‘plod on’, word by word or sentence by
sentence, but should ‘always “block out” his work’. By ‘block out’,
Belloc means that the translator should consider the work as an integral
24
unit and translate in sections, asking himself ‘before each what the whole
sense is he has to render’.
2. The translator should render idiom by idiom and idioms of their nature
demand translation into another form from that of the original. Belloc
cites the case of the Greek exclamation ‘By the Dog!’, which, if rendered
literally, becomes merely comic in English, and suggest that the phrase
‘By God!’ is a much closer translation.
3. The translator must render ‘intention by intention’, bearing in mind that
‘the intention of a phrase in one language may be less empathic than the
form of the phrase, or it may be more emphatic’. By ‘intention’, Belloc
seems to be talking about the weight a given expression may have in a
particular context in the SL that would be disproportionate if translated
literally into the TL. He quotes several examples where the weighting of
the phrase in the SL is clearly much stronger or much weaker than the
literal TL translation, and points out that in the translation of ‘intention’,
it is often necessary to add words not in the original ‘to conform to the
idiom of one’s own tongue.
4. Belloc warns against les faux amis, those words or structures that may
appear to correspond in both SL and TL but actually do not, e.g.
demander to ask translated wrongly as to demand.
5. The translator is advised to ‘transmute boldly’ and Belloc suggests that
the essence of translating is ‘the resurrection of an alien thing in a native
body’.
25
6. The translator should never embellish.
The difference between translating the literary text, in this case, prose,
with the other text is that the translator must really understand the
literature itself, so he/ she can get the message conveyed by the author of
the text and pay the attention to the six rules that mentioned above.
26
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In the data description, the researcher tabulated the data which are taken
from the Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book. The researcher analyzed
the translation techniques of the handwritings that appeared in that book. The
purposes of the handwritings in this book are to show some disagreement, add an
explicit information or just random notes. Some of the handwritings are on the
same page, so the researcher separated it in the level of sentences (e.g. data 1 to
6.) From data 1 to 7, there is no page number in the book itself. Below is the
tabulated data list.
Table 2: Data Description of Handwriting
No. Source Language Target Language Translation
Technique
1 Shared by Ron
Weasley
Juga milik Ron
Weasley
Modulation
2 Because his fell apart Sebab bukunya sendiri
sdh sobek2x
Linguistic amplification
Compensation
3 Why don't you buy a
new one then?
Kenapa kau tidak beli
yang baru?
Literal Translation
4 Write on your own
book, Hermione
Coreti bukumu sendiri,
Hermione
Variation
5 You bought all those
dungbombs in
Saturday, you could
have bought a new
book instead
Bukannya membeli
buku baru, kau malah
membeli semua bom
kotoran itu hari sabtu
lalu
Adaptation
Transposition
Amplification
6 Dungbombs rule Hidup bom kotoran! Adaptation
Particularization
27
7 CHUDLEY
CANNONS - write a
decent team in my
book for a change,
Weasley
CHUDLEY CANNONS
- lain kali tulis tim
yang OKE di bukuku,
Weasley
Compensation
Transposition
8 Big hairy thing with
too many legs (p. x)
Makhluk besar berbulu
yg kakinya banyak (p.
17)
Reduction
9 You liar (p. xiv) Bohong ah! (p. 23) Linguistic compression
10 But no one's told
Hagrid (p. xix)
Sayangnya tak ada yg
memberitahu Hagrid
(p. 33)
Literal translation
11 Or anything Hagrid
likes (p. xxii)
Atau apapun yang
disukai Hagrid (p. 37)
Literal translation
12 Confirmed by Harry
Potter and Ron
Weasley (p. 2)
Dipastikan oleh Harry
Potter dan Ron
Weasley (p. 42)
Literal translation
13 That’s what you think
(p. 4)
Itu kan yang kau tahu
(p. 47)
Variaton
14 Last time I eat them
then (p. 5)
Aku tak mau makan
lagi deh (p.48)
Modulation
15 So Hagrid'll be
getting some any time
now (p. 7)
Pasti Hagrid akan
punya beberapa butir
sebentar lagi (p. 53)
Amplification
16 You're not kidding (p.
12)
Memang betul! (p. 63) Modulation
17 Baby Norbert (p. 13)
Bayi Norbert (p. 64) Literal Translation
18 Has Hagrid read this
book? (p. 21)
Hagrid sudah baca
buku ini belum sih? (p.
82)
Amplification
19 Snape hasn’t read this
either (p. 23)
Snape juga belum baca
ini (p. 88)
Transposition
20 But not mine. R.W.
(p. 25)
Tapi tidak bagiku. R.W.
