The Urja Watch - May 2009

8/14/2019 The Urja Watch - May 2009

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THE URJA WATCHMay 2009, Vol. II/Issue 11

A monthly newsletter ofIndian Association of Energy Management Professionals

It is about Conscience Keeping on Energy Matters

FOCUS ON

LIGHTING


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The Urja Watch May 2009 Vol. II/Issue 11

FOCUS ON

LIGHTING

Whats inside

From the Editor:Bright Ideas in Lighting 2

Be Smart with T5 Energy Saver 4

Energy Audit in Lighting Systems 10

Light Pollution And Its Impact On Energy, Safety,Health And Environment 20

Debate of feasibility of LEDs for Street Lighting 24

Lighting Quiz 35

IAEMP News 37

Upcoming Events 38

Editorial Board

S. Subramanian, S.K. Sood, Amit Gupta, R.V. Ramana Rao

Reporters: Vikas ApteRegulatory affairs, D.K. Agrawal, Jaipur

Website:www.iaemp.org Editor Contact:[email protected]

Contributing Authors for this issue:

T.P. Sadananda Pai,N. Ravishankar, R,P. Rammohan

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From the Editors Desk

Bright Ideas in Lighting

Ever since the invention of the carbon filament electriclamp by Thomas Alva Edison in 1879, bright ideascontinue to work on making lamps more efficient.From the age of kerosene-powered lanterns, India hasprogressed to producing the most modern electriclighting systems. At many of the street-side markets,electric lamps have now replaced traditional petromaxlanterns. The bright lamps not only help businessesbut also light up smiles on the faces of vendors.

Globally, advancements in lighting technology have made the day muchlonger leading to more human output. Gone are the days when outdoorgames were played only when daylight was available.

Lighting accounts for 15-20% of total electrical consumption in India. Itoffers great opportunities to improve energy efficiency and environmentas more efficient lighting systems are now available in the market.

Indias lighting industry is estimated at around Rs.50 Billion. Theindustry produces a variety of lighting products including incandescentlamps, fluorescent tubes, vapour lamps and others. The market for

Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFL) is the fastest growing segment,growing at an estimated 25 percent annually.

The market for high intensity discharge lamps such as sodium vapourlamps is also growing rapidly at around 15 percent. Alongside, there is ahuge and latent market for lighting fixtures and support systems.

Energy efficiency is taking center stage in almost every product category.It's not just the technology that affects the efficiency of light, it's theapplication of the light source. All light sources can be used in moreefficient ways.

Light-emitting diodes or LEDs offer by far the most efficient and longestlasting form of electric supplied light. While the LED lamps save energyand last longer, their initial pricetag is much higher. However, LEDsgenerally require little maintenance over the life of the fixture because norelamping is required. Cool and energy-efficient lighting by the LEDs isimportant option to consider for a rapidly growing India.


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Be Smart With T5 Energy Saver

By T.P. Sadananda Pai

T5 LampsAn Overview

T5 lamps are fluorescent lamps that are 5/8" of an inch in diameter. The"T" in lamp nomenclature represents the shape of the lamp-tubular. Thenumber following the "T" usually represents the diameter of the lamp ineighths of an inch (1 inch equals 2.5 centimeters). T5 lamps have adiameter equal to 5 times an eighth of an inch, or 5/8".

T5 lamps are available for standard output and high output. Thewattages for standard T5 lamps are 14, 21, 28, and 35 watts. The high-output T5 (T5 HO) lamps are available in 24, 39, 54, and 80 watts (49-

watt T5 HO lamps are also available from GE Lighting). A four-foot long,54-watt version that delivers 5,000 lumens is popular in the UnitedStates. The high light output allows fewer luminaries to achieve the sameluminance levels as when using other fluorescent lamps.

"HO" stands for high output. T5 HO lamps deliver more light thanstandard T5 lamps and are available in higher wattages. HO lamps havethe same diameter and length as standard T5 lamps. T5 lamps operate atfrequencies greater than 20 kilohertz. Instant start, rapid start, andprogrammed start electronic ballasts are available for T5 lamp operation.

Ballasts for T5 lamps are available for 120-, 277-, 240-, and 347-voltoperations. Most T5 ballasts are more compact than T8 ballasts,although the dimensions vary depending on manufacturer and lamptype. For instance, the height, width, and length of a T5 ballast are 2.5,3.00, and 36.20 centimeters (1.0, 1.18, and 14.25 inches) or 3.18, 3.18,and 48 centimeters (1.25, 1.25, and 19 inches). These small cross-section sizes allow luminaries designers to create thinner luminaires.Most manufacturers claim that their T5 ballasts have total harmonicdistortion (THD) of less than 15%. This small amount of THD avoidspotential imbalances in electrical lines that would damage wiring,transformers, or other equipment. Manufacturers claim these ballasts

have highly efficient power factor values of more than 0.95. Most T5ballasts carry class "A" sound ratings, so they are very quiet. The smalldiameter of the T5 lamp bulbs results in an increase in temperature,leading to cracks in the bulb. New ballasts for T5 lamps, therefore, arerequired to have "end of life" circuitry that ensures that power is shut offto the lamp when its functioning becomes impaired.


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It is possible to dim T5 lamps with dimming ballasts. In the UnitedStates, several dimming ballasts for T5 high output (T5 HO) lamps areavailable.

At least two ballast manufacturersOSRAM SYLVANIA and Energy

Savings produce analog dimming ballasts for T5 HO lamps, and at leastone manufacturer TRIDONIC provides digital dimming ballasts for T5HO lamps. Few dimming ballasts for standard T5 lamps are available.However, analog dimming ballasts use a standard 0- to 10-volt direct-current (VDC) dimming control signal. Digital dimming ballasts usedigital communication technology that is controllable through switchDIM, Digital Serial Interface (DSI), or Digital Addressable LightingInterface (DALI). The manufacturers claim that these ballasts can dimfrom 100% to 1% of full light output.

Wiring for instant start ballasts differs from that for rapid start ballasts

and programmed start ballasts. In addition, the rapid and programmedstart ballasts have two options for wiring when being connected withmore than two T5 lamps. In series wiring, electrodes of two lamps areconnected in series, while electrodes are connected in parallel in theother method. Energy Savings' ballasts can be wired by either way.Incorrectly wiring any ballast may hasten end darkening of lamps and/orshorten lamp life.

Lamp manufacturers claim that T5 and T5 high output (T5 HO) lampslast 20,000 hours. This average rated lamp life is measured attemperatures between 15C (59F) and 50C (122F) when operated on

electronic programmed start ballasts on a three-hour switching cycle3hours on and 20 minutes offand designated as the number of hoursafter which 50% of the lamps fail. The 20,000-hour lamp life of T5 lampsis the same as the lamp life of most T8 lamps, although newly developedprolonged-life T8 lamps have lives of 4,000 or 10,000 hours longer thanT5 lamps. Lamps operated on longer burning cycles will have longer lifespans. Shorter burning cycles (frequent switching on and off) reducelamp life. Use of ballasts that do not meet lamp requirements set forth bythe lamp manufacturers may also result in reduced lamp life.

