8/12/2019 The Use of Alum, Ferric Chloride and Ferrous Sulphate as Coagulants in Removing Suspended Solids, Colour and

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The use of Alum, Ferric chloride and Ferrous sulphate as coagulants in removing

suspended solids, colour and COD from semi-aerobic landfill leachate at controlled pH

*Hamidi Abdul Aziz1, Salina Alias2, a!idah Assa!i", #ohd $o!din Adlan%,1,",%Asso&iate '!of(, 'h()(, 2Resea!&h Student

S&hool of i+il nginee!ing, nginee!ing ampus, -ni+e!siti Sains #ala.sia, 1%"// $ibongTebal, 'enang, #ALA0SA(

Tel /%34554555 a6 /%345%1//5

Email: cehamidi@eng.usm.my

Abstract

Suspended solids, &olou! and 7) a!e amongst the main fo!m of pollutants in lea&hate(

Appli&ation of ph.si&al o! biologi&al p!o&ess alone is no!mall. not effe&ti+e to !emo+e these

&onstituents, espe&iall. fo! lea&hate 8ith lo8e! B7)97) !atio( The main ob:e&ti+e of this

!esea!&h is to in+estigate the effi&ien&. of &oagulation and flo&&ulation p!o&esses fo!

!emo+ing suspended solids, &olou! and 7) 8hi&h p!esent in signifi&ant ;uantit. at a semi3ae!obi& 'ulau Bu!ung Landfill Site

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&onstituents beaFe!s of 1 L +olume(

Lea&hate samples 8e!e !emo+ed f!om the!ef!ige!ato! and &onditioned fo! about "

hou! unde! ambient tempe!atu!e( Samples

8e!e tho!oughl. agitated fo! !e3suspension

of settled solids befo!e an. tests 8e!e

&ondu&ted( hemi&al !eagents used as

&oagulants a!e &omme!&iall. a+ailable

f!om RG# #a!Feting, -D 8hi&h in&ludealuminum sulphate Al2and slo8 mi6ing and settling time 8e!e

e6amined in the p!e3e6pe!iments at pH >

and at a &oagulant dosage of 4// mg9L(

The influen&e of agitation speed 8asdete!mined in the subse;uent e6pe!iment

b. +a!.ing the !apid mi6ing f!om 24/ to

"4/ !pm and slo8 mi6ing f!om 2/ to ?/

!pm( Na!iations of settling times 8e!e

made bet8een 1/ and 21/ se&onds( n the

p!e3e6pe!iments suspended solids 8e!e

used as &ont!olled pa!amete!( n the main

e6pe!iments, &onstant dosage of

&oagulants and 12 8e!e

used( The initial !apid mi6ing fo! all

e6pe!iments 8as taFen as >/ se&onds

G Nelas;uez, 2//%C A;uila! et al(, 2//4

and fo! slo8 mi6ing at 15 minutes

bet8een 4344 se&onds, Tatsi, et(al, 2//"C

A;uila! et al(, 2//4(

Afte! settling

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at pH %, using 24// mg9L el" as

&oagulant(

The pH 8as measu!ed b. pH mete!

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Table $% &echate characterisation of '(&) in 2!!*'A#A"+T+#) +A#&

A+#A.

+

/A01A# F+(#1A# "A#CH A'#I& "A /10+

3$32!!

*243$3!* 53232!!* 26323!*

3*32!!

*

273*3!

*

63832!!

*26383!*

3532!

!*2353!* 332!!*

pH E("1 E("4 ?(%" E(1> E(15 E("> E(%> E(>2 E(?E E(%2 E(?E E(%%

B7) 1>4/ 1>E% 11>% 1>24 1EE? 2""EB7)97) /(14 /(/% /(1/ /(/> /(/4 /(/> /(/% /(/% /(/> /(1/ /(/? /(/%

Tu!bidit. E 12/ 4E 12% 1// 11/

Suspended Solids

2"" 22/ 2"" 1>% 1E1 15> E> 2"% 21/ 241

olou! / "">/

Ammonia&al $it!ogen

E4 122% ">? %51 12>" ??2 5E2 >?E 42% ?25 4/>

h!omiumP> 4 "(% "(4 %(% "(2 ?("

Tempe!atu!e 2?(5 2E(/ 2E(1 2E(1 2E(% 2E(> 2E(E 2E(> 2E(1

Rainfall

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0

20

40

60

4 6 8 10 12

pH va lues

Alum

FeCl3

FeSO4

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The influen&e of agitation speed on the

!emo+al of suspended solids is p!esented

in igu!e 1( t &an be obse!+ed that at "//

!pm of !apid mi6ing and 4/ !pm of slo8

mi6ing had e6hibited the highest !emo+alof suspended solids / !pm !e&ommended b.

