THE TURBULENT SIXTIESTHE TURBULENT SIXTIES

America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present

Chapter 30Chapter 30

Kennedy Intensifies the Cold WarKennedy Intensifies the Cold War

• John F. Kennedy a "Cold Warrior"John F. Kennedy a "Cold Warrior"

• Kennedy advisors support U.S. hard Kennedy advisors support U.S. hard line against Russialine against Russia

Flexible ResponseFlexible Response

• Arms buildupArms buildup• conventional armed forcesconventional armed forces• the nuclear arsenalthe nuclear arsenal• Special Forces Special Forces

• U.S. strength tempts new administration U.S. strength tempts new administration to challenge U.S.S.R. to challenge U.S.S.R.

Crisis over BerlinCrisis over Berlin

• 1961--Khrushchev renews threat again 1961--Khrushchev renews threat again to give Berlin to East Germanyto give Berlin to East Germany

• Kennedy’s responseKennedy’s response• announce crisis on nationwide televisionannounce crisis on nationwide television• call up the National Guardcall up the National Guard

• Soviets retreatSoviets retreat

• Berlin Wall built Berlin Wall built

Containment in Southeast AsiaContainment in Southeast Asia

• Kennedy sees Southeast Asia as focus Kennedy sees Southeast Asia as focus of U.S.-Soviet rivalry of U.S.-Soviet rivalry • support Saigon’s Diem regimesupport Saigon’s Diem regime• sends 16,000 American military "advisors" sends 16,000 American military "advisors"

• November, 1963--coup against Diem November, 1963--coup against Diem • Kennedy acceptsKennedy accepts• coup further destabilizes South Vietnamcoup further destabilizes South Vietnam

• U.S. involvement in Vietnam deepenedU.S. involvement in Vietnam deepened

Containing Castro:The Bay of Pigs FiascoContaining Castro:The Bay of Pigs Fiasco

• Kennedy supports “anti-Castro forces in Kennedy supports “anti-Castro forces in exile”exile”

• Bay of Pigs invasion a part of 1960 CIA Bay of Pigs invasion a part of 1960 CIA plan under Eisenhower plan under Eisenhower

• April, 17 1961—InvasionApril, 17 1961—Invasion• 1,400 Cuban exiles land without expected 1,400 Cuban exiles land without expected

U.S. military supportU.S. military support• Defeated within 48 hoursDefeated within 48 hours

• Kennedy takes responsibility in defiant Kennedy takes responsibility in defiant speech against “communist penetration”speech against “communist penetration”

Containing Castro:The Cuban Missile CrisisContaining Castro:The Cuban Missile Crisis

• October, 1962--Soviet nuclear missiles October, 1962--Soviet nuclear missiles confirmed in Cubaconfirmed in Cuba

• Plan to blockade, invade CubaPlan to blockade, invade Cuba

• October 22--Kennedy informs October 22--Kennedy informs Americans of Cuban Missile CrisisAmericans of Cuban Missile Crisis

• October 28--Khrushchev agrees to October 28--Khrushchev agrees to remove missilesremove missiles

Containing Castro:The Cuban Missile Crisis (2)

Containing Castro:The Cuban Missile Crisis (2)

• PoliticalPolitical• Kennedy’s popularity soarsKennedy’s popularity soars• Democrats gain in Congressional electionsDemocrats gain in Congressional elections

• Diplomatic effectsDiplomatic effects• moderation of the Cold Warmoderation of the Cold War• Russians begin naval, nuclear buildupRussians begin naval, nuclear buildup

The New Frontier at HomeThe New Frontier at Home

• Kennedy staff competent, activist Kennedy staff competent, activist

• Seeks legislative and economic reform Seeks legislative and economic reform

• JFK the administration's greatest assetJFK the administration's greatest asset

The Congressional ObstacleThe Congressional Obstacle

• Congress controlled by Southern Congress controlled by Southern Democrat-Republican coalitionDemocrat-Republican coalition

• Coalition blocks far-reaching reformCoalition blocks far-reaching reform

• Kennedy does not challenge CongressKennedy does not challenge Congress

Economic AdvanceEconomic Advance

• Economic stimulationEconomic stimulation• increased space, defense spending increased space, defense spending • informal wage and price guidelines informal wage and price guidelines

• 1962--U.S. Steel forced to lower prices1962--U.S. Steel forced to lower prices

• 1963--tax cut spurs one of the longest 1963--tax cut spurs one of the longest sustained advances in U.S. historysustained advances in U.S. history