T5 and T5 high output (T5 HO) lamps are designed to produce maximum

light output at 35C (95F). The compact size of T5 lamps reduces theamount of materials used in their manufacture, the potential for toxicsubstance contamination, and packaging materials needed for shipmentand sale. T5 lamps can, therefore, have less impact on the globalenvironment than T8 lamps.


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In addition to their smaller dimensions, T5 lamps have an improvedphosphor coating that prevents mercury from being absorbed into thephosphor and the bulb glass. This technology allows for reduced mercurycontent in the lamp, as well as higher lumen maintenance. A T5 lampincludes less than 3 milligrams (0.0001 ounces) or 5 milligrams (0.0002

ounces) of mercury.

T5 lamps save material. The reduced surface area allows manufacturersto use nearly 60% less glass and phosphor material whenmanufacturing.

Energy Saved is Energy Produced

One should begin the energy conservation from the point of installationitself. A simple way is to use energy efficient T5 lamps with efficacy(lumen/watt) >100 and lamp life >10000 hours which is higher than the

normal fluorescent tube-light. Mercury content in T5 lamps are less.

A lot of electrical energy is wasted in the present street lighting system.We use sodium vapour (SV) lamps, 40w tube lights, CFL (compactfluorescent lamp), etc. Ideal replacement for all these lighting systems isT5 lamp with total harmonic distortion (THD)THD


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Comparison with 250w SV Lamp

A good quality 250w SV lamp will consume 272w in which 22w is chokeloss creating heat .A 4X24w T5 IP65 street light is an ideal replacementfor this which consumes only 100w power by giving enough light. Thus it

saves electricity by 63%. For a 12 hour street lighting it saves172x12=2.064 units/day which can electrify 2 houses which consumeone unit/day so that the thought of RECI can be fulfilled.

In Kerala we can save lot of electricity by replacing SV lamps. But even atthis juncture of shortage of power and global warming every municipalityand corporations are running behind SV lamps .Nobody can stop them.Proposal forwarded by EMC to some corporations are still kept in coldstorage. Since ambient temperature here does not go beyond 30*C streetlights with T5 lamps are best suited for Kerala.

Comparison with 1x40w Street light

If we replace 1x40w tube light with 1x28w T5 lamp we can save25w/lamp as T5 lamp streetlight fitting will consume only 30w comparedto 55w by normal tube Light, which means each light can save more than45% of electricity consumption.

Comparison with CFL

Studies reveal that a 2x11w CFL will consume 50w power after makingcurrent impure due to low pf & high THD value. Ideal replacement for

this is 1x28w T5 street light which gives more lighting level also.

4X24W T5 IP65 Street light is an ideal replacement for metal halide onhigh mast in almost 95% cases. High mast system is an energy eatingsystem. Most of the high masts in Kerala do not need such an intensivelighting. In such cases a typical high mast with 12 Nos. 2x250w metalhalide can be replaced with 6 Nos. 4x24w T5 street light and we can save5400w i.e. nearly 65 units/day with a payback period of just 4 months.

Power of T5 lamps

A 250w SV lamp can be installed at a height of 9.5m. Whereas, a 4x24wT5 street light can be installed at a height of 25m. In certain cases it canbe used instead of 400w SV lamp. Also 1x28w T5 is an ideal replacementfor 2x40w tube light, thus, saving 50w. One 1x28w T5 can save 45%energy compared to normal tube light. It starts instantly and it can workeven at 90V.


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Efficacy is 100 lm/w compared to 70 lm/w of ordinary tube. These HFtubes works at 28000Hz compared to the mains 50Hz. This increaseslight output, reduces running costs, starting currents and ballast losses.Other benefits are fast starting with no reduction in lamp life (starts at90V), elimination of flicker, and elimination of strobe effect and varying

light output. Power factor is .96 compared to .85 of ordinary tube light. This gives the same light output as that of 40w tube with a 14%reduction in consumption size is 5/8 of an inch. CRI is >80. Lamp life>100000 compared to 4000 of ordinary tube. Colour temp 4000.

CASE STUDY 1 - Street lighting from main junction of PayyanurMunicipality to Payyanur Railway Station.

Payyanur Municipality in Kannur District had planned to provide SVlamps on octagonal poles. When they were made aware of energy savingT5 street light they have requested to provide T5 street light. Hence 55

Nos. of 4X24 T5 street lights were provided on 7m octagonal poles.

If 250w SV lamps were used, consumption for 12hr=272x55x12=179.52unitIf T5 were used, consumption =100x55x12=66 unit. Savings =113.52unit/day

If rate is Rs. 6 per unit then savings per year=113.52x365x6=248608.8 which means about 40 Nos. fittings cost is reimbursed. On the otherhand government is benefited with the energy saved and this surplusenergy can be used for 113 families with consumption of 1 unit/day

stipulated by RECI. Think about the enormous saving if we replace theSV lamps.

CASE STUDY 2 - Thalassery Municipality in Kannur District.

On the ROB in Thalassery about 22 Nos. of 250w SV lamps wereprovided (11 Nos. on both sides). When municipal authorities after seeingthe power of T5, requested to provide T5 street light on ROB.Accordingly, 15 Nos. of T5 street lights were provided. The Savings were45.408 units/day. Pay back was1 year and energy saved can feed 45 families.

High Mast

There is a 25m high mast in main bus stand Thalassery with 12 Nos. of2x250w metal halides. It was not working for months. 5 Nos. of 4x24wT5 street lights were fixed on high mast which give enough light. Energysaved is 5500x12=66 units/day which can feed 66 families and pay backis just 4 months.


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ENERGY AUDIT IN LIGHTING SYSTEMS

By N. Ravishankar

BACKGROUND

The major objectives of energy audit in lighting systems include:

Measurement and comparison of illumination levels at variouslocations and ensure that those are as per required standards.

Measurement of actual power consumption of all lighting feeders. Calculate the installed load efficacy in terms of lux/watt/m

(Existing vs Design) for general lighting installation. Compare calculated value with the standard norms applicable.

To suggest ways and means to optimise the illumination levels andto optimise the power consumption at different locations with clearbankable proposals.

To identify energy saving measures and quantify the energy as wellas cost savings.

STEPS IN CONDUCTING LIGHTING SYSTEMS ENERGY AUDIT

The steps involved in conducting energy audit of lighting plant are:

Data collection. Observations, measurement and Analysis. Proposal for energy conservation measures with detailed techno-

economic calculations. Report preparation as per standards laid by BEE.

DATA COLLECTION

Collect the single line diagram of electrical drawing pertaining tolighting ( Cell wise, Building wise as appropriate ).

Obtain the lighting fixture details for each section.

Typical format for data collection of lighting details is given.


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Table 1: Typical Data Collection Parameters

Section/ Dept.

FixtureType &ballast

type

Wattsof eachfitting

No offixtures

Totalconnected

watts

Feederdetails

Otherenergy

consumer

details

Roomsize

Lumensrequired

Remarks

Example:

By changing from standard fluorescent lamps with magnetic ballasts to

energy efficient T8 fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts, the energyconsumption can be reduced by approximately 50 percent, while stillmaintaining the same light level.

