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The Use of Hyperspectral Sounding Radiances for Climate Analyses – Experience with AIRS William L. Smith 1,2,3 , Elisabeth Weisz 1 , et. al., 1 University of Wisconsin-Madison 2 NASA/LaRC (SSAI) 3 Hampton University AIRS Science Team Meeting (13-16 October 2009 Greenbelt MD)
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Page 1: The Use of Hyperspectral Sounding Radiances for …The Use of Hyperspectral Sounding Radiances for Climate Analyses – Experience with AIRS William L. Smith1,2,3, Elisabeth Weisz1,

The Use of Hyperspectral Sounding Radiances for Climate Analyses – Experience with AIRS

William L. Smith1,2,3, Elisabeth Weisz1, et. al., 1 University of Wisconsin-Madison 2 NASA/LaRC (SSAI) 3 Hampton University

AIRS Science Team Meeting (13-16 October 2009 Greenbelt MD)

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Objective •  Develop and test a “Single Field-of-View” climate variable retrieval method which can be applied to low horizontal resolution (e.g., 100-km) hyperspectral satellite data (e.g., IRIS and CLARREO) as well as high spatial resolution (e.g., 13-km) operational hyperspectral sounder (e.g., AIRS, IASI, CrIS) radiance observations, in order to obtain algorithm independent assessments of climate change.

•  Test this algorithm using 6-years (2003-2008) AIRS radiance data

•  Validate this algorithm using ECMWF (ERA-Interim) re-analyses of global observing system (satellite plus conventional) data and intercomparing the 100-km FOV product with that obtained from full resolution (13-km) AIRS data.

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“Climate” Single FOV Technique “Clear-trained” and “Cloud-trained” EOF regression IR hyperspectral sounder retrievals of: surface skin temperature, CO2 concentration, cloud top altitude, effective cloud optical depth, and atmospheric temperature, moisture, and ozone profiles above the cloud and below thin or scattered cloud (i.e., cloud effective optical depth < 1.5 and a cloud induced temperature attenuation < 15 K.

1.  Cloud height: Level where “cloud-trained” temperature profile retrieval becomes systematically greater than the “clear-trained” temperature profile retrieval. (The Cloud-trained EOF regression solution coefficients are selected from a set of ten classes of cloud-height stratified 200-hPa overlapping layers. The proper class is determined using a non-linear (i.e., iterative) cloud pressure regression estimator. The initial value is determined using an unclassified by cloud height linear regression operator.)

2.  Cloud optical depth: Estimated using classified EOF regression 3.  Atmospheric profile:

a)   above the cloud: “clear-trained” retrieval b)  below the cloud: “cloud-trained” retrieval

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1500 Channels Used 

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AIRS Cloud Height & T/RH Profile Examples (1) T-cloud: Highest level where Tcld(p) >Tclr(p) to the ground where Tcld(p) & Tclr(p) obtained by EOF regression (2) RH-cloud: Highest RHclr peak > 75% (3) Profile cloud height taken as (1) above (4) T = Tclr & RH = RHclr above cloud (5) If [“Optical Depth” <= 1.5 & Max [(Tcld (p) – Tclr (p)] < 15K then the below cloud profiles are.: T(p) = Tcld(p) and RH(p) = RHcld(p) Otherwise: T(p) & RH(p) = “missing”

Cloud and Profile Determination:

AIRS-T = 661-hPa AIRS-RH = 684-hPa CALIPSO = 680-hPa CloudSat= 718-hPa

RH-profile senses optically thin cirrus T-profile senses lower cloud

34 S, 87 W

AIRS-T = 778-hPa AIRS-RH = 103-hPa CALIPSO = 101-hPa CloudSat = 717-hPa

10 S, 124E

AIRS-T = 118-hPa AIRS-RH = 103-hPa CALIPSO = 94-hPa CloudSat = 115-hPa

11 N, 193 E

August 7, 2007 “Cloud-Trained”

“Clear Trained”

“Combined”

August 7, 2007

“Cloud-Trained”

“Clear Trained”

“Combined”

50 100% Relative Humidity

50 100% Relative Humidity

50 100% Relative Humidity

“Cloud-Trained”

“Clear Trained”

“Combined”

Temperature

Temperature Temperature

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AIRS-T, AIRS-RH, CALIPSO, & CloudSat Highest Co-located AIRS FOV Cloud Altitudes (2.5 deg. grid average)

AIRS-T Cld Ht (Aug. 7, 2007) CloudSat Cld Ht (Aug. 7, 2007)

CALIPSO Cld Ht (Aug 7, 2007) AIRS-RH Cld Ht (Aug. 7, 2007)

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Inter-comparison Criteria (AIRS, CALIPSO, and CloudSat co-located* fields of view)

•  MODIS Clear Probability = 0%

•  IIR FOV average radiance difference ≤ 1 %

•  CALIPSO Number of Cloud Layers ≤ 2

* Co-locations provided by Nagle and Holz (UW-CIMSS)

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IR-Profile Vs CALIPSO Cloud Height

