The Umayyad Caliphate in

Hispania

SEQUENCE

• Background• Expansion of empire• Caliphs

– Main caliphs

• Reforms– Administrative Reforms– Social Reforms– Financial Reforms– Architectural Development

• Abbasids Conquest• Reasons of fall

– Internal factors– External factors

MUSLIM RULE

• Muhammah (SAW)• Rashideen Caliphate (632-661)• Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)• Abbasid caliphate (750-1258)

THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE BACKGROUND

• 661-750 AD• Abd Manaf → Abd Shams → Umayya• Origin: Mecca• After Khulafa e Rashidin (632-661 AD)• Muawiyah: founder of dynasty• Largest empire ever• Seventh largest contiguous empire ever• Transfer of power within family

FAMILY TREE OF THE UMAYYADS

Abd Manaf

Hashim

Abdul Mutalib

Abdullah

Muhammad(SAW)

Abu Talib

Ali (RA)

Hussain(RA)

Abd Shams

Umayyah

Harb

Abu Sufiyan

Muawiyah bin Sufiyan

Yazid Bin Muawiyah

Yazid Bin sufiyan

THE UMAYYAD EMPIRE

EXPANSION DURING UMAYYAD RULE

During Umayyad Rule

During Rashideen Caliphs

THE UMAYYAD CALIPHS

• Muawiyah I (661–680): Founder of the Umayyad dynasty• Yazid I (680–683)• Muawiyah II (683–684)• Marwan I (684–685)• Abd al-Malik (685–705)• Al-Walid I (705–715)• Sulayman (715–717)• Umar II (717–720)• Yazid II (720–724)• Hisham (724–743)• Al-Walid II (743–744)• Yazid III (744)• Ibrahim (744)• Marwan II

MAIN CALIPHS

• Mu’awiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (661 – 680) • Abdul Malik (685 – 705)• Umar II (717 – 720)• Marwan II (744 – 750)

MU’AWIYAH IBN ABU SUFYAN (661 – 680)

• Syria : powerful military and naval base• Muslim Centre: Iraq to Damascus• Tolerant policy towards christians• Postal service• Bureau of registry• Military expansion to north, east and west

ABDUL MALIK (685 – 705)

• Strengthening governmental administration• Arabic: language of administration• Money system, coinage

ABDUL MALIK (685 – 705)

• Mosques• Developing religious architecture

Dome Of the Rock

The Aqsa Mosque

The Great Mosque of Damascus

UMAR II (717 – 720)

• Not a successor: appointed• Formation of council• Very simple: lived in a tent• Redistribution of seized estates• Enforced Shariah• Welfare programs • Education

MARWAN II (744 – 750)

• Last ruler• Many problems• Degradation of society• Inefficient governors• Lost many territories

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS

• Three main governmental branches – Political and military affairs – Tax collection– Religious administration

• Further divided

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS

• Six boards– Diwan al-Kharaj (the Board of Revenue)– Diwan al-Rasa'il (the Board of

Correspondence)– Diwan al-Khatam (the Board of Signet)– Diwan al-Barid (the Board of Posts)– Diwan al-Qudat (the Board of Justice) – Diwan al-Jund (the Military Board)

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS

• Governors• Religious officials, Army leaders, Police, and

Civil Administrators• Local expenses from taxes• Accountable for the financial development and

problems

FINANCIAL REFORMS

• Coins• Standardized weight and design• Phrases from Quran• Dinars and Dirhams

SOCIAL REFORMS

• Four main social classes:– Muslim Arabs– Muslim non-Arabs (clients of the Muslim

Arabs)– Non-Muslim free persons (Christians, Jews,

Zoroastrians)– Slaves

• Superior Arabs• Social unrest

WOMEN EMANCIPATION

• Women rights• Equality of men and women• Women participation in politics• Women education• Legal rights in marriage and divorce

ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT

The Aqsa Mosque Umayyad Mosque

The Damascus SchoolThe Great Damascus mosque

UMAYYAD CONQUESTS

• Middle East• Persia• North Africa• Spain and Portugal• Afghanistan and Pakistan• Stopped by the Franks in 732

UMAYYAD’S FALL BY THE ABBASIDS

• Rebel army from Khurasan• Marwan’s army was defeated• Damascus and other syrian cities conquered• Umayyads were killed ruthlessly• Except Umar II

REASONS OF FALL: INTERNAL

• Internal weaknesses– Inequality– Bribery– Interest– Illicit activities like adultery, prostitution etc

• Luxury and soft living– Started Harems– Pleasure Gardens– Royal Palaces

• Moved away from war• Abandoned the principles of Muhammad

REASONS OF FALL: EXTERNAL

• The Khawarij movement• Revolts from tribes• Revolts from Abbasids

Umayyad In Spain (750-1031)

Brief History• Conquest of Spain (710-714)

– Tariq bin Ziyad

• Appointment of

Governors• Battle of Zab River

and Massacre of

Umayyad Family

(750)– Abdur Rehman

(The lone Survivor)

Al-Andalus under the Umayyads

UMAYYAD RULE IN SPAIN

• Abd ar Rehman : lone survivor• Moved to spain• Established capital at Cordoba (755)

CONCLUSION

• Largest empire ever seen• Many achievements in different areas• Fault on the part of rulers

– Bad governance– Inequality– Political interests– Luxury– Unable to curb religious and political differences

• An example for rulers to come

THANK YOU

QUESTIONS ?