The Union wins the

Civil War

Quiz1. Who was the famous person that died at the

Battle of Chancellorsville?2. Which city did Grant win to break the

Confederacy in half?3. What city did Sherman capture just before

the Christmas of 1864?4. Who delivered the Gettysburg Address

during a cemetery dedication in 1863?5. Where did Lee surrender to Grant to end the

Civil War?

What you need to know

• Battle of Chancellorsville• Battle of Gettysburg• Battle of Vicksburg• Gettysburg Address• William T. Sherman• Battle of Atlanta & March to the Sea• Election of 1864• Appomattox

Battle of Chancellorsville

• May 1863• CSA defeated US army• “Stonewall” Jackson shot

accidentally by his own men–Died of pneumonia 1 week later

After Chancellorsville

• Big win convinced Lee to invade the North

• Went into Pennsylvania• Hoping to:

–Get supplies–Make north lose faith in war–Lure union troops from western

theater (Vicksburg, MS)

Lee goes into Pennsylvania

• Gettysburg was selected by Lee as a strategic goal

• Was an important location – Highway crossing– Railroads– Rivers nearby– Shoes

Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863

• Day 1 – 7/1/63• Confederates took the city after

fierce battles–US troops pushed south of town

• The fight then focused on the high land south of town

Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863

• Day 2 – 7/2/63• USA troops had high ground

south of town• CSA tried to take high ground • Battle went back & forth all day

Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863

• Day 3 – 7/3/63• US troops tight on high ground• Lee believed he could wipe out

the union army right there–It would effectively end the war–Ordered charge up fortified hills

Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863

• General Pickett led the charge–CSA troops were massacred

• Pickett’s Charge was the turning point of the war–South permanently went from

attacking to retreating

Aftermath of Gettysburg

• Bloodiest battle of the war–About 50,000 casualties in 3 days

• Widely considered to be the turning point of the war

Vicksburg – July 1863

Vicksburg – July 1863

• Strategic point in the west–1 of only 2 places in CSA control

on the Mississippi river

• Wealthy city on high ground overlooking the river

Vicksburg – July 1863

• US Gen Ulysses S. Grant couldn’t take city by force, so besieged it

• CSA troops surrendered 7/4/63–The day after Gettysburg

• CSA split in half

The Gettysburg Address

• November 1863

• Speech by Abraham Lincoln–Given at dedication of cemetery

in Gettysburg for US troops

The Gettysburg Address

• http://www.learntheaddress.org/

War of attrition• CSA didn’t have resources to

keep fighting for long

• Tried to hang on long enough to damage morale of north

Confederate morale

• Planters supposed to provide food to people but didn’t

• CSA had many deserters–Many changed sides when defeat

was inevitable• Peace movements sprang up

all over south

Grant & Sherman• Grant was the

commander of US Army in west

• After success at Vicksburg, Lincoln put him in charge of entire US Army

Grant & Sherman• Grant named

William T. Sherman to his old position

• Both believed in total war – fight to totally eradicate the enemy

Virginia Campaign – 1864

• Grant vs. Lee

• Grant had more casualties but he had more men to spare

• Lincoln suffered politically because of heavy troop losses

Sherman’s march to the sea

• Burned Atlanta in September 1864

• Marched SE to sea through GA–Destroyed everything in his path

• Burned everything

• Took Savannah (didn’t burn it) right before Christmas 1864

Sherman’s march to the sea

• Then turned north & headed to meet up with Grant in VA

–Went through SC & burned it too

Election of 1864• Lincoln had major political opposition• Appeared little chance of success

–High # of dead & high $ cost–No reelection since Jackson (1832)–Opposition within party – Radical

Republicans

National Union Party• New party – attempt to

keep union together politically

• Many Democrats joined to support Lincoln

Radical Republicans• Demanded postwar

punishment of CSA

• Demanded amendments to guarantee postwar rights of African-Americans

• Selected John Frémont

George McClellan• Democrat

candidate• Former general

– Lincoln had replaced him – he was too cautious

• Wanted to end war

Election of 1864• Lincoln won because of successes

on the battlefield

–Mainly Battle of Atlanta in September

–Convinced Americans that war was winnable and nearing the end

Appomattox surrender

• Grant & Lee met in a farmhouse in Appomattox Court House, VA

• Lincoln insisted on generous terms of surrender–All CSA soldiers paroled, allowed

to keep their personal possessions

What you need to know

• Battle of Chancellorsville• Battle of Gettysburg• Battle of Vicksburg• Gettysburg Address• William T. Sherman• Battle of Atlanta & March to the Sea• Election of 1864• Appomattox

The Legacy of the

Civil War

What you need to know

• Economic changes b/c of Civil War• Changes to south after Civil War• 13th amendment• Lincoln’s 2nd inauguration speech• Lincoln’s assassination

Political changes• No threat of secession anymore

• National government supreme over states–States’ rights issues still debated

but smaller issues

Political changes• National government much more

involved in people’s private lives–Taxes–National currency–War – conscription

Economic changes• War = Gov’t becomes consumer

–Must buy many supplies–Business leaders make lots of $

• War = huge government debts–Must borrow money and/or levy

taxes to pay for spending

Economic changes• US needed streamlined banking

system for wartime finances

• National Bank Act (1863) improved financial system for investors– System of federally chartered banks– Requirements for banks loaning $– Bank inspections

Economic changes• During war, US changed to

economy of larger companies–Easier for gov to deal with few large

companies than many small ones• US funded railroad improvements

–Needed to get supplies to troops–Better railroad – better for business

Southern economy

• Devastated–Land ruined–Labor source gone– Industry (that there was) destroyed–Railroads destroyed

Costs of war• Huge numbers killed• Many were permanently disabled

• Almost 10% of population of the US fought in the war–Spent four years of their lives

Costs of war• $3.3 billion spent by US & CS

• More than 2x all US government spending 1787-1860 combined

• War debts monopolized US economy for decades

Slaves were freed• Southern slaves were freed by

US Army as it invaded• Eman Proc didn’t immediately

free slaves in US territory–Those were freed within a few

months after war ended

13th Amendment• Passed by Congress during war• Ratified by required number of

states by end of 1865

• Abolished slavery & involuntary servitude except as criminal punishment

Changes to everyday life

• Many soldiers stayed in military–Fought natives in west

• Many went to big cities or out west to find fortune

• R.E. Lee became college president

• Clara Barton founded Red Cross

Lincoln’s 2nd inauguration

• Pled for reconciliation with south

“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.”

Lincoln’s assassination

• April 14, 1865–Only 5 days after Lee’s surrender

• Attended play called Our American Cousin with wife Mary–Actor John Wilkes Booth shot him

in the head during the play

John Wilkes Booth• American actor

• Strong southern sympathizer

• Sic semper tyrannis– “Thus ever to

tyrants”

John Wilkes Booth• Escaped theater

and ran for 12 days

• Shot in a barn he was hiding in

• Co-conspirators tried & executed

Aftermath of assassination

• Funeral train traveled from Washington DC to Springfield, IL–Several million mourners went out

to see it travel by

• Lincoln didn’t leave detailed postwar plans for reunification

What you need to know

• Economic changes b/c of Civil War• Changes to south after Civil War• 13th amendment• Lincoln’s 2nd inauguration speech• Lincoln’s assassination

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bjxbb-tjSAA