Aguila! et al(,

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Figure % +ffect of different dose of

coagulant on suspended solids at pH 8

0

20

40

60

80

10 0

0 1 00 0 2 00 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 00 0 7 0 0 0

Dos age s of oagu la!" s #mg$ %&

Alum

FeCl3

FeSO4

Figure 6% +ffect of different dose of

coagulant on suspended solids at pH

0

20

40

60

80

10 0

0 2 0 0 4 00 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 00

0

12 0

0

14 0

0

160

0

18 0

0

20 0

0

22 0

0

Dos age s of oagu la!" s #mg$ %&

Alum

FeCl3

FeSO4

Figure 7% +ffect of different dose of

coagulant on suspended solids at pH $2

0

20

40

60

80

10 0

0 2 0 0 4 00 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 00

0

12 0

0

14 0

0

16 0

0

18 0

0

20 0

0

22 0

0

Dos ages of oagul a!"s #mg$ %&

Alum

FeCl3

FeSO4

Figure 4% +ffect of different dose of

coagulant on colour at pH 8

Figure $!% +ffect of different dose of

coagulant on colour at pH

0

20

40

60

80

10 0

0 50 0 10 0 0 1 50 0 2 00 0 2500 3000

Dos ages of oagula !"s #mg$ %&

Alum

FeCl3

FeSO4

Figure $$% +ffect of different dose of

coagulant on colour at pH $2

0

20

40

60

0 2 00 40 0 600 800 1000 1 20 0 1 400

Dos ages of oagula!"s #mg$ %&

Alum

FeCl3

FeSO4

Figure $2% +ffect of different dose of

coagulant on COD at pH 8

0

20

40

60

0 1 00 0 2 0 00 3 00 0 4 00 0 5 0 00 6 00 0 7 0 00

Dos ages of oagu la!"s #mg$ %&

Alum

FeCl3

FeSO4

Figure $*% +ffect of different dose of

coagulant on COD at pH

0

20

40

60

80

10 0

0 2 0 0 40 0 6 0 0 80 0 1 0 0

0

12 0

0

14 0

0

160

0

18 0

0

20 0

0

220

0

Dosages of oagula!"s #mg$ %&

Alum

FeCl3

FeSO4

0

20

40

60

80

10 0

0 1 00 0 2 00 0 3 00 0 4 00 0 5 0 00 6 00 0 7 00 0

Dos ages of oa gula!"s #mg$ %&

Alum

FeCl3

FeSO4

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Figure $8% +ffect of different dose of

coagulant on COD at pH $2

igu!es > to 1% p!esent the !esults

of the effe&t of &oagulation dosages at pH

%, pH > and pH 12( The effe&ts of

&oagulation on suspended solids, &olou!

and 7) a!e sho8n on igu!es > to E, 5 to

11 and 12 to 1%, !espe&ti+el.( !om thesefigu!es, at pH % and 12, good !emo+als of

suspended solids, &olou! and 7) 8e!e

a&hie+ed 8ith !easonabl. lo8e! amount of

&oagulant // mg9L( Ho8e+e!, about

24// mg9L of &oagulants 8e!e !e;ui!ed to

gi+e good !emo+al at pH >(

el"8as found to be gene!all. supe!io!

to the othe! t8o &oagulants in !emo+ing all

the pa!amete!s( The same patte!n of!emo+als 8as noted fo! &olo! and 7)(

o! e6ample, at pH %, o+e! 5/ of

suspended solids 8e!e !emo+ed using

el"&ompa!ed 8ith onl. ?4 and %>

!emo+als using alum and eS7%,

!espe&ti+el. inal effluent 8as less than >/

mg9L using el"as &oagulant and this has

&omplied 8ith the Standa!d B of the

#ala.sian n+i!onmental Oualit. A&t

15?% // >// >// >// >// >// >// >//

nitial*&on&ent!ation 11/> 11/> 1/>E >%4/ >%>/ ?2?4 2>>/ 24>4 ""2/

inal**

&on&ent!ation

2E2 45 4E2 244% >2> 4%E4 1E>2 1%?2 1251

Remo+al ?%(4 5%(? %4(4 >/(% 5/(" 2%(> "/ %2(> >1(1

> 7ptimum9e&onomi&al

dosage >

inal**

&on&ent!ation

251 E 4/> "145 2%5 454" 22/% 1>%E 2%22

Remo+al ?/(% 55 %2(% 4%(5 5>(4 14 2>(5 %%(? 21

12 7ptimum9e&onomi&al

dosage // >// >// >// >// >// >// >// >//

nitial*&on&ent!ation

11/> 5"2 1/>E >%>/ >>4E ?2?/ "21/ "4>4 ""2/

inal**

&on&ent!ation

5/ 42 15? 244E 1?"E 2>5/ 2?5" 2??? 2E24

Remo+al 51(5 5%(% E1(> >/(% ?"(5 >" 1" 22(1 1%(5

This is in ag!eement 8ith the findings of

AmoF!ane et al(,

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Signifi&ant !edu&tions of &olou! using el"and alum 8e!e obse!+ed at pH % // mg9L and pH > / of &olou!

at pH % 8he!eas 44 !emo+al 8as a&hie+edat pH >( n &ompa!ison, el" e6hibited

bette! pe!fo!man&e 8ith 5/ and 5?