IR-Profile Vs CloudSat Cloud Height

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AIRS-T

CALIPSO

CALIPSO Vs CloudSat Cloud Height

AIRS-T Vs CloudSat Cloud Height

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2003‐2008 Monthly Mean Temperature  

and  Rela7ve Humidity 

for February and August  

(Nadir AIRS/”CLARREO” Vs ECMWF) 

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 Simula2ng “CLARREO” Data from AIRS 

• Use Nadir‐only samples 

•  “CLARREO” = 6 x 6 average (≈100‐km resolu7on and spacing) AIRS Measurements 

•  “AIRS” = Clearest of six (≈ 13‐km resolu7on and 100‐km spacing)  

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850 hPa Temperature (2003‐2008) February 

ECMWF 850 hPa Temperature 

ECMWF 850 hPa Temperature 

AIRS 850 hPa Temperature 

AIRS 850 hPa Temperature 

February 

August August 

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February 

ECMWF 850 hPa Temperature 

ECMWF 850 hPa Temperature 

August 

February 

CLARREO 850 hPa Temperature 

850 hPa Temperature (2003‐2008) 

August 

CLARREO 850 hPa Temperature 

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850 hPa Humidity (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

ECMWF 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity  AIRS 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

AIRS 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

February  February 

August August 

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850 hPa Humidity (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

ECMWF 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

February 

August 

February 

CLARREO 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

August 

CLARREO 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

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500 hPa Temperature (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 500 hPa Temperature 

ECMWF 500 hPa Temperature 

AIRS 500 hPa Temperature 

February  February 

August August 

AIRS 500 hPa Temperature 

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500 hPa Temperature (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 500 hPa Temperature 

ECMWF 500 hPa Temperature 

February 

August 

February 

CLARREO 500 hPa Temperature 

August 

CLARREO 500 hPa Temperature 

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500 hPa Humidity (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

ECMWF 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity  AIRS 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

AIRS 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

February  February 

August August 

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500 hPa Humidity (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

ECMWF 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

February 

August 

February 

CLARREO 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

August 

CLARREO 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

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300 hPa Temperature (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 300 hPa Temperature 

ECMWF 300 hPa Temperature 

AIRS 300 hPa Temperature 

AIRS 300 hPa Temperature 

February  February 

August August 

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300 hPa Temperature (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 300 hPa Temperature 

ECMWF 300 hPa Temperature 

February 

August 

February 

CLARREO 300 hPa Temperature 

August 

CLARREO 300 hPa Temperature 

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300 hPa Humidity (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

ECMWF 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity  AIRS 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

AIRS 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

February  February 

August August 

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300 hPa Humidity (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

ECMWF 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

February 

August 

February 

CLARREO 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

August 

CLARREO 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

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50 hPa Temperature (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 50 hPa Temperature 

ECMWF 50 hPa Temperature 

AIRS 50 hPa Temperature 

AIRS 50 hPa Temperature 

February  February 

August August 

Page 25: The Use of Hyperspectral Sounding Radiances for …The Use of Hyperspectral Sounding Radiances for Climate Analyses – Experience with AIRS William L. Smith1,2,3, Elisabeth Weisz1,

50 hPa Temperature (2003‐2008) 

ECMWF 50 hPa Temperature 

ECMWF 50 hPa Temperature 

February 

August  August 

CLARREO 50 hPa Temperature 

February 

CLARREO 50 hPa Temperature 

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2003‐2008   “Annual” (February + August) 

Mean  Temperature  

and  Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐yr Trend (Nadir AIRS/CLARREO Vs ECMWF) 

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850 hPa 6‐Year Trend (2003‐2008) 

6‐year Trend 

AIRS 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐Year Trend 

ECMWF 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 850 hPa Temperature 

6‐year Trend 

AIRS 850 hPa Temperature 

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850 hPa 6‐Year Trend (2003‐2008) 

6‐Year Trend 

ECMWF 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 850 hPa Temperature 

6‐year Trend 

CLARREO 850 hPa Temperature 

6‐year Trend 

CLARREO 850 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

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500 hPa 6‐Year Trend (2003‐2008) 6‐year Trend 

AIRS 500 hPa Temperature 

6‐year Trend 

AIRS 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 500 hPa Temperature 

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500 hPa 6‐Year Trend (2003‐2008) 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 500 hPa Temperature 

6‐year Trend 

CLARREO 500 hPa Temperature 

6‐year Trend 

CLARREO 500 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

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300 hPa 6‐Year Trend (2003‐2008) 6‐year Trend 

AIRS 300 hPa Temperature 

6‐year Trend 

AIRS 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 300 hPa Temperature 

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300 hPa 6‐Year Trend (2003‐2008) 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 300 hPa Temperature 

6‐year Trend 

CLARREO 300 hPa Temperature 

6‐year Trend 

CLARREO 300 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

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50 hPa 6‐Year Trend (2003‐2008) 6‐year Trend 

AIRS 50 hPa Temperature 

6‐year Trend 

AIRS 50 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 50 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 50 hPa Temperature 

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50 hPa 6‐Year Trend (2003‐2008) 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 50 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