Look for or Ask Questions

Are lights on in unoccupied areas?

Is the exterior lighting on during the day?

Do operators manually turn off lights?

Because there is no investment, some opportunities can be the simplestand most cost effective to save on lighting energy.

Create awareness of such opportunities and fix responsibility byimplementing monitoring and targeting. Reward employees onperformance in energy saving.

Install occupancy sensor or photo electric sensors. This offers a morereliable method to obtain savings as it is not operator dependant. Typicalapplications are pump houses, meeting rooms, bathrooms, warehouse,

or storage areas. (one photo sensor can operate multiple light fixtures).

Replace high pressure sodium (HPS) lights in low use areas withfluorescent lights for quick on and off control.

Although HPS lights can operate more efficiently, their long re-striketimes can make them a poor choice for low use areas. Because they takeso long to warm up, they are frequently left on continuously.


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Replace or maintain faulty photo controls.

Often when lights are on during the day it turns out that photo controlsare already installed but have become inoperative.

Are existing lighting levels higher than the recommended levels?

This can be accessed through your Energy Auditor .

Use a hand held calibrated light meter to measure the amount of lightavailable in work areas.

Hold the meter at work level. Refer to the table appropriate forrecommended lighting levels. ( Check with your Energy Auditor )

In case the details are not available it is suggested to conduct a surveyand obtain the above details. Also check and create a column marked asother energy consumers column and incorporate the details of fans, airconditioners, computers, photocopiers, and others which are connectedto lighting circuit.

For illumination levels required, refer to standard practices whererecommended illumination values as per IS: 3646 (Part-1)1992 forvarious areas are available.

If the plant has separate transformers for lighting circuit, provide

details of the transformer.

Details of energy saving retrofits installed in the plant (such asvoltage controllers, sensors, controllers, timers and others).

Details of on & off mechanism of lighting circuits

Details of energy meters provided in the lighting circuit andsections served by these meters.

Details of energy consumption monitoring of lighting systems.

Energy consumption of lighting circuits.


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INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

The following calibrated instruments are required for conducting theenergy audit of lighting system

Power Analyzer: Used for measuring electrical parameters such askW, kVA, pf, V, A and Hz of class 0.5 accuracy

Lux meters Measuring tape ( to measure room size , fitting height etc ) On line energy meter instruments(calibrated)

MEASUREMENTS & OBSERVATION TO BE MADE

While conducting the audit carryout a detailed survey/study for thefollowing

Monitor the condition of lighting fixtures

Lux measurements at various places (Number of measurement tobe carried out is as per Industry standard )

Measurement of power parameters kW, kVA, Current, Voltage,power factor, harmonics, frequency of all feeders

Room dimensions / Room Index Counting of installed fixtures Vs number of fixtures in operation Maintenance practicesfor cleaning, replacement, life etc

OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS

System familiarisation and operational details

Collect the single line diagram of electrical drawing pertaining to lighting(Cell wise, Building wise as appropriate) and visit to the plant can bemade to ensure correctness of the same .

Measurements & Evaluation

The summary of lighting measurements and calculations are shownAnd the more content of details/data will ensure more precise study onthe systems and identify savings potential.


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Table 2: Summary of lighting measurements and calculations

Location /Room No

Type oflamps

MeasuredAverageLux level

StandardLux level

(as per I S 3646)

MeasuredPower (kW

Observations on house keeping and maintenance practices

Interactions and surveys to be carried out on:

House keeping measures in up keeping of luminaries Failure rate of lamps and ballasts and compare with Mfg standards Replacement procedure of failed lamps and datas ( Check with

stores on FIFO / FILO material management practises ) Procurement options , stock options Maintenance practices Operational practices (on / off controls , purpose , ) If any energy saving retrofits are installed in the plant then the

operational status of the retrofits can be assessed

Identify the areas where poor illumination and excess illuminationis provided

Assess the various alternate lamps / luminaries applicable forvarious sections

Type of panel lamps or sign lamps used to explore possibility ofusing LED lamps

Observations on other loads which are connected to the lightingcircuit and their energy consumption

Exploration of energy conservation possibilities

While conducting the energy audit explore for various energyconservation measures such as:

Look for natural lighting opportunities through windows and otheropenings. Derive way to improve natural lighting during the daytime.


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In the case of industrial lighting, explore the scope for introducingtranslucent sheets.

Use of energy efficient lighting methods / products / equipments /retrofits.

Maximize sunlight use through use of transparent roof sheets,

north light roof, and other roofing. Examine scope for replacements of lamps by more energy efficient

lamps, with due consideration to luminaries, colour renderingindex, lux level as well as expected life comparison. Performance ofluminaries which are commonly used are given in the Replaceconventional magnetic ballasts by more energy efficient ballasts, with due consideration to life and power factor apart from wattloss.

Select interior colours for light reflection. Assess scope for re-arrangement of lighting fixtures Modify layout for optimum lighting. Providing individual / group controls for lighting for energy

efficiency such as: On / off type voltage regulation type (for illuminance control) Group control switches / units Occupancy sensors Photocell controls Timer operated controls Modify switches / electrical circuit

Install input voltage regulators / controllers for energy efficiency as well as longer life expectancy for lamps where higher voltages,

fluctuations are expected. Replace energy efficient displays like LED's in place of lamp type

displays in control panels / instrumentation areas, etc. Opt for better reflector in lighting Cleaning of reflector at regular interval In power plant, locations like HT/LT switchgear rooms, cable

galleries etc which sites / locations are rarely visited, lightingcircuits may be modified in such a way that keeping 25% to 30%lights always ON and remaining lights controlled by simple ON

/OFF switch provided at the entrance of the room / hall Opportunities to reduce the power consumption/ improve the

energy efficiency of other loads which are connected to the lightingcircuit


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Reduce lighting levels where appropriate

It is common for some areas to have excessive lighting; particularlywarehouse space, walk-in freezers, and hallways.

There are a number of strategies for reducing lighting: lamps can beremoved (for fluorescent fixtures the ballast willstill consume some energy), fixtures can be rewired to allow partialto full lighting, or new efficient fixtures can be installed with areduced design point for the lighting level.

Lighting level may be perceived as a health and happiness issue.

Even if an area may have higher lighting levels than recommendedby Illuminating Engineering Society of North America it may goagainst the local culture to reduce lighting.

Reduce overall lighting and install task lighting.

This approach can provide better lighting at the point of use, whilereducing the overall lighting in an area.

Unless task lighting is installed to be easily modified, an excellenttask lighting layout can quickly become obsolete as manufacturingoperations and layouts change.

Are incandescent lights installed?

Replace incandescent lights with T8 Fluorescent lamps and matchedelectronic ballasts.

The fluorescent fixtures of today are extremely rugged and versatile.These fixtures can operate in ambient temperatures down to 0 F,can be operated as BI-level lighting or dimmed without reducing therated lamp life.

These fluorescent fixtures provide flicker-free operation and canoperate with Total Harmonic Distortion of less than 5 % and PowerFactor greater than 90%.Energy consumption can be reduced by

whopping / unbelievable 50 %.