(p. 93)
Variation
21 Ugly (p. 29) Jelek! (p.100) Literal Translation
28
22 But xxxxxxx if you're
Lockhart (p. 32)
Tapi xxxxxxx buat
Lockhart (p. 109)
Modulation
23 I had one of them
once (p. 34)
Dulu aku pernah punya
satu (p. 112)
Transposition
24 What happened to it?
(p. 34)
Apa yang terjadi
dengannya? (p. 112)
Literal Translation
25 Fred used it for
Bludger practice (p.
34)
Fred memakainya utk
latihan Bludger (p.
112)
Borrowing
26 My name is Gregory
Gayle and I smell! (p.
40)
Namaku gregory gayle
dan aku bau (p. 125)
Literal Translation
27 Aren't all bad! (p. 41)
Tidak semuanya jahat!
(p. 128)
Literal Translation
28 Nice name
Keren lho namanya Compensation
29 You die Weasley
Mati kau, Weasley Transposition
30 Harry loves Moaning
Myrtle
Harry suka Myrtle
merana
Variation
B. Data Analysis
The table above consists of 30 data which has been thoroughly inspected
and selected for the purpose of this research. The researcher analyzed the data
using Molina and Albir’s framework, with the result of the following analysis:
Datum 1
Source Language Target Language
Shared by Ron Weasley Juga milik Ron Weasley
In the first page of this book, there is a note that appeared to show the
reader who is the owner of this book. As been told in the background of the
29
research that this book is interpreted by Harry Potter’s textbook that been
copied and distributed to the non-magical person (Muggle). Then, Ron
Weasley also puts some notes, in the form of handwriting, explained that
this book does not only belong to Harry Potter, but also belong to him.
In this datum, the phrase Shared by is translated into Juga milik by the
translator. The message of both SL and TL text are the same that this book
not only belongs to Harry Potter according to Ron Weasley. The difference
in the TL and the SL is in the term of the point of view. Shared (adj) itself in
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2008) is owned, divided, felt or
experienced by more than one person. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia (2016), Milik (n) is kepunyaan; hak. The word shared is not
translated based on the dictionary of the target language, but the translator
did it to adjust the equivalence of the sentences. In this datum, modulation
technique applied by the translator since the translator changed the point of
view in the TL.
As mentioned on page 21, modulation is the translation technique that
applied by changing the point of view, focus, or cognitive aspect that
appeared in the source language, either lexical or structural. The application
of this technique by the translator is acceptable and the message conveyed
communicatively. Since if the sentence is translated literally, the translation
would be dibagi oleh Ron Weasley and it is less accurate because it will
make the target language reader confused. Therefore, the changing of point
30
of view by the translator will make the translation clearer and the message
will deliver properly to the target language reader.
Datum 2
Source Language Target Language
Because his fell apart Sebab bukunya sendiri sdh sobek2x
This handwriting appeared below the previous one to explain why
Ron Weasley put many notes in this book. He did so because his book is
already not in a good condition anymore. In this datum, the translator added
a noun to give more explanation about the possessive pronoun (his) that
appeared on the datum. In this translation, the translator explained the
belonging to the possessive pronoun by adding the word “buku” before the
pronoun and add the word “sendiri” after it. The translator gave another
linguistic element in translating the datum.
Therefore, the researcher considered that the translator applied the
linguistic amplification technique in translating the datum. As mentioned
on page 19 that linguistic amplification is a technique that adds the
linguistic elements from the source language into the target language. The
usage of this technique considered acceptable by the researcher since it gave
an explicit information to the reader about the possessive pronoun itself
although it is a little bit excessive but it is still acceptable.
In this datum, the compensation technique also applied by the
translator in translating the phrase “fell apart”. The translator translated the
phrase into “sdh sobek2x” in the TL. The translator tried to give the stylistic
31
effect in the original translation. The word “sudah” is written into “sdh” and
the phrase “sobek-sobek” is written into “sobek2x.” As Indonesian people
like to abbreviate some words when they write a note, the translator tried to
bring this culture when translating this datum.
As mentioned on page 17 that compensation is the translation
technique that introduces an SL element of information or stylistic effect in
another place in the TL because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in
the SL culture. The application of this technique is considered acceptable
since the readers had already familiar with the style of the writing that
brought by the translator in translating the SL text.
Datum 3
Source Language Target Language
Why don't you buy a new one then? Kenapa kau tidak beli yang baru?
This handwriting aimed to reply the previous handwriting. The
translator applied the literal translation technique since the SL is translated
literally and it has the same meaning and form with the TL. As mentioned
on page 20 that literal translation is the technique that used by the translator
to translate a word or an expression word for word. Separating the sentence
word-for-word will be (Why = Kenapa, don’t you = kau tidak, buy = beli, a
new one then = yang baru) to get an equivalence meaning in the SL and TL.
The translation technique applied in this translation is suitable since the
message still conveyed properly to the reader even though it is translated
word-for-word.