• Kennedy's economic policies double Kennedy's economic policies double growth, cut unemployment growth, cut unemployment

Moving Slowly on Civil RightsMoving Slowly on Civil Rights

• Downplay civil rights legislation to avoid Downplay civil rights legislation to avoid alienating Southern Democrats alienating Southern Democrats

• May, 1961--federal marshals sent to May, 1961--federal marshals sent to protect Birmingham freedom ridersprotect Birmingham freedom riders

• 1962--federal marshals, National Guard 1962--federal marshals, National Guard to U. of Mississippito U. of Mississippi

• 1963--deputy attorney general faces 1963--deputy attorney general faces down George Wallace at U. of Alabamadown George Wallace at U. of Alabama

"I Have a Dream""I Have a Dream"

• May, 1963--violent police suppression May, 1963--violent police suppression of nonviolent protestors in Birminghamof nonviolent protestors in Birmingham• Kennedy intervenes on side of blacksKennedy intervenes on side of blacks• Congress asked for civil-rights lawsCongress asked for civil-rights laws

• August, 1963--MLK leads March on August, 1963--MLK leads March on WashingtonWashington

• Kennedy record disappointing to Kennedy record disappointing to supporters, ultimately effectivesupporters, ultimately effective

The Supreme Court and ReformThe Supreme Court and Reform

• Defendants’ rights in criminal casesDefendants’ rights in criminal cases

• Legislative reapportionment of statesLegislative reapportionment of states

• 1962--1962--Baker v. CarrBaker v. Carr establishes "one establishes "one man, one vote" man, one vote"

• Greater social justice achievedGreater social justice achieved• rights of the underprivileged protectedrights of the underprivileged protected• dissent and free expression protecteddissent and free expression protected

"Let Us Continue""Let Us Continue"

• November 22, 1963--JFK assassinated November 22, 1963--JFK assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald by Lee Harvey Oswald

• Lyndon Johnson promises to continue Lyndon Johnson promises to continue Kennedy's programsKennedy's programs

• Johnson ultimately exceeds Kennedy’s Johnson ultimately exceeds Kennedy’s record on economic, racial equalityrecord on economic, racial equality

Johnson in ActionJohnson in Action

• Poor image on television Poor image on television

• Effective manager of CongressEffective manager of Congress

• Spring, 1964--Kennedy's tax cut passedSpring, 1964--Kennedy's tax cut passed

• July 2-- Civil Rights Act July 2-- Civil Rights Act • bans public segregationbans public segregation• protects voting rightsprotects voting rights

The Election of 1964The Election of 1964

• 1964--Johnson launches “war on 1964--Johnson launches “war on poverty” topoverty” to• encourage self-help encourage self-help • reduce poverty reduce poverty

• Johnson wins landslide election against Johnson wins landslide election against Republican Barry GoldwaterRepublican Barry Goldwater

The Triumph of ReformThe Triumph of Reform

• 1965 Great Society legislation advances 1965 Great Society legislation advances beyond New Dealbeyond New Deal

• Medicare Medicare

• Medicaid Medicaid

• Elementary and Secondary Education Elementary and Secondary Education ActAct

• Voting Rights ActVoting Rights Act

African American Voter Registration Before and After Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1964

African American Voter Registration Before and After Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1964

The Second Great Migration:A Theoretical ExampleThe Second Great Migration:A Theoretical Example

Johnson Escalates the Vietnam WarJohnson Escalates the Vietnam War

• Hawkish foreign policy continuedHawkish foreign policy continued

• 1965--troops sent to Dominican 1965--troops sent to Dominican RepublicRepublic

• Determined not to "lose" Vietnam to the Determined not to "lose" Vietnam to the CommunistsCommunists

The Vietnam DilemmaThe Vietnam Dilemma

• 1964--Saigon on the verge of collapse1964--Saigon on the verge of collapse

• Johnson’s initial responseJohnson’s initial response• refuse to send American combat forcesrefuse to send American combat forces• economic aideconomic aid• military advisersmilitary advisers• covert actionscovert actions

• August 1964--Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionAugust 1964--Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Southeast Asia and the Vietnam WarSoutheast Asia and the Vietnam War

EscalationEscalation

• Johnson seeks to avoid diverting Johnson seeks to avoid diverting resource from Great Society to Vietnamresource from Great Society to Vietnam

• U.S. effort intended to bring Hanoi into U.S. effort intended to bring Hanoi into peace negotiationspeace negotiations

• Policy of secrecy and deceit to assure Policy of secrecy and deceit to assure Americans of Vietnam’s insignificanceAmericans of Vietnam’s insignificance