Replace incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs).Compact fluorescent lamps offer a quick and simple opportunity toretrofit to more efficient lighting.


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Estimate 80 percent increase in efficiency.

For persistence of savings, fixtures that can only accept CFLsshould be installed.

Replace high bay incandescent fixtures with high pressure sodium(HPS) lamps in areas where the colour of the light is not important.Some might not like the yellow orange light. It may also beunacceptable where good colour recognition is required (Example: aproduct inspection/grading area).HPS lamps take time to restrike and then come up to full outputwhen first turned on.

Replace incandescent fixtures with higher efficiency metal halide(MH) fixtures in areas where colour is important such as productgrading areas.

MH lamps offer a white light preferred by some. Generally they arenot as efficient as HPS lights.MH lamps also take time to restrike and come up to full light outputwhen first turned on.

Are standard fluorescent lamps installed?Replace standard fluorescent and magnetic ballasts with T8s andmatched electronic ballasts.

35-45 percent increase in efficiency

It can be problematic to have T8 and standard fluorescent fixture atthe same facility. Although standard fluorescent lamps fit in T8fixtures, the ballasts are not matched and may create problems.Replace fluorescent fixtures with low bay MH fixtures.

MH lights are more commonly chosen for their white light than theirefficiency.

Savings will only be available for specific selections of MH fixtures.For some combinations of existing fluorescent fixtures replaced withmetal halide fixtures, energy use could increase.

Are magnetic ballasts installed on the existing fluorescent lights?Install electronic ballasts.


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Estimate: 10-25 percent increase in efficiency

It can be difficult to determine the type of ballast installed without avisual inspection.

Are Mercury Vapor lights installed?In the past, Mercury Vapor lights were selected because of their longlamp life.These lamps are not energy efficient because as they age, theirlumen output decreases but they continue to consume the sameamount of energy.

Efficiency increase estimates assume maintaining same lightinglevel.

Replace Mercury Vapor fixtures with higher efficiency metal halide

(MH) fixtures in areas where color is important such as productinspection areas.

MH lamps offer a white light preferred by some. Generally they are

not as efficient as HPS lights.

Estimate: 80 percent increase in efficiencyMH lamps take time to re-strike and come up to full light outputwhen first turned on.Replace Mercury Vapor fixtures with T8 Fluorescent lamps andmatched electronic ballasts.

Again, the fluorescent fixtures of today can handle temperaturesdown to 0 F, can be operated as BI-level lighting or dimmed withoutreducing the rated lamp life. These fixtures can provide excellentcolor rendering for areas that require this, such as inspection areas.The mounting height for these fixtures may have to be lowered inorder to achieve adequate light distribution. This could createinterference problems with overhead cranes.

Some good practices in lighting are:

Installation of energy efficient fluorescent lamps in place of

"Conventional" fluorescent lamps. Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL's) in place of

incandescent lamps. Installation of metal halide lamps in place of mercury / sodium

vapour lamps. Installation of High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) lamps for

applications where colour rendering is not critical


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Installation of LED panel indicator lamps in place of filamentlamps.

Light Control Grouping of lighting system, to provide greater flexibility

in lighting control

Installation of microprocessor based controllers Optimum usage of day lighting Installation of "exclusive" transformer for lighting Installation of servo stabilizer for lighting feeder Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts

in place of conventional ballasts

Recommendations

Each energy conservation measure should discuss:

The back ground Analysis and suggestion Energy savings evaluation (Estimatedbefore and after) Impact on energy consumption after implementation Economic feasibility Investment required and payback period Monitoring and verification of energy savings

after implementation Efforts and resources required for sustainability of

energy savings

The vendors/ suppliers/ manufactures details

Courtesy:www.energymanagertraining.com

About the contributor:

Mr. N. Ravishankar is a BEE Certified Energy Auditor having vastexperience in machine maintenance, utilities O & M, machinereconditioning and Training & Development. He can be reached at

[email protected][email protected]
http://www.energymanagertraining.com/http://www.energymanagertraining.com/http://www.energymanagertraining.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.energymanagertraining.com/


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LIGHT POLLUTION AND ITS IMPACTON ENERGY, SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

By R.P. Rammohan

WHAT IS LIGHT POLLUTION

Light Pollution affects everyone's quality of life and many of us do noteven realize it.

Light pollution is wasted artificial light; light that shines where it isneither needed nor wanted.

Light pollution, a phenomenon that is created because of inefficient,excessive and poor lighting.

Light pollution is wasted illumination needlessly spilled to the sky frompoorly shielded and improperly installed outdoor light fixtures.

Wasted electricity from excess illumination spilling into the sky andacross property lines wastes an enormous amount of energy needlessly,serving no useful purpose whatsoever. In areas where electricity isgenerated by burning coal, this needless waste contributes to additionalgreenhouse gases in our atmosphere, contributing to global warming.

Light pollution caused by luminaires that are not properly adjusted and

shielded needlessly robs everyone of their inalienable right to view thestars.

Light beamed into the sky is squandered, since it's not illuminating anytarget.

Most light fittings waste a large fraction of the light they produce. If youfly into a city at night and you can see the streetlights from the airplane,that light is counterproductive.

LIGHT POLLUTION KILLS SAFETY

Light Pollution occurs when unmanaged glare emitting from improperlyaimed and unshielded light fixtures causes uninvited illumination tocross property lines or shine bright light into drivers' eyes.

When this happens, the safety of pedestrians is often placed in jeopardy.


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In Oxfordshire, a man was killed when a pub floodlight blinded a cardriver. In Australia, ill-directed lighting surrounding an airport caused afatal air crash.

Responsible nighttime illumination makes roads and parking lots muchsafer for both drivers and pedestrians.

Glare from a car's high beams, a poorly aimed porch light, or even anunshielded window inhibits night vision, paradoxically making it harderto see. That can endanger drivers, not to mention hapless deer.

LIGHT POLLUTION KILLS HUMAN HEALTH

Intrusive nuisance lighting can cause stress, leading to deterioration inhealth, heart attacks, and even thoughts of suicide.

Light Pollution also robs us of our right to a good sound night's sleepwhen artificial illumination coming from poorly aimed and unshieldedlight fixtures shines glare into our windows at night.

Occasionally, poorly aimed lighting gets so bad that even the best blindsand drapes cannot end the spill of light into a room. Controlling outdoorillumination prevents eye abuse

Artificially generated light at night affects the pineal gland's ability toproduce melatonin (the sleep hormone).

Light and cancer may be even more fundamentally linked. 73 percentmore breast cancers occur in USs brightest communities than in itsdarkest.

Too much artificially generated light at night can have very adverseaffects on our health by disrupting natural hormone production that ourbodies require! Research in this area is indicating more links to somevery interesting medical questions about how natural circadian rhythms,when disrupted, can increase the risk of certain types of cancer.

HOW TO COMBAT LIGHT POLLUTION

Use outdoor nighttime lighting only for as long as and as bright as it isabsolutely necessary.

Make sure your home or business lighting only shines where it is neededand with appropriate power, without wasting light upwards into the sky,or outwards into neighbouring homes.