32
Datum 4
Source Language Target Language
Write on your own book, Hermione Coreti bukumu sendiri, Hermione
In this datum, the translator tried to bring another variation in
translating the word “write.” In Bahasa Indonesia, the word write means
“tulis” and if this sentence translated literally, it will be “tulis bukumu
sendiri.” There would be a misunderstanding if it translated like this, so the
translator gives another style in translating the word “write” and it becomes
“coreti.” The root word of “coreti” is “coret”, in Kamus Lengkap Indonesia
Inggris (Stevens and Scmidgall-Tellings 2014) is scratch, stripe.
Therefore, the translation technique applied in this datum is variation
technique considering that that variation is the translation technique that
replaces the linguistic or paralinguistic elements that affect aspect of
linguistic variation (page 24). The usage of this technique is acceptable and
the message conveyed properly since that has been mentioned above, if this
datum translated literally, it would make the readers confused about the
message.
Datum 5
Source Language Target Language
You bought all those dungbombs
in Saturday, you could have
bought a new book instead
Bukannya membeli buku baru, kau
malah membeli semua bom kotoran
itu hari sabtu lalu
33
The translator tried to translate the word “dungbombs” into the nearest
item in the TL by adapting it. A dungbomb itself, as explained in Harry
Potter Wikia (http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Dungbomb), is a magical
stink bomb that gives off a putrid odor and was invented in the 1800s by
Alberic Grunnion. Considering that there is no equivalence in the target
language culture, the translator translated the word “dungbombs” into “bom
kotoran” which has the same image in the SL (a bomb that made by dirt.) In
this datum, the adaptation technique applied by the translator since the
meaning of “dungbombs” replaced by the same character that derived from
the TL culture.
The word “dung” itself in Bahasa Indonesia means “kotoran.” It has
been mentioned on page 14 that adaptation can be used because the cultural
element in the SL is not found in the TL or the cultural elements in the TL
are more familiar to the target language reader. This translation considered
acceptable since the translator succeeded to bring the translation understood
by the reader because if this term translated literally, the reader that did not
know the dungbombs will get confused to interpret the image of the terms
itself.
The transposition technique is also found in this datum since the
structure of the SL is changed in the TL. The second sentence after the
comma in the SL is replaced into the beginning in the TL. The word
position’s “instead”, which is at the end of the second sentence on the SL, is
changed into the beginning of the sentence in the TL text which translated
34
into “bukannya”. As mentioned on page 23 that transposition is the
technique that used to change a grammatical category of the source
language into the target language. This researcher also considered that this
translation is acceptable since the message conveyed properly although
there is a change of grammatical order in this translation.
The amplification technique is also found in this datum as the
translator add the adverb “malah” before the verb “bought” in the TL, and
also add the word “lalu” after translating the word “Saturday” to emphasize
that this event has already passed. According to Molina and Albir (509-
511), the amplification technique is introducing the details or information
that are not formulated in the SL text. This translation considered acceptable
by the researcher since the translator gave additional information to give
more explanation to the readers.
Datum 6
Source Language Target Language
Dungbombs rule Hidup bom kotoran!
The text appeared when Ron Weasley aimed to reply the previous text
that talked about the dungbombs because he really loves to buy the
dungbombs instead buying the new book to replace his old one. The
adaptation technique applied in this translation since the translator
replaces the meaning of the “dungbombs” with the similar equivalence,
which is “bom kotoran,” in the target language. As has been mentioned on
page 14 that adaptation is the translation technique that the translator
35
replaces the cultural elements that appeared on source language (SL) text
with another cultural element that has the same or similar character that
derived from the target (TL). This translation is considered acceptable
because the translator did the same thing in translating the term as she had
been done in the datum 5.
In translating the word “rule” the translator translated it into “hidup.”
In this translation, the translator tried to translate it into a more concrete
term. Therefore, the particularization technique is applied in this
translation because it has been mentioned on page 22 that particularization
is translation technique that uses the term that is more concrete and specific.
The technique that applied in this translation is suitable since if the word
“rule” is translated literally into “aturan” would make the readers confused
and the message will not deliver appropriately.
Datum 7
Source Language Target Language
CHUDLEY CANNONS - write a
decent team in my book for a
change, Weasley
CHUDLEY CANNONS - lain kali
tulis tim yang OKE di bukuku,
Weasley
The Chudley Cannons are a British Quidditch team that founded in
1753 and played in the British and Irish Quidditch League and, in 1972,
participated in the International Quidditch Tournament
(http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Chudley_Cannons). The Chudley
Cannons is Ron Weasley’s favorite team. Ron loves to put random notes
36
and he also put this note in the book. This note appeared before the table of
contents of this book. In this datum, the compensation technique applied
by the translator in translating the word “decent”.
