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The verb-ed form
Can you tell the function of the verb-ing in the following sentences?The teacher’s encouraging words made all the students regain confidence.
The story he told us was very exciting.
I watched the athletes jumping from the diving board into the swimming pool.
the attribute
the predicative
object complement
A verb-ed form can also serve as attribute, predicative and object complement. When the verb-ed form is used as an attribute, it can be changed into an attribute clause. Now please tell the use of the verb-ed form in the following sentences.
1.I don't like canned food; I prefer something fresh. 2. China has no time to lose to catch up with the developed countries in the world.3. The man delivering mails to my office every day is a retired worker.The verb-ed forms in these sentences are all used as the attribute. And a verb-ed can appear after a noun to modify the noun like an attributive clause does.
Can you change the following attributive clauses into verb-ed form?
(1) We should drink water which has been boiled.We should drink boiled water.
(2) They took the woman who was injured to the nearby hospital at onceThey took the injured woman to the nearby hospital at once.
(3) The kidnappers were using a car which was stolen.
The kidnappers were using a stolen car.
(4) The dark-haired man went into the room.
The man who was dark-haired went into the room.
(5) The name which was mentioned in the letter was unknown to me.The name mentioned in the letter was known to me.
(6) The firemen were trying to rescue the people who were trapped in the fire.
The firemen were trying to rescue the people trapped in the fire.
(1) Edison became interested in science when he was very young.
(2)The little boy was very excited when he heard that he could go to the party.
Look at the following sentences:
The verb-ed forms interested and excited in the two sentences are used as predicatives. They follow link verbs.
(1)The cake was left untouched on the table.
(2)The girl lay trapped under the wreckage.
In these sentences, the verb-ed forms are used as adverbs.
(1) He tried to make himself understood by his students in class.
(2) I had my hair cut yesterday.
The verb-ed forms are used as the object complements in the sentences.
The verb-ed form can express different meanings, that is, the passive and the past meaning. For example:
English is a widely used language. =English is a language which is used widely.
the passive
He always wears thick glasses and holds a book in his hand, which makes his neighbours think he is a well-educated man.= He always wears thick glasses and holds a book in his hand, which makes his neighbours think he is a man who is well-educated.
The ground is covered with fallen leaves when autumn wind blows.=The ground is covered with leaves which have fallen when autumn wind blows.
Some countries like the USA and Japan are developed countries.= Some countries like the USA and Japan are countries which have developed.
pas
t
A verb-ed can be used after verbs like stand, sit and lie to show that the two actions are happening at the same time.
The girl lay in bed lost in thought.= The girl lay in bed and was lost in thought. The boy sat at the table buried in his homework.= The boy sat at the table and was buried in his homework.
A verb-ed phrase is actually a verb-ed followed by an object and /or adverbial. Verb-ed phrases especially the passive ones can be used to express the time, the reason and the condition.
Can you rewrite the following sentences, using clauses introduced by when ,once ,because, if, unless…?
(1)Frightened by the scene, the girl did not dare go out alone.
Because she was frightened by the scene, the girl did not dare go out alone.
(2) Once seen , it can never be forgotten.
Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.
(3) Unless invited , I will not go to the party.Unless I am invited, I will not go to the party.
(4) Given another five days, I could finish it in time.
If I was given another five days, I could finish it in time.
(5) Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
(6) When told the news, he couldn’t help crying.When he was told the news, he couldn’t help crying.
NOTE:
过去分词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致 .
The differences between verb-ed forms and the verb-ing forms:
(1) 作状语：分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语保持一致的情况下，如果分词和句子的主语之间在逻辑上是被动关系，用过去分词，否则用现在分词。分词短语也可以有自己的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。分词作状语可以相当于一个状语从句。现在分词的被动式，习惯上不作伴随状语。注意比较下面的句子：
Seen from the space, the earth looks blue.
Kept in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh.
= When it is seen from space, the earth looks blue.
= If they are kept in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh.
Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.
= When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend.
After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, being exhausted. ( 误 )After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, exhausted. （正）
Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.
独立主格机构
(2) 作表语：一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如 excite ， interest 等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“ 使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“ 令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“ 感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是 -ing 形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed 形式。换句话说， -ed 形式常和人有关，-ing 形式常和物有关。 look, expression 等词作主语时常用 -ed 形式作表语，但有时要看具体情况。请在下面的几组句中体会他们的区别。
The news was very exciting.
The book is interesting.
The question is puzzling.
His expression was frightening.
I was excited at it.
He is interested in it.
His look is puzzled.
I was frightened.
delighting令人高兴的disappointing令人失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的satisfying令人满意的
delighted感到高兴的disappointed感到失望的encouraged感到鼓舞的pleased感到愉快的satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的worrying令人担心的tiring令人疲倦的boring 令人厌烦的
surprised感到惊异的worried感到担心的tired感到疲倦的bored 感到厌烦的
(3) 作定语：过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系或过去分词表示的动作已完成；现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。
The picture hanging on the wall is painted by my nephew.