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Well designed outdoor light fixtures do not show the source ofillumination when they are properly shielded and installed so no lightshines above the horizontal plane.

Municipalities can fix light pollution problem by institutingcomprehensive outdoor lighting ordinances that require shielded lightingthat does not shine illumination above the horizontal plane.

In the interest of reducing glare to improve safety, security, and visualacuity after dark, the Illuminating Engineering Society of North Americarecently dramatically lowered their recommended illumination levels forthe nighttime environment.

LIGHT POLLUTIONLEGAL ASPECTS

Light Pollution robs us of our right to privacy and fair legal use of ourland when glaring unshielded lights shine artificial illumination onto ourproperty at night. It is an unwelcome violation of our space and isknown as Light Trespass. Many communities have nuisance laws thatprevent this abuse in US.

These conditions are commonly known as Light Trespass. It should beone of your rights not to be forced to suffer this kind of abuse..

LIGHT POLLUTIONSOME STATISTICS

An estimated 30 percent of outdoor lighting is wasted in USA. Each yearan estimated 10 billion dollars worth of electricity is being wasted due tolight pollution by the United States alone. The majority of this electricityis generated by burning fossil fuels.

They have documented light from distant cities traveling roughly 200miles into national parks in USA

In dark US rural areas about 2,000 stars are typically visible at night,compared with "maybe five" in a bright city squareand about 5,000 incenturies past.

More than 300 megawatts worth of light is wasted skywards from UKstreetlights alone, at an annual cost of about 100m ($190m).

Even the most modern streetlights in UK divert light away from thestreet, and shine light directly into the sky. Light pollution in the UKincreased by a staggering 24% between 1993 and 2000, making Britainthe third most light-polluted country in Europe.


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In 2008 Hong Kong's environmental protection department received some50 complaints about light pollution, up from the 40 cases received in2007, with neon advertisement signs posing a growing nuisance for thepublic.

CONCLUSION

Putting an end to light pollution is a responsible and ethical thing to do,and it will enhance the quality of life for nearly every citizen in theprocess.It only makes sense to conserve electricity where possible, andturning the night into daytime conditions is neither prudent nornecessary.

About the contributor:Mr. R P Rammohan is an independent energy

management consultant with extensive experience in energy audits. Hehas a special interest in lighting pollution and lighting related energyconservation. He is based in Hyderabad and may be reached at Email:

rammohanrp@yahoo.com---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

30 % of worldpopulationwithout accessto electricitylives in India!And on theother handsome peopleare suffering

from lightpollution!

What an irony!

Photos by:Sunil Sood
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Debate on feasibility of LED Street lighting

An interesting debate took place in iaemp yahoo group. Here are some ofthe unedited messages!- Editor---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lumens - Unit of energy for light, which is produced by any light source. The efficacy is lumensper watt. For monochromatic light of mid spectrum

(maximum spectral luminous efficiency) is 683 lm/W at 555nm - which corresponds to peak ofvisible spectrum , and green.

For multi spectrum light would be lesser, as different frequencies have different energy.

Lux is the lumens per sq.m in a plane.

Thus product of lux over an area and the area in Sq meters would give the lumens.

All lights give off light in 360 degree direction, atleast in one axis . Thus, for getting light forworking area, we need lumnairs or reflectors.

Thus, the final area covered by the total unit (lumnaire +lamp) is more a function of the lumniairethan the light. Since no luminaire can reflect 100% of the light, the amount of lumens falling overan area would be less than that produced by the lamp. The lamp itself would absorb aconsiderable portion of the light reflected onto itself.

For HPSV, a net reflection of 70% is considered as good.

The LED lights give off light in a specified direction, and the efficacy (lumens per watt) is the netlight output in that direction. Thus there is no loss of light.

It is due to this reason LEDs can produce more lux than conventional light.

Further, most lumniares cover more area due to wider angles, as reducing the dispersion belowcertain value reduces the luminaire efficiency. LED lights can e designed for the exactrequirement of dispersion angle, without loss of efficiency.

HPSV and night lighting

The human eye perceives the objects differently during the night and the day. The day vision iscalled the Photopic vision and the night vision is called Scotopic. A search in the net would givemany details on the above.

Venture lighting gives the complete detail of how metal halide (whose S/P ratio is similar to that ofwhite LED with colour temperature of 6500 deg K) is much better than HPSV.

(I can give links to the different sites, once I am a bit free)

Fog visibility

The idea that yellow light penetrates fog is due to the higher diffraction of the shorter wavelengthsof light in a spectrum. This is the reason for the red colour of the sun during the evening andmorning.


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However, during the fog, the visibility becomes poor in general - and the fog is a phenomenon atsunrise or essentially day time.

The street lights are meant for providing light at the night.

A search in the IESNA site for street lighting ( none can say that IESNA knows less aboutlighting) will give all the relevant details, and how the S/P ratio is becoming a very important toolfor comparing the lux levels of different different lights for street lighting and why metal halides /LEDs will become more preferred lights in the future.

My recommendation is that anyone wanting to question a posting or pass adverse comment,should first do a simple net search, understand and pass comments with reference, than juststate what they "believe" to be true - without any further basis.

teejay

Dear Mr. Sood,

As per my experience in lighting, only lumen to lumen comparison should be right thing.

Lumen to lux comparison is technically not correct because 01 lux is 01 lumen per sq. mt.

Colour rendering of HPSV is less but it gives maximum illumination level if installed properly. For

street light application CRI does not matter because objective of street light is to improve visibility.

Subodh ShahExecutive Engineer (electrical)

Vadodara Municipal Corporation

Vadodara

Mobile: 09825801936

Dear Mr Shah,

I am reproducing your mail

Quote

Dear Mr. S. Khandekar,

I agree with you, 100% lumen can not be converted in to lux. Even though as of now there is no

replacement of HPSV SON T PIA lamps. In Future LED may replace all conventional lighting

source.

Subodh Shah

unquote.


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I agree with you that one unit cannot be and should not be compared with other units inengineering.

the point is if you compare lumen to lumen, and find it unfavourable, but lux to lux i the requiredarea is favourable, which one should you take?

It is a comparison of lux to lux, and that is the final requirement for any lighting application.

regards

teejay

Dear Group members,

In lighting, lamp is the source of light output, which is measured in lumen, if any light source

is emitting less lumens, more lux (illumination) is just not possible.

CRI is related to quality of light, it can not be compared in terms of lux. Low CRI of HPSV does

not mean that lower conversion of lumen to lux.

In street light CRI is not important, as it will help in identifying the colour of the object.

I am not against any product, I am trying to put technical data to the benefit of the group

members.

I also request to Mr. Teejay to surf the net and find out the right thing.

I do not have any vested interest. I am largest user of lighting products hence I need to check allthe products technically.

Subodh Shah

Re: In lighting, lamp is the source of light output, which is measured in lumen, if any

light source is emitting less lumens, more lux (illumination) is just not possible.