The translator translated the word “decent” into “OKE”. The translator
even capitalized the word “oke” in the target language to express that she
added the stylistic effect to make this translation more acceptable for the
target language reader. As mentioned on page 17 that compensation is
translation technique that introduces an SL element of information or
stylistic effect in another place in the TL because it cannot be reflected in
the same place as in the ST. This translation is considered acceptable since
the TL readers are already got familiar with the style that brought by the
translator.
The transposition technique is also found in this datum because the
translator changed the word order from the SL into TL. The phrase “for a
change” is translated into “lain kali” by the translator in the TL. The word
order of the phrase is changed from the ending of the sentence in the SL into
the beginning of the sentence in the TL. As mentioned on page 23 that
transposition the is technique that used to change a grammatical category of
the source language into the target language. The application of this
technique is also acceptable since it did not change the message and it is
conveyed properly.
37
Datum 8
Source Language Target Language
Big hairy thing with too many
legs
Makhluk besar berbulu yg kakinya
banyak
When there is a definition in that book about what is a beast, Ron puts
the note above the word beast itself and give his own explanation of what is
a beast. In this datum, the translator omitted the word “too” in translating
the TL. Therefore, it can be concluded that the reduction technique is
applied in this translator since the omission of a linguistic aspect happened
in this translation. Reduction itself is the technique applied with partial
subtraction because the subtraction is considered not to cause the distortion
of the meaning (page 22). The application of this technique considered
acceptable since the omission of the word “too” that been done by the
translator is acceptable since it is not distorting the meaning in the TL.
Datum 9
Source Language Target Language
You liar Bohong ah!
This handwriting appeared on page xiv on this book while there is a
chapter that was explained about a brief history of Muggle awareness of
fantastic beasts. Ron Weasley did not agree with this statement.
Furthermore, to his disagreement with the statement, he circled the word
brief on the page and write the phrase “you liar” note above it. The phrase
38
“You liar” translated into “Bohong ah!” by the translator. In this datum, the
translator only focused on one point of the phrase. Therefore, the linguistic
compression is applied in this translation since this technique used to
synthesize linguistic elements that appeared in the target language. The
technique applied in this translation is suitable since translating the phrase
literally into “kau pembohong” would be less communicative.
Datum 10
Source Language Target Language
But no one's told Hagrid Sayangnya tak ada yg memberitahu
Hagrid
This handwriting appeared when there is an explanation about the
prohibition in breeding the experimental creature. Ron put an arrow in the
word illegal on the book. The reason why Ron put that notes because, in the
Harry Potter story, Hagrid is the person who loves to breed and keep the
illegal creature even though it is prohibited by the minister of magic. In this
datum, the translator translated the text literally according to the word order
in the SL text. The translator focused on the form and the structure on the
SL in translating into the TL. If the sentence separated word-for-word, it
would be (But = sayangnya, no one’s = tak ada, told = yg memberitahu,
Hagrid = Hagrid).
Therefore, it could be said that the literal translation technique
applied in translating this data. As mentioned on page 20 that literal
translation is the technique that used by the translator to translate a word or
39
an expression word for word. This translation is acceptable since the
message still conveyed properly to the readers even though the translator
translated it word-for-word.
Datum 11
Source Language Target Language
Or anything Hagrid likes Atau apapun yang disukai Hagrid
In this book, there is some classification of how dangerous a creature
is. The classification called the M.O.M (Ministry of Magic) classification. It
begins with the XXXXX which is impossible to train or domesticate,
XXXX which is dangerous or requires the specialist knowledge, XXX
which is only competent wizard can cope it, XX which is harmless, and the
last one X which is boring for a wizard. Ron knows that Hagrid really loves
to keep the very dangerous creature, so he put the note beside the XXXXX
classification to express his knowing about Hagrid.
The literal translation technique applied by the translator since the
text translated literally and following the same word order in the SL. The
structure between SL and TL are the same, and the sentence is translated by
word-for-word. Separating the sentence by word-for-word, the meaning
would be (or = atau, anything = apapun, Hagrid likes = yang disukai
Hagrid). According to Molina and Albir (509-511), literal translation is the
technique that used by the translator to translate a word or an expression
word for word. The application of this technique is considered acceptable by
40
the researcher since the message still conveyed properly by the reader
although the sentence is translated word-for-word.
Datum 12
Source Language Target Language
Confirmed by Harry Potter and
Ron Weasley
Dipastikan oleh Harry Potter dan
Ron Weasley
This text appeared when Ron Weasley did not agree with the
statement that was talking about the rumours that a colony of Acromantula
has been established in Scotland are unconfirmed. Ron Weasley crossed the
word “unconfirmed” and put this note below it because he already saw the
Acromantula on an adventure with Harry and Hermione. In this datum, the
translator translated the text word for word and transferred the SL
grammatically and idiomatically appropriate into the TL. If this sentence
separated word-for-word, it would be (Confirmed = dipastikan, by = oleh,
Harry Potter and Ron Weasley = Harry Potter dan Ron Weasley).
