The United NationsAn Introduction
In The Beginning…
The United Nations was created at the end of the Second World War, replacing the League of Nations
US President Franklin D Roosevelt was a driving force behind the creation of the United Nations
The name “United Nations” was used by Roosevelt to describe the alliance fighting the Axis powers in World War 2
In The Beginning Continued
- The United Nations was created when the United Nations Charter was
signed in 1945.
-The Signed originally by 51 nations
-Now there are 192 Member States
The CharterWE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to save succeeding generations from the scourge of
war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and
to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and
to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
What The U.N Was Supposed To Be Used For
All members were to settle their disputes peacefully
Members were to refrain from the threat of force, or the use of force against other member states
The Security Council, not individual countries, was to decide whether military force is to be used.
Countries were supposed to keep a certain proportion of their armed forces for use by the United Nations
General Assembly
Main deliberative forum of the UN Has 192 members, every one gets a equal
vote They vote on “recommendations”,It is not bidding.
The Secretariat
The UN administration Secretary General is the leader of the UN, appointed
by the General Assembly and approved by the Security Council for a five-year renewable term
Workers include interpreters, translators, lawyers, engineers and editors
Workers carry out the day-to-day work of the UN all over the world
The International Court of Justice
Judicial organ of the UN Hears cases between countries Two main functions:
– Settles conflicts between member nations – Advises other international organizations on appropriate policy
Located in The Hague, The Netherlands (only body not located in New York)
Economic and Social Council
Balances environmental and social concerns with the need for economic development
Addresses economic concerns such as trade, transportation, technology, and communications
Addresses social concerns such as rights of children, discrimination, crime, education and healthcare
The Security Council
15 members; 5 permanent; 10 elected by General Assembly on regional basis for 2-year terms
Only assembly that requires members to act. Investigates and settles arguments with or
without military action. Five permanent members – US, UK, China,
France and Russia which all have veto power.
What The Council Does
If the Security Council decides there is a threat to international peace it normally begins by calling for negotiations to resolve the problem
The UN Secretary General or his representative talks to the countries involved and urges them to settle the problem
If That Doesn’t Work
Can impose diplomatic and economic sanctions
Air and sea blockades If there is still no progress the Security
Council can authorize military action
Problems With The Security Council
Veto power: the UN can only take serious action when all of the Security Council agrees.
When one or other great power has been involved, the UN has been powerless- i.e. Hungary in 1956 and Vietnam
The exception was Korea in 1950.
Peacekeeping
These operations usually come into effect once a war is over They monitor ceasefires, and help to maintain a buffer
between the warring parties The peacekeepers are there at the request of the warring
parties Their main role is to calm things and build confidence
among the warring parties Soldiers from different countries are assigned to the UN, and
are responsible to the United Nations, not their own countries
Peacekeeping Continued
The UN has no military force of its own, and is dependent on other countries to provide military forces
The UN Charter requires countries to maintain a certain part of their forces for the use of the UN. This has never been done
Instead of representing the world, the UN is often pushed into becoming an instrument of its most powerful members