I am a bit of a rookie on this topic, but I am presuming that not just Lumens, but

directionality matters and that is what makes LED really neat. It doesnt make sense if a

lamp is generating a lot of light (lumens), but headed in the wrong direction or wasted(like they are in down-lighters in offices and corridors). Lux is really what the experience

of lighting is about and I am presuming that even though certain light sources have higher

lumens, the lux levels at the places that matter dont add up due to the lack of proper

directionality.

Did I get that right ?

K.R.Harinarayan


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Mr. Hari,

Luminary & reflector is giving direction to the light output (lumen) towards the object to be

illuminated.

We have achieved 35lux level for 250 w HPSV lamps (33200 lumen ouput).

We have installed poles at 45 meter span. Mounting height is 10 M.

We are the only Municipal Corporation in the country to have this type of installation with effective

service delivery.

Ihave already uploaded picture galary, pl. look at it.

Subodh Shah

Dear Mr Datar and Mr Subodh,

Please find attached, two pdf files, which should give relevant data.

Mr Datar is absolutely right - When using LEDs, the biggest advantage is the LUX where youwant - thus, when a streetlight requires only about 120 degrees of dispersion along the road, andless than 60 degrees (mostly around 30-45 degree) of dispersion across the road - most HPSVlamps give about 160 degree or more of dispersion . Thus, even with the assumption of 100%reflection (which is impossible as the lamp itself would absorb the light reflected onto it) theeffective lux from properly designed LED lamps outweigh the advantages of the higher (say 15-20%) of HPSV.

Also, SECO's design ensures more that 96% efficiency to the LEDs compared to the normalHPSV lamps ( or most of the other LED design)

Also, the lumen loss is spread over a longer time compared to the HPSV.

When You compare the metal halide lamps, LED would not have the advantage of the S/P ratio -which is available when compared with HPSV.

One should also remember that HPSV has mercury, while LEDs have none.

For those who are interested in the quantification of mercury due to lamps (cfl at home was takenas example), I can send a paper written by my daughter Vaishnavi Jayaraman, and her friend

Divya, who are second year students of chemical engineering at SSN college of engineering,Chennai.

Dear Mr. T.jayaraman & Mr. Datar,

Light distribution of HPSV is depending on the design of reflector not on lamp.

Very good quality LED give lumen efficacy of around 80 lumen/watt.


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At present LED lamps are costly compared to sodium for equivalent lumen package.

Subodh Shah

Dear Mr Subodh,

It is possible to have LED lights with equivalent LUX on the roads ( not lumens, as it does notmatter if we produce more lumens or less lumens, but what is required is lux in the roads) withless than 3 year payback and 30,000 hours of life (70% lux retention). - if the unit cost is taken atRs 5 and light hours per day as 12.

During that time, at least three HPSV lamps would have been changed and no mercury wouldhave been added to poison the earth.

For energy conservation and not having mercury, three year payback is not too high.

T.Jayaraman.

Dear Mr. Subodh,

HPSV is not a point source of light. That is why it is extremely difficult to design an exact reflector

which will ensure that light spreads only in the required area. More over, there is some loss in the

reflector too. If you see the soft ware of Crompton Greaves, you will find that light output ratio of

street light fittings varies from 70 to 89%.

Regards

S. khandekar

Dear Mr. Jayraman,

LED is definately not for streetlight application.

Please compare LED & HPSV for on kilometer road length by following points.

Road Length: 01 KM

Road width: 42 M,

Installation: Central

Carriage width: 8.5M X 2

Mounting Height of HPSV Luminary: 10 M

Span Between Poles: 42 M

Average Illumination Level: 35 lux (By considering factor .8 for IP 66 luminary)


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Total Load: 13.44 KW for 01 Km length (40% energy saving after dimming)

Note:- Abovedata is measured at Vadodara Municipl Corporation's insatalltions.

Lumen out otput of 250 w HPSV PIA Lamp: 32000 lumen

Life of Lamp: 32000 burning Hours.

I request u to calculate load & energy consumption of LED for getting illumination level of 35 lux.

As 01 lux is 01 lumen per sq. mt. pl. compare for equivalent lumen output.

Pl. do not adjust illumination level with respect to CRI.

Subodh Shah

Dear Mr subodh shah,

Could you please send me the lux mapping of two to three lights for my reference please?

Once i get that data, i hope to be in a position to answer your query.

Please note that i am not using this forum for "selling. hence, it is for you to take the S/Pcorrection or not. All the information I give can be cross verified in the web or books - exceptabout our LEDs.

I stand for the correctness of information about our products.

Hope to get the required information from you at the earliest.

regards

teejay

Dear Mr. S. khandekar,

I agree with you, 100% lumen can not be converted in to lux. Even though as of now there is no

replacement of HPSV SON T PIA lamps. In Future LED may replace all conventional lighting

source.

Subodh Shah

Dear Mr. T. Jayraman,

There is international nine point method (between two poles) of lux measurment.

Take three points below each poles at equidistance on carriage width (06 points)

and three points between the two poles. there is a formula to calculate average lux level, for A1 &

A2 category of road uniformity should be 40%. (This is as required in IS 1944).

We have considered maintenance factor also.


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I am herewith attaching a file which shows details of lux measurments.

Please feel free to contact me on the issue.

Subodh Shah

Hi Mr Subodh Shah and Jayaraman and others.

1. This is Vijay Gupta ( MD , Kwality Photonics P ltd, manufacturers of Power LEDs(

100LPW currently). Though I am joining in discussion a bit late, Ill offer comments in random

chronological order. ( Ive also edited the mails in the chain for ease of cross -reference and for

new participants).

2. Congrats, Mr Shah, for the meticulous work done on Streetlight measurement method (9point system).Thanks for your simple and clear explanation of the same.

3. Very good quality LED give lumen efficacy of around 80 lumen/watt. At present

LED lamps are costly compared to sodium for equivalent lumen package

There are few makers like Kwality, Seoul, Cree that offer 100LPW commercially now.

Prices: are poised to fall steeply with excellent variable-cost breakthroughs happening recently.

Yet, We have to recover our development costs. So prices dont fall in the general market for

some more time.

Yet we are willing to offer the cost saving realised by us for large projects on one-one basis , and

rather are looking out for such partners who can work with us on longterm business.

4. It does not matter if we produce more lumens or less lumens, but what is required is

Lux in the road(TJ)

Lux on the road is indeed directly proportional to Source Lumens . But with right

geometry/optics one can eliminate the light going into unwanted places( Skylight, Glare etc). For

HPSV its too complicated to achieve( really?) , but with LEDs , same Lux distribution can be

achieved with lesser lumens/power( as propounded by Mr T Jayaraman). Further, the eye

response for low light levels ( mesopic) , such as in the nights, is better for Blue dominant LEDs

than the Yellow dominant HPSV ( Yes Mr Datar !), allowing further reduction in LED Lumen or

given Lux target.

5. Efficacy of LED is much less compared to HPSV lamps. Lumen output of LED

may reach up to 200 lumen/watt in future, Now a days techno-economics of LED do not

allow LED to be used in street light applications. In the same way solar lighting also

cannot be implemented for street light service.( SubodhShah)

You may be right that SOLAR lighting is not competitive, naturally when grid power is available

on demand(?) @Rs7, and no hassles of maintaining the battery( a major pain and need


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replacement every 500 days) and need for security against pilferage. Yet Mumbai (MCGM) has

installed 1000 nos of 12W streetlights in adivasi-padas( Jogeswari forest) and slums in northern

Mumbai, for calls that go beyond economics.