Thus, in this translation, the literal translation technique applied by
the translator considering the word order and the structure between SL and
TL text is same and the amount of the words are same too. The application
of this technique is considered acceptable by the researcher since the
message still conveyed properly by the reader although the sentence is
translated word-for-word
41
Datum 13
Source Language Target Language
That’s what you think Itu kan yang kau tahu
Ron was not agreed with the writer of the book states that since
Basilisk, which also known as the king of serpents, are uncontrollable
except by Parselmouths, they are as dangerous to darkest wizards as to
anybody else, and there have been no recorded sightings of Basilisks in
Britain for at least four hundred years. Ron was not agreed with this
statement because in the second book of Harry Potter Series, Harry Potter
and the Chamber of Secret, has been told that Ron and his best friends,
Harry and Hermione, had already met the Basilisk itself in the chamber of
secret. Thus, Ron put this note below the statement.
The translator replaces the linguistic element in this datum since the
word “think” is not translated literally in the TL. The translator translated
the word “think” in the SL into “tahu” in the TL instead of translated it
literally. Therefore, the variation technique is applied in this translation
since the translator translated the word into the various aspect. As been
mentioned on page 24 that variation is the translation technique that replaces
the linguistic or paralinguistic elements, such as intonation and gestures,
that affect aspect of linguistic variation. The application of this technique
considered acceptable since if the word translated literally into “pikir,” it
would make the readers confused that will make the message of the
sentence did not convey properly.
42
Datum 14
Source Language Target Language
Last time I eat them then Aku tak mau makan lagi deh
Fizzing Whizzbees are a popular magical sweet with a large sherbet
shape that will cause a person who sucks on them float a few inches from
the ground (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 197). A rumor said
that dried Billywig stings are used in several potions and are believed to be
a component in the popular sweet and this rumor published in the book.
Thus, Ron Weasley who reads this in the book put an arrow to the Fizzing
Whizbees and writes this note below it.
In this datum, the translator tried to change the point of view in
translating this datum. The SL text and the TL text had the same meaning
which is Ron Weasley did not want to eat the Fizzing Whizzbees anymore.
However, in the SL text, the emphasis of the sentence is in the matter of
time which is “last time.” Then in TL text, the emphasis is in the term of
willingness. Therefore, the modulation technique is applied by the
translator in this datum as had been mentioned on page 21 that modulation
is the translation technique that applied by changing the point of view,
focus, or cognitive aspect that appeared on the source language, either
lexical or structural. The usage of this technique is acceptable since the
readers also get the same meaning that conveyed by the reader although the
point of view is changed in this datum.
43
Datum 15
Source Language Target Language
So Hagrid'll be getting some any
time now
Pasti Hagrid akan punya beberapa
butir sebentar lagi
This handwriting appeared when there is an explanation about the
Chimera. In the explanation, chimaera eggs are classified as Class A Non-
Tradeable Goods. As told in Harry Potter stories that Hagrid is the one who
likes to collect any creatures even it is not allowed by the minister of magic.
Therefore, Ron which already knows about this habit of Hagrid put this note
below the explanation. In this datum, the amplification technique was
applied since the translator add some specific details in translating the SL
text.
The translator adds the word “butir” after the phrase “some any” to
give the additional information about what thing that Hagrid get in the SL
text. As mentioned on page 14 that amplification is a translation technique
that introducing the details or information that are not formulated in the SL
text. The application of this technique is suitable since the translator
enhances another element to give further information about what Hagrid got
to the reader.
Datum 16
Source Language Target Language
You're not kidding Memang betul!
44
Hungarian Horntail is supposedly the most dangerous of all dragon
breeds, has black scales and is lizardlike in appearance. It has yellow eyes,
bronze horns, and similarly coloured spikes that protrude from its long tail
(Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 13). Ron Weasley agreed with
the statement said that the dragon is the most dangerous dragon, so he put an
arrow to the dangerous word and put this note below it. The modulation
technique applied in this datum since there is the shift of the meaning from
SL text to the TL text. If the SL translated literally, it would be (You’re not
kidding = kamu tidak bercanda). The translator tried to change the point of
view in this datum in order to give the real meaning in the TL and to
emphasize that the sentence was an approval sentence.
As mentioned on page 21 that modulation is translation technique that
applied by changing the point of view, focus, or cognitive aspect that
appeared in the source language, either lexical or structural. Thus, the point
of view in the TL is changed but the meaning is still can be understood by
the TL reader. Therefore, the usage of this technique is appropriate because
the message still carried appropriately.