ECMWF 50 hPa Temperature 

6‐year Trend 

CLARREO 50 hPa Temperature 

CLARREO 50 hPa Rela7ve Humidity 

6‐year Trend 

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Global Mean Trends (ECMWF Vs AIRS Vs CLARREO) 

Parameter  ECMWF  AIRS  CLARREO  Difference 

850 T (K/yr)  ‐0.029  ‐0.120  ‐0.198  ‐0.078 

850 RH (%/ yr)  +0.154  ‐0.366  ‐0.361  +0.005 

500 T  ‐0.021  ‐0.123  ‐0.125  ‐0.002 

500 RH  +0.073  ‐0.078  ‐0.106  ‐0.028 

300 T  ‐0.006  ‐0.070  ‐0.066  +0.006 

300 RH  ‐0.093  +0.071  +0.052  ‐0.019 

50 T  +0.013  ‐0.027  ‐0.026  ‐0.001 

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Summary & Conclusion •  ECMWF ERA must be very good. Compares well with

independent satellite product (i.e., Dual EOF Regn AIRS)

•  Dual EOF Regression Single FOV Retrieval works well - 100-km FOV compares well to 13-km FOV

•  Amazing correspondence between monthly mean values of twice per day Nadir AIRS and CLARREO proxy retrievals with ECMWF analyses of all GOS data

–  Regional Monthly Means –  Regional 6-year trends in “Annual” Mean

•  Next step: Produce 5-Decade regional trend results from 1970 IRIS hyperspectral FTS data and AIRS/IASI data degraded to IRIS spectral (1.4 cm-1, unapodized) and spatial (100-km) resolution.

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2003‐2006  Comparisons of Results  with AIRS Science Team  

Temperature  and 

 Rela7ve Humidity 

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Dual Regn AIRS/CLARREO, ScTm AIRS+AMSU, ECMWF (2003‐2008) 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

ECMWF 850 hPa Temperature  S‐team AIRS 850 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

DReg CLARREO  850 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

DReg  AIRS 850 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

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Dual Regn AIRS/CLARREO, ScTm AIRS+AMSU, ECMWF (2003‐2008) 

S‐team AIRS 500 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

ECMWF 500 hPa Temperature 

DReg CLARREO  500 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

DReg  AIRS 500 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

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Dual Regn AIRS/CLARREO, ScTm AIRS+AMSU, ECMWF (2003‐2008) 

S‐team AIRS 300 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

ECMWF 300 hPa Temperature 

DReg CLARREO  300 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

DReg  AIRS 300 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

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Dual Regn AIRS/CLARREO, ScTm AIRS+AMSU, ECMWF (2003‐2008) 

S‐team AIRS 50 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

ECMWF 50 hPa Temperature 

DReg CLARREO  50 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

DReg  AIRS 50 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

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Dual Regn AIRS/CLARREO, ScTm AIRS+AMSU, ECMWF (2003‐2008) 

S‐team AIRS 850 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

ECMWF 850 hPa Humidity 

DReg CLARREO  850 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

DReg  AIRS 850 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

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Dual Regn AIRS/CLARREO, ScTm AIRS+AMSU, ECMWF (2003‐2008) 

S‐team AIRS 500 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

ECMWF 500 hPa Humidity 

DReg CLARREO  500 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

DReg  AIRS 500 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

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Dual Regn AIRS/CLARREO, ScTm AIRS+AMSU, ECMWF (2003‐2008) 

S‐team AIRS 300 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

ECMWF 300 hPa Humidity 

DReg CLARREO  300 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

DReg  AIRS 300 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Mean 

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Trend Comparisons 

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6‐Year “Annual” Trend (2003‐2008) 

DReg  AIRS 850 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

ECMWF 850 hPa Temperature 

DReg CLARREO  850 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

S‐team AIRS 850 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

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6‐Year “Annual” Trend (2003‐2008) 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

ECMWF 850 hPa Humidity 

DReg  AIRS 850 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

DReg CLARREO  850 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

S‐team AIRS 850 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

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6‐Year “Annual” Trend (2003‐2008) 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

ECMWF 500 hPa Temperature 

DReg CLARREO  500 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

DReg  AIRS 500 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

S‐team AIRS 500 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

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6‐Year “Annual” Trend (2003‐2008) 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

ECMWF 500 hPa Humidity 

DReg CLARREO  500 hPa Humidity DReg  AIRS 500 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend  6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

S‐team AIRS 500 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

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6‐Year “Annual” Trend (2003‐2008) 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

ECMWF 300 hPa Temperature 

DReg  AIRS 300 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

DReg CLARREO  300 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

S‐team AIRS 300 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

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6‐Year “Annual” Trend (2003‐2008) 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

ECMWF 300 hPa Humidity 

DReg  AIRS 300 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

DReg CLARREO  300 hPa Humidity 

S‐team AIRS 300 hPa Humidity 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

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6‐Year “Annual” Trend (2003‐2008) 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

ECMWF 50 hPa Temperature 

DReg  AIRS 50 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

DReg CLARREO  50 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 

S‐team AIRS 50 hPa Temperature 

6‐yr “Annual” (Feb + Aug) Trend 


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