LED cost effectiveness has seen swift changes, of recent, as the outcome of R&D by Chip

produces have begun trickling down to us now. If you can share you calculations and

assumptions with the forum, we can try to bring it update with present or near-future-certainty-

figures.

6. Also, SECO's design ensures more that 96% efficiency to the LEDs compared to the

normal HPSV lamps

Mr Jayaraman must be using source voltage close to combined Vf of the string of LEDs. Yet the

220V SMPS which is employed to get to this voltage has a 80~90% efficiency. May be it needs

to be counted too.

Mr. Subodh Shah,

This is most interesting a couple of questions:

- Is the distance A1-B1 about 22m (1/2 the distance between the poles)

- What is the distance A1-B2 and B2-A4 ? (is it 8.5 / 2 = 4.2 m ?)

- How does one define the IP class for a luminary ? What it would be for an LED streetlight ?

K.R.Harinarayan

Dear Mr Subodh,

Could you please send the file as .DOC (word 2000 or lower) as my open office does not open

the higher versions.

However, i am giving below the results of the testing of SECO's street light by one of the BEEapproved consultant.

The payback would be about three years for 12 hours burning and for unit cost of Rs 5.

The lumen maintenance would be 70% at 30,000 hours, thus justifying the investment.

-------------

Comparison of 250 W HPSV lamp and SECO's 70 W LED light , on behalf of Energymanagement Centre (EMC) Thiruvnanthapuram, by a BEE approved consultant

Ratio of Lux/W between SECO's LED lamps and HPSV = 4.82

Ratio of average Lux between SECO's LED lamps and HPSV = 1.3

Ratio of Power consumption between SECO's LED lamps and HPSV = 0.24


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--------------------End of the extract

While I agree that the LED light was compared with a old HPSV, SECO did not choose the lightfor comparison. This also should give you an idea of the design of LED which could result inhigher lux, though the lumens from LED lamp was not higher - even if the deterioration of thHPSV was 50%.

I am willing to send a street light on a trial basis, matching LUX to LUX , after I study yourdata. However, I would need to be paid if the results match. I am also willing to guarantee theperformance for 6 months over and above the payback period. Please let me know your unitcharges to calculate the payback.

I do think that this is a fair offer, though it might be difficult for a municipal body.

teejay

Dear Mr. Hari

You are right, all distance r correct.

While procuring, buyer should specify IP of luminary. Higher is the IP better is tightness.

Higher IP luminary requires lower cleaning frequency, hence it has higher maintenance factor.

So far I have not used LED luminary for street light application. I do not have its specifications, if

anybody from the group send me detailed specifications of LED luminary I will be able to

comment.

Subodh Shah

Dear Mr. Jayraman,

I am out of city, I can send u the file in .doc format after a week time, in the meantime u can get

the same converted in to .doc.

Average street light "ON" time in Gujarat is 11 hours. per unit kwh charge is Rs. 04.25

. We are using dimming technology, which saves 40% electricity.

Most important features of my project are:

IP 66 luminary ensures light output up to end of life of luminary 32000 burning hours of life of lamp ensures 8 years of operation without lamp

replacement (Based on my 18 years of experience in lighting I am assuming HPSV SON

PIA lamp life of more than 12 years)

Lumen maintenance is 90% at the end of life

Average 35 lux level is achieved by considering 80% maintenance factor, which means

actual illumination level measured is 20% more at 42 meters span between poles.

We r dimming street lighting during off peak hours which gives savings of 40%


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Annual Electrical consumption for a 250 W HPSV lamp including ballast loss of 30 watt

per year is: 11 X 365 X 0.280 = 1124 KWH, after dimming consumption will be 675 KWH.

The most important factor is life cycle cost of entire project.

From where u get this data "deterioration of th HPSV was 50%. " I do not agree with this. I

request you to refer manufacturer's catalogue. It is my humble request not to quote any datawhich is technically base less.

When we r comparing LED with HPSV, it should be compared with latest and new HPSV lamp.

Compare apple with apple.

Service delivery I.e. illumination level is most important than the data of lamp & luminary. Service

delivery depends on which type of luminary we r using and how it has been installed.

According to you data of lux measurment, if it is nine point method than, average lux level is 12.5

(After considering maintenance factor ilumination level will further reduce either 0.7 or 0.8) at a

span between poles of 30 meters, road width is 6.0 meters.

In case of Vadodara we have span btn poles is 42 meters road width is 8.5 meters and

installation of 250 W HPSV lamps on central divider, illumination level is 35

I request u to calculatetotal load for one K.M road length & electric consumption.

I will install LED lamp if I will satisfy technically.

Subodh Shah

Dear Mr Shah,

I would be working on the data provided by you, for my own knowledge, if not for selling the LEDlights.There are but two points.

1. Regarding deterioration of HPSV, I had mentioned "even if the deterioration had been 50%"with specific reference to the case study i had used. This is based on measured data and not without a base. - And the data was taken by a third party and not by SECO.

2. The phillips data sheet i could get hold of in the net for HPS-son-PIA talks about 12000 hoursof life - could you please send me the data sheet with 32000 hours of life.

3. If you are buying the luminnaires also from phillips, could you please send me the link whichgives data on luminnaire efficiency and the optical characteristics etc., One of the sites did talkabout luminnaire with 80% efficiency - but i could not get the angle of dispersion.

4. Please bear with me for the delay in studying your data - but i would like o make a singlereport, after i get the above data also - either from the net or from you.

5. While I do see your commitment, the data on HPS lighting I have recd from various parts of thecountry do not match with your claim of average 35 lux for 42 m * 8.5 * 2 - it might take me a


35/40

while for compiling the data - i would also have to check the confidentiality.

Please do note that i do not sell - I want the customers to buy after they are convinced - thus Istate the facts available with me .

My writing

quoteThis also should give you an idea of the design of LED which could result in higher lux,though the lumens from LED lamp was not higher - even if the deterioration of the HPSVwas 50%.unquote

Your commentquoteFrom where u get this data "deterioration of th HPSV was 50%. " I do not agree with this. Irequest you to refer manufacturer's catalogue. It is my humble request not to quote anydata which is technically base less.unquote

Quoting anything out of context would confuse many and would not result in healthy debate.

I will wait till i get the data from you - please do give me some time for collating the answer.

teejay

Dear Mr Shah,

sorry about the point 2 - i did get the son-tia plus data sheet - the interesting fact is that only 50%survive at the end of 32000 hours.

I have also got a nice article by Dr Biswas, who has analysed and found that while the life of theHPS lamp averages 20,000 in advanced countries, in India the life averages 8000.

I would welcome your comments on Dr Biswas's article.

He has also recorded that the HPSV lumen maintenance has come down by 40%.

The data and info is by

Author:Dhananjoy BiswasInventor Dragon Kink EffectHID lampScientist E ; Electronics Regional Test Laboratory (East)SectorV: Block-DN: Salt Lake City: Kolkata-700091IndiaEmail:[email protected]/[email protected]

I am attaching the pdf.