Datum 17
Source Language Target Language
Baby Norbert Bayi Norbert
This handwriting appeared when he crossed the word Norwegian
Ridgeback at the book and replace them with Baby Norbert. As been told in
the Harry Potter series that Norbert is a kind of Norwegian Ridgeback
45
dragon that Harry, Ron, and Hermione saw him hatched in Hagrid’s home.
The literal translation technique applied by the translator because the
phrase translated in the same grammatical order as in the SL text. As been
mentioned on page 20 that literal translation is the technique that used by
the translator to translate a word or an expression word for word. If this text
translated separately, it would be (Baby = bayi, Norbert = Norbert). This
technique applied properly since the message is conveyed correctly.
Datum 18
Source Language Target Language
Has Hagrid read this book? Hagrid sudah baca buku ini belum
sih?
The Hippogriff is native to Europe, though now found worldwide. It
has the head of a giant eagle and the body of a horse. In the Harry Potter
story, Hagrid told that he used to have a hippogriff and Ron, Harry and
Hermione have already seen it. There is an explanation that Hippogriff can
be tamed, though this should be attempted only by experts. Ron gives
underline to the explanation above and put this not vertically beside the text
to show how upset Ron with Hagrid’s habit of keeping the restricted
creatures.
The amplification technique is found in this translation since the
translator adds the word “sih” at the end of the sentence to emphasize the
uncertainty of Ron Weasley to Hagrid in the TL. As mentioned on page 14.
that amplification is a translation technique that introducing the details or
46
information that are not formulated in the SL text. The application of this
technique is still acceptable since it is not really affecting the message that
conveyed by the author.
Datum 19
Source Language Target Language
Snape hasn’t read this either Snape juga belum baca ini
Kappa is a Japanese water demon that inhabits shallow ponds and
rivers. Often said to look like a monkey with fish scales instead of fur, it has
a hollow in the top of its head in which it carries water (Fantastic Beasts and
Where to Find Them 23). However, Professor Snape states that Kappa is
more commonly found in Mongolia (Harry Potter and The Prisoner of
Azkaban 172). Ron, who had read the explanation in the book underlined
the word Japanese and then put this note above it to show how annoyed him
with Professor Snape for not believing in the statement.
The transposition technique is applied by the translator since the
grammatical order in the SL is changed in the TL. The word “either” in the
SL is at the end of the sentence. However, in the TL the word’s position of
“either”, which is translated into “juga”, is changed after the subject.
According to Molina and Albir (509-511), transposition is the technique that
used to change a grammatical category of the source language into the target
language. The change of grammatical order in this datum did not change the
message that conveyed to the reader so the translation is considered suitable
by the researcher.
47
Datum 20
Source Language Target Language
But not mine. R.W. Tapi tidak bagiku. R.W.
Leprechaun is a six inches’ tall creatures with a green colour who can
speak and can produce a realistic goldlike substance that vanishes after a
few hours, to their great amusement. Ron Weasley is not getting amused
with any of leprechaun magic trick, so he put an arrow and then write this
note to express his disagreement with the amusement statement. The
variation technique is applied by the translator since the word “mine” is
translated into “bagiku”.
The literal meaning of mine is milikku, but the translator replaced it
with “bagiku”. As mentioned on page 24 that variation is the translation
technique that replaces the linguistic or paralinguistic elements, such as
intonation and gestures, that affect aspect of linguistic variation. The
technique applied properly since if the translator still translated it literally
into “tapi tidak milikku” would make the reader confused and did not get the
message properly.
Datum 21
Source Language Target Language
Ugly Jelek!
When there is an explanation about the selkies of Scotland and the
Merrows of Ireland which are less beautiful than another merpeople
48
(mermaid), but they share that love of music which is common to all
merpeople. Ron Weasley aggressively crosses the phrase less beautiful and
write the word ugly instead. The word “ugly” in the SL translated literally
into “jelek” in the TL by the translator considering that it was the
appropriate meaning in the TL culture. Therefore, the literal translation
technique applied by the translator since there is no change in the structure
in the TL text. This technique considered acceptable since it already
equivalent to the TL.
Datum 22
Source Language Target Language
But xxxxxxx if you're Lockhart Tapi xxxxxxx buat Lockhart
In Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book, there are some
classification from the Ministry of Magic (abbreviated as M.O.M) about the
level of how dangerous a creature in the magical world can be. There are
five categories of this classification. The first one is XXXXX which means
it is impossible that the creatures in this classification can be trained or
domesticated. The second one is XXXX which means that only skilled
wizard may handle those creatures. The third one is XXX which only a
competent wizard can cope the creatures in this category. The fourth one is
XX which is harmless may be domesticated. Then the last one, X, which is a
boring creature according to the Ministry of Magic.