StalemateStalemate

• 1968--500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam 1968--500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam

• War of attrition increases American War of attrition increases American losses, enrages South Vietnameselosses, enrages South Vietnamese

• Johnson’s tactics fail to win the warJohnson’s tactics fail to win the war

• Americans gradually turn against the Americans gradually turn against the warwar

U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam (as of Dec. 31 each year)

U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam (as of Dec. 31 each year)

Years of TurmoilYears of Turmoil

• Exceptional unrest at home Exceptional unrest at home

• Continued escalation of Vietnam war Continued escalation of Vietnam war

The Student RevoltThe Student Revolt

• 1964--student protest movement 1964--student protest movement launched at Berkeleylaunched at Berkeley

• Challenge older generation’s Challenge older generation’s materialismmaterialism

• Vietnam War targetedVietnam War targeted

• Widespread cultural uprisingWidespread cultural uprising

Protesting the Vietnam WarProtesting the Vietnam War

• October, 1967--100,000 protesters October, 1967--100,000 protesters besiege the Pentagonbesiege the Pentagon

• Demonstrations suppressed by a Demonstrations suppressed by a combination of force, concessionscombination of force, concessions

The Cultural RevolutionThe Cultural Revolution

• Rejection of older values throughRejection of older values through• sexual expressionsexual expression• clothingclothing• drugsdrugs• musicmusic

• Some extremism provokes outrageSome extremism provokes outrage

• Serious challenge to hypocrisy of Serious challenge to hypocrisy of American societyAmerican society

"Black Power""Black Power"

• 1964-1967--riots in northern cities1964-1967--riots in northern cities• Rise of militant leadersRise of militant leaders

• black separatism black separatism • armed strugglearmed struggle

• MLK leads anti-poverty crusadeMLK leads anti-poverty crusade• April, 1968--MLK assassinatedApril, 1968--MLK assassinated• Militancy increases African American Militancy increases African American

pridepride

Ethnic NationalismEthnic Nationalism

• Multiple groups emulate African Multiple groups emulate African American movement American movement

• 1965--C1965--Céésar Chsar Cháávez organizes National vez organizes National Farm Workers' Association Farm Workers' Association

• Chicanos win federal mandate for Chicanos win federal mandate for bilingual educationbilingual education

Women's LiberationWomen's Liberation

• 1963--Friedan's 1963--Friedan's The Feminine MystiqueThe Feminine Mystique

• New feminist activismNew feminist activism• 1964 Civil Rights Act used to attack 1964 Civil Rights Act used to attack

inequality in employmentinequality in employment• pro-choice advocacy on abortion pro-choice advocacy on abortion • seek to toughen enforcement of rape lawsseek to toughen enforcement of rape laws

• 1972--Congress sends Equal Rights 1972--Congress sends Equal Rights Amendment to the statesAmendment to the states

The Return of Richard NixonThe Return of Richard Nixon

• 1968 a year of turmoil1968 a year of turmoil• presidential electionpresidential election• turning point in the Vietnam War turning point in the Vietnam War • massive protests in the streetsmassive protests in the streets

• Richard Nixon election demonstrates Richard Nixon election demonstrates desire for national reconciliationdesire for national reconciliation

Vietnam Undermines Lyndon JohnsonVietnam Undermines Lyndon Johnson

• 1968--Tet Offensive leads to conclusion 1968--Tet Offensive leads to conclusion that Vietnam war cannot be wonthat Vietnam war cannot be won

• March--Johnson announces he will not March--Johnson announces he will not seek another term as presidentseek another term as president

The Democrats DivideThe Democrats Divide

• RivalsRivals• Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy • Robert Kennedy Robert Kennedy • party leaders favor Hubert Humphreyparty leaders favor Hubert Humphrey

• Kennedy assassinated during campaignKennedy assassinated during campaign

• 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago besieged by antiwar protestorsbesieged by antiwar protestors

• Democrats wounded in public opinionDemocrats wounded in public opinion

The Republican ResurgenceThe Republican Resurgence

• Republicans unite on Richard NixonRepublicans unite on Richard Nixon

• George Wallace’s third party candidacy George Wallace’s third party candidacy draws Democratic votesdraws Democratic votes

• Nixon wins narrow victoryNixon wins narrow victory

The End of an EraThe End of an Era

• Election of 1968 ends thirty-year era of Election of 1968 ends thirty-year era of liberal reform, activist foreign policyliberal reform, activist foreign policy

• Americans seek less intrusive Americans seek less intrusive governmentgovernment