Pl do send me the data on the luminnaire being used by you.

teejay
http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/iaemp/post?postID=EJtgHoVpnbnGhf4xzED429quUXjMpeR7RWzppsndKm3STv4tmVlHr9TDj9AzkiGpG8quk2MFJBvrGwhttp://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/iaemp/post?postID=EJtgHoVpnbnGhf4xzED429quUXjMpeR7RWzppsndKm3STv4tmVlHr9TDj9AzkiGpG8quk2MFJBvrGwhttp://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/iaemp/post?postID=EJtgHoVpnbnGhf4xzED429quUXjMpeR7RWzppsndKm3STv4tmVlHr9TDj9AzkiGpG8quk2MFJBvrGwhttp://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/iaemp/post?postID=EJtgHoVpnbnGhf4xzED429quUXjMpeR7RWzppsndKm3STv4tmVlHr9TDj9AzkiGpG8quk2MFJBvrGw


36/40

LIGHTING QUIZ

Enjoy this lighting quiz compiled by the editor. Answers are at the end.

1. Which is the most basic source of light:

a. lightbulbb. starsc. moond. sun

2. Lighting is an intrinsic component of:

a. landscaping

b. coloringc. dancingd. singing

3. The most concentrated form of lighting is:

a. decorativeb. task lightingc. purpose lightingd. design lighting

4. This type of lighting is mainly decorative:

a. purpose lightingb. design lightingc. style lightingd. accent lighting

5. The life of a 32 watt linear T8 fluorescent light bulb is ___ times the lifeof a 60 watt incandescent.

a. 2 timesb. 12 timesc. 18 timesd. 24 times


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6. Ambient lighting refers to:

a. focusing on an object

b. creating a moodc. illuminates an area to create comfortable brightnessd. lighting for distant objects

7. The color rendering index (CRI) is measured in the scale of

a. 1100b. 1100 % c. 1001000d. none of the above

8. A device that distributes and filters the light emitted from one or morelamps is:

a. control gearb. lampc. luminaired. starter

9. Ignitors are used for starting:

a. fluorescent tube lights

b. compact fluorescent lightsc. sodium vapor lampsd. none of the above

10. This type of lighting is popular with mounted fixtures

a. recessedb. accessedc. stressedd. backlighting

Answers:

1. d, 2. a, 3. b, 4. d, 5. d, 6. c, 7. a, 8. c, 9. c, 10. a


38/40

IAEMP NEWS

The following are the new office bearers of the INDIAN ASSOCIATION OFENERGY MANAGEMENT PROFESSIONALS (IAEMP) having the

administrative office at: 102, Eden Park, 20, Vittal Mallaya Road,Bangalore-560001. Phone: 09818527944, +91 120 6512372.Web Site: www.iaemp.org

President: Bhupal Singh, GhaziabadVice President: S. Khandekar, NagpurSecretary: Sunil Biswal, BhubaneswarTreasurer: Prakash Magal, BangloreDy. Secretary: F T Kanpurwala, AhmedabadJt. Secretary: Nitin Sharma, MathuraJt. Secretary: N.Ravishankar, Chennai

Central Council Members

Sunil Sood, RanchiG.G.Dalal, MumbaiProf. Ajay Chandak, DhuliaRavindra Datar, MumbaiPradeep Kumar, New DelhiKuntal K Mitra, West BengalParitosh Awasthi, BhopalRakesh Sahay, Bangalore

G.H.Iyer, BhubaneswarK.D.Bairagi, BhopalProf K R Ramana, HyderabadKrishnamurthy, VizayangarMahadevan, ChennaiP A Johny, KeralaA K Verma, RaipurT. Srinivas, Vizag

State Coordinators

KD Bairagi, MPD.Agaarwal,RajasthanAmit Gupta, KarnatakaS C Sabat, OrissaN.Ravishankar, Tamilnadu

The Urja Watch congratulates all of them and hopes their efforts willfurther strengthen IAEMP.


39/40

UPCOMING EVENTS

World Renewable Energy Congress Bangkok, May19-22, 2009WREC 2009 Asia, Thailand.www.thai-exhibition.com/wrec2009asia/

PV America Conference & Exhibition, Philadelphia, USA June 8-10, 2009Pennsylvania Convention Center,www.seia.org

1-day Training Session (organized by Technology Training Group-TTG) onUNDERSTANDING DATA CENTRES - FAST TRACK MANAGEMENT

PROGRAMME

Sponsored by Pacific Research and Analysis, Singapore, June 11, 2009Email: marine.noel@ psholdings. com

Workshop on "Adoption of Energy efficient process technologies &practices and implementation of Energy Conservation Act 2001 inBuildings.

Organized by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Bangalore, June 12, 2009

www.energymanagertraining.com

17th European Biomass Conference and ExhibitionConference Centre, Hamburg, Germany June 29-July 2, 2009www.conference-biomass.com

3rd Renewable Energy India 2009 Expo, New Delhi. August 10-12, 2009Pragati Maidan, New Delhi.

Organized by Exhibitions India Pvt. Ltd.Supported by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India

www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com
http://www.thai-exhibition.com/wrec2009asia/http://www.thai-exhibition.com/wrec2009asia/http://www.seia.org/http://www.energymanagertraining.com/http://www.energymanagertraining.com/http://www.conference-biomass.com/http://www.conference-biomass.com/http://www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com/http://www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com/http://www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com/http://www.conference-biomass.com/http://www.energymanagertraining.com/http://www.seia.org/http://www.thai-exhibition.com/wrec2009asia/


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We Need Your Active Participation

Do you have an area of expertise in energy management? Have you solved adifficult problem or have an interesting case study? Do you want to share a joke with others? Or just have a word of appreciation for this issue. Share

your knowledge with others and promote yourself too, by writing to The UrjaWatch.

You may also tell us about upcoming energy-related events in your area. Besure to mention the title of the event, organizers, dates, venue, city, andcontact information to get more details of the event.

Please note the following points while making your submissions:

Articles must be original, in electronic version, 500 words or less. If you

are using material from external sources, please acknowledge them.

Please include contact information (full name, title/organization, phonenumbers, and email ID) with your submission.

Articles should be in MS word, single spaced, with easily readable font,

preferably Arial size 12. Photos should be of high resolution.

Please e-mail your submissions to The Editor, The Urja Watch at

[email protected]

There are no deadlines for submissions. You may submit articles

anytime.

We reserve the right to edit, rewrite or reject any article.

We Need Your Feedback Too!

Please write your views and suggestions to the editor at: [email protected] must include the writers name, address, phone and email ID.

We appreciate your feedback and thank you for your support.

IAEMP NEWS

Disclaimer: This newsletter is published by the Indian Association of Energy Management Professionals(IAEMP). It is intended for IAEMPs existing and potential members who are interested in energymanagement and IAEMP's activities. It does not imply endorsement of the activities, individuals ororganizations listed within. Views expressed in this newsletter are entirely those of the authors and notnecessarily that of IAEMP or the editorial board.

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