When there is an explanation about Pixie on the book, Ron Weasley
saw that the M.O.M. classification for a Pixie is XXX. Thus, he put another
49
note that show a little disagreement about this since he knew that the
Professor of Defence Against the Dark Arts in his second year of school,
Professor Gilderoy Lockhart, is not an expert since he never actually did any
of the heroic acts he claimed on many of his books and very bad at teaching
the course itself (http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Gilderoy_Lockhart).
Capable of nothing makes Ron Weasley put more X behind the M.O.M.
classification of Pixie and write this note behind it.
In this datum, there is a change of point of view that been done by the
translator. The meaning of the both SL and TL text are the same which is
explaining that Lockhart is not able to cope the Pixie. However, the
difference between the SL and TL text is in the SL, the point of view of the
text is referred to the reader since it makes the reader imagine how if they
were Lockhart. Furthermore, the TL text point of view is referred to
Lockhart himself since he can manage to handle the creature. The
modulation technique is applied by the translator since there is a change of
point of view from the SL to TL.
The use of this technique is proper since if the translator force to
translate the phrase “if you’re” according to the point of view in the SL,
which become “jika kamu”, it would be less acceptable and probably would
make the reader confused about the meaning. Thus, the data become easier
to understand and simpler when the modulation technique applied.
50
Datum 23
Source Language Target Language
I had one of them once Dulu aku pernah punya satu
The Puffskein is found worldwide. Spherical in shape and covered in
soft, custard-coloured fur, it is a docile creature that has no objection to
being cuddled or thrown about. Easy to care for, it emits a low humming
noise when contented (Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 34). Ron,
who used to have a Puffskein, circled the Puffskein word and then write the
note beside it.
In this datum, the transposition technique is applied by the
translator since the grammatical order in the SL is changed in the TL. The
position of adverb of time “once” is replaced from the end of the sentence in
the SL to the beginning of the sentence in the TL. The subject’s position in
the SL is also changed from the beginning of the sentence to become after
the adverb of time in the TL. This technique applied properly since the
message still conveyed appropriately even though the grammatical order is
changed in the TL.
Datum 24
Source Language Target Language
What happened to it? Apa yang terjadi dengannya?
The translator translated the datum literally and focusing on the
structure of the SL text. If the sentence separated word-for-word, the
51
translation would be (What = apa, happened = yang terjadi, to it? =
dengannya?). Therefore, it could be said that the literal translation
technique applied by the translator in translating the datum. As mentioned
on page 20 that literal translation is the technique that used by the translator
to translate a word or an expression word for word. Translating the text
literally did not affect the message conveyed by the author so the technique
applied properly.
Datum 25
Source Language Target Language
Fred used it for Bludger practice Fred memakainya utk latihan
Bludger
Bludger is a round, jet black ball, made of iron, and is used in the
wizarding sport of Quidditch (http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Bludger).
According to the data, the term “Bludge” didn’t have any adjustment or
changes when translated into the TL since there is no equivalence for this
term in the TL. Furthermore, this term is a sports term that only exists in the
Harry Potter’s magical realm and it will be more accurate if it stays in its
own original form. Therefore, this can be concluded that the borrowing
technique applied in this translation. This kind of borrowing called the pure
borrowing, referring to Molina and Albir’s framework (2002). The usage of
the borrowing technique in translating the term is precise since it would be
so hard for the translation to find the equivalence of the term in the TL.
52
Datum 26
Source Language Target Language
My name is Gregory Gayle and I
smell!
Namaku Gregory Gayle dan aku bau
Ron puts this random note and makes a bad human drawing below the
handwriting. The translator applied the literal translation technique since
the translator translated word-for-word and followed the word order in the
SL text. Translating the text separately would be (My name is = Namaku,
Gregory Gayle = Gregory Gayle, and I smell = dan aku bau). As mentioned
on page 20 that literal translation is the technique that used by the translator
to translate a word or an expression word for word. This technique applied
properly and the message also conveyed properly to the reader.
Datum 27
Source Language Target Language
Aren't all bad! Tidak semuanya jahat!
This handwriting appeared when Ron wants to give the clarification
that not every werewolves are bad since Harry Potter’s Godfather, Severus
Black, is a very nice person for him. The literal translation is applied by
the translator since it is translated word-for-word and it has the same
structure with the SL. If it is translated separately, it would be (Aren’t =
Tidak, all = semuanya, bad! = jahat!). As mentioned on page 20 that literal
translation is the technique that used by the translator to translate a word or
53
an expression word for word. The message conveyed properly to the reader
in this translation so the technique applied in this translation is suitable.
Datum 28
Source Language Target Language
Nice name Keren lho namanya
Newton (“Newt”) Artemis Fido Scamander was born in 1897. His
interest in fabulous beasts was encouraged by his mother, who was an
enthusiastic breeder of fancy Hippogriffs (Fantastic Beasts and Where to
Find Them vi). It is a piece of biography from the author of this book (a
fictional author that created by the real author of this book, J.K. Rowling).