!emo+als at pH % and >, !espe&ti+el.(

Sel&uF / using el"and

eS7%!espe&ti+el.( These 8e!e a&hie+ed at

pH % and &oagulant dose of >// mg9L( The!esults a!e in ag!eement 8ith the findings of

othe! 8o!Fe!s( Lin G 'eng had

!edu&ed "" of 7) f!om 5// mg9L

th!ough &ontinuous t!eatment of an influent

of te6tile 8aste8ate!( $i&olaou G

Had:i+assilis 5% mg9L(

Dim, et(al(,

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lea&hate &oagulation3flo&&ulation

e6pe!iments 1(""

Settled

lea&hate

afte!&oagula

tion b.

2,4//

mg9Lel"at

pH %

2?("4E 5>("15 2E2(E%" /(1/% /(E25

Results of pa!ti&le size dist!ibution of flo&s

p!esented in Table "( igu!es 1> and 1?

indi&ated that the d4/ of !a8 lea&hate 8as11(>?> @m( The d4/ afte! &oagulation

be&ame 5>("15 @m 8hi&h indi&ated that the

pa!ti&les had been settled and !emo+ed

effe&ti+el. to E(

8! Conclusion

Lea&hate at 'ulau Bu!ung Landfill

Site in 'enang, #ala.sia 8as &ha!a&te!ized

fo! 12 months in this stud.( t 8as slightl.

alFaline 8ith mode!ate &on&ent!ation ofo!gani& matte!( The .ea!l. a+e!age of

B7)97) !atio 8as /(14 8hi&h !efle&ts

the p!esen&e of high &on&ent!ations of

!e&al&it!ant o!gani& matte! 8hi&h is stable

and biologi&all. diffi&ult fo! fu!the!

deg!adation( oagulation and flo&&ulation

studies &ondu&ted on the lea&hate indi&atedthat el" 8as &apable to !emo+e

suspended solids, &olou! and 7) at

lo8e! dosages as &ompa!ed 8ith alum and

eS7%( Bette! !emo+al 8as obse!+ed at

pH % and pH 12( o! an effe&ti+e !emo+al

of the abo+e pa!amete!s, the optimum

!apid and slo8 mi6ing 8as "// !pm and

4/ !pm !espe&ti+el.( At pH % and 12, a

fai! !emo+al at !easonabl. lo8e! amount

of &oagulant &an be a&hie+ed using el"

8ith a dosage of >// mg9L( Ho8e+e!,about 24// mg9L of &oagulants 8e!e

!e;ui!ed to gi+e good !emo+als at pH >(

Bette! !emo+al 8as a&hie+ed at highe!

tempe!atu!e( The d4/ of sludge afte!

&oagulation at pH % 8ith 24// mg9L el"8as >/(1>" @m &ompa!ed 8ith 11(>?> @m

befo!e &oagulation( The stud. indi&ated

that &oagulation and flo&&ulation p!o&esses

a!e signifi&antl. impo!tant in the o+e!all

integ!ated t!eatment s.stem fo! semi3

ae!obi& lea&hate( nteg!ating the p!o&ess

into the e6isting biologi&al and ph.si&al

t!eatment ma. enhan&e the t!eatment

pe!fo!man&e, pa!ti&ula!l. fo! !emo+al of

suspended solids, &olou! and 7)(

Ac@no9ledgements

The autho! a&Fno8ledges the

#inist!. of S&ien&e, Te&hnolog. and

n+i!onment #ala.sia fo! the $ationalS&ientifi& ello8ship and R'A !esea!&h

g!ant p!o+ided b. #inist!. of S&ien&e,

Te&hnolog. and n+i!onment that has

!esulted in this a!ti&le( The autho! also

8ishes to a&Fno8ledge &oope!ation gi+en

b. the #a:lis 'e!banda!an Sebe!ang '!ai,

'enang and the &ont!a&to! daman Be!sih

Sdn( Bhd(, 'enang du!ing the stud.(

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#eferences

Aguila!, #((, Saez, J(, Llo!ens, #(,

Sole!,A(, 7!tuno, J((, #esegue!, N( G

uentes, A( (

Al3#ala&F, #(H(, Abuzaid $(S( G l3

#uba!aF, A(H( (

JoFela, J('(0(, Dettunan, R(H(, So!munen,

D(#( G Rintala, J(A(

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'ol.me!i& Aluminum oagulant( Jou!nal of

n+i!onmental nginee!ing, Nol(12" %(

D!eith ( (

Stegmann, R( G h!ig, H(J(

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T.!ell, S((, Leeds3Ha!!ison, '(B( G

Ha!!ison, D(S(