Ron seems to be amazed by the name of the author, so he underlines the full
name of the author and put this note above his name.
In this datum, the translator amplified another aspect in translating the
TL text. The translator adds the word “lho” after translating the word “nice”
in order to give another expression in the TL. The word “lho” is not
reflected in the SL thus the compensation technique is applied in this
translation since the translator gave the stylistic variant in translating the
text. This technique is still acceptable in this translation because it is not
affecting the message conveyed to the readers.
Datum 29
Source Language Target Language
You die Weasley Mati kau, Weasley
54
It seems like Ron Weasley loses in the hangman game, so he writes
this note beside the hangman picture. In this datum, the transposition
technique is applied by the translator since the grammatical order in the SL
is changed in the TL. The SL is an active sentence and it is changed into an
active phrase. The grammatical order in the SL is S (You) + V (die) but the
translator changed it into V (mati) +S (kau). According to Molina and Albir
(509-511), transposition is the technique that used to change a grammatical
category of the source language into the target language. Translating the
word literally into “Kau mati, Weasley” would be inappropriate and will
make the reader confused so the technique that been applied in this
translation is suitable.
Datum 30
Source Language Target Language
Harry loves Moaning Myrtle Harry suka Myrtle merana
Like has been told above that Ron likes to put random notes in this
book. Thus, he writes this note to tease Harry Potter. He puts the name of a
bathroom ghost, Moaning Myrtle, after Harry’s name. Moaning Myrtle is a
Muggle-born witch who attended Hogwarts from 1940-1943. The real name
of her is Myrtle Elizabeth Warren but she got the nickname because she is a
ghost that killed by Voldemort’s Basilisk that haunts the first-floor girl’s
bathroom at Hogwarts (http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Myrtle_Warren).
The literal translation of the word “moaning” is “mengerang”.
55
Considering that the translation is not really appropriate in the TL, the
translator changed it into “merana” to adjust with the TL culture. Therefore,
the technique that applied in this translation is variation technique since it
is replacing the linguistic element that affects aspect of linguistic variation
(page 24). The technique applied properly since translating the word
literally will not suitable for the TL culture.
56
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
From the data that has been analyzed, the researcher gives the conclusion to
the study about the translation techniques applied in a literary work. In translating
text, especially literary work, the translator should really concern in the process
and should follow the rule of translation and should consider the proper
translation techniques to achieved a good result of translation. Thus, the TL reader
would feel the same experience as they read the original book and understand the
proper meaning that was derived by the author of the book. As it had been
explained above that the translation techniques as procedures to analyze and
classify how translation equivalence works.
In the translation of Ron Weasley’s Handwriting on Fantastic Beasts and
Where to Find Them book, there are twelve techniques that are used. These
twelve techniques are Modulation (4 data), Linguistic amplification (1 data),
Compensation (3 data), Literal translation (9 data), Variation (4 data), Adaptation
(2 data), Transposition (4 data), Amplification (3 data), Particularization (1 data),
Reduction (1 data), Linguistic Compression (1 data), Borrowing (1 data). The
most dominant type of translation techniques that are found in this book is Literal
Translation, which has the highest frequency (9 data). Most of the SL text,
through this technique, is translated literally without changing the structure in the
SL and without any addition or reduction when translated into the TL. The
57
translator succeeds in applying the techniques in translating the data because most
of the message conveyed properly to the reader.
B. Suggestion
After conducting the research of the translation techniques of Ronald
Weasley’s Handwriting in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them by J.K.
Rowling, the researcher would like to give some suggestion.
For the translator of this book, the researcher suggest that she should pay
more attention to the technique that she want to apply and should also concern
about the meaning of the text itself in order to achieved the translation that would
be understood by the TL reader, especially in the term of meaning equivalent, to
avoid the ambiguity in the TL. Thus, the TL reader would feel the same
experience when they read the result of the translation.
For next researcher, the researcher suggests that the other should have more
understanding about a literary work and also the translation techniques itself in
order to get more experience when analyzing the data to achieved the equivalent
of the meaning in the TL itself. Furthermore, there are only twelve types of
translation techniques found in this translation. Therefore, it would be a good
suggestion to find more techniques in the analysis of data.
For the fellow English Letters Department students, especially translation
students, the understanding of grammar, proverb, word class, and other aspects of
language is a must because translating activity is not only transferring the
language from one to another, but also transferring all the aspects above and
obviously the meaning of the text. Exploring more about the translation
58
techniques in any kind of text would be very useful to elaborate the knowledge
and the understanding about the translation study.
59
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APPENDIX
Description of the book
Author : J.K. Rowling
Country : United States of America
Language : English
Publisher : Scholastic Press
Publication Year : 2001
Genre : Fiction
Pages : 59
ISBN : 9780439321600
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