The building being built is a hospital.
The flowers smelling sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, known as 3M.The key to solving the problem is to meet the demand made by the customers. Prices of daily goods bought through a computer can be lower than store prices.
便于记忆 -ed 形式和 -ing 形式作表语及作定语时的区别的句子：
I am interested in the interesting book.
He was excited at the exciting news.The parents were disappointed about their disappointing son. Mr. Smith, tired of the boring speech, started to read a novel.
(4) 作补语：跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set 等。在复合宾语中，用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make himself heard.When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
Just now I caught him stealing things from the supermarket.
Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents worried.
NOTE: 非谓语动词使用条件 : 一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词） ,又没有连词的情况下 , 还有别的动词出现时。并非分词的逻辑主语都要和句子的主语一致。此时的分词短语又可称为垂悬状语。有些动词不定式也可以这样运用。常见的这种情况有：
Strictly speaking, smoking is not allowed here.Judging from what he said, he is a southerner.Taken as a whole, there is nothing important in his speech.To tell you the truth, I don’t like English teacher.To speak frankly, I don’t agree with you about the case.
链接高考1. “Things _________ never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself. （ 2007 湖南） A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. have lost 2. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless ________ every day. （ 2007 四川） A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water
3. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ， he gladly accepted it. （ 2007 安徽）
A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished
4. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them ______ in his lectures. (2007 江苏 ) A. interested B. interesting C. interest D. to interest
5. Please remain _______ until the plane has come to a complete stop. （ 2007 山东）A. to seal B. to be seated C. seating D. seated
6. The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be done to change it. （ 02 全国）
A.begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 7. ________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.(05 江苏卷 )A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing
8. ______ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. （ 05
湖南卷）A.Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed9._____ time, he’ll make a fist-class te
nnis player. （ 03 北京）A.Having given B. To giveC. Giving D. Given
10. The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well . （ 05 湖北卷）
A ． to spend B ． spent C ． being spent D ． Spending11. Laws that punish parents for their
little children’s actions against the laws get parents . （ 04 重庆）
A.worried B. to worryC. worrying D. worry
12.A man is being questioned in relation to the ________ murder last night. （ 04 江苏）
A.advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted13. The prize of the game show is $30,
000 and an all expenses ___vacation to China. (05 北京卷 )
A.Paying B. paidC. to be paid D. being paid
14. ______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. （ 05 上海卷）
A.Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
15. Helen had to shout _____ above the sound of the music. （ 04 广西）
A.making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
16.____with the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. （ 04 湖北）
A ． Compare B ． When comparing C ． Comparing D ． When compare
d17.___by the beauty of nature , the girl
from London decided to spend another two days on the farm. (04 辽宁 )
A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
18. When first______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. （ 04 全国 II ）A. introducing B. introducedC. introduce D. being introduced19. The disc, digitally _____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. (04 上海）A. recorded B. recordingC. to be recorded D. having recorded
20. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to ______ before the party. （ 04 全国 I ）A. get changed B. get changeC. get changing D. get to change21. ____ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. (2006 全国 )A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising
Consolidation 1.--- What’s the language _______
in New Zealand? --- English.A.speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak2. The car _______ in Germany in
the 1960s looks old now.A.produced B. producing C. to produce D. which produced
3. --- You’d better have your sports jacket _____. It’s too dirty.
--- Thanks. I will.A.to wash B. washed C. washing D. wash4. Yesterday I heard a story _______
by my friend.A.told B. telling C. to tell D. tell
5. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _____as the plane was making a landing.
A.seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating6. _____ to sunlight for too much time
will do harm to one’s skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposedC. Being exposed D. After being exposed
7. Generally speaking, when _____ according to the directions, the drug
has no side effect.A.taking B. taken C. to take D. to be taken8. The first textbooks _____ for teaching
English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A.having been written B. to be written C. being written D. written
9. Is this the watch you wish _____?A.to have repaired B. to repair it C. to have it repaired D. will be repaired10. _____ many times, but he still
couldn't understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though he had been toldC. He was told D. Having told
Translation:
1.这扇朝南的窗户是破的。
2.我们的班主任是一位受人爱戴的女性。
3.我今天收到的那封信是我哥哥寄来的。
The window facing the south is broken.
Our head teacher is a woman loved by all.
The letter that reached me today is from my brother.
4. 输掉那场比赛后，她看上去很失望。
5. 从山顶看这座城市时，它看起来很壮丽。
6. 那位教授在学生们的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。
She looked disappointed after she lost the game.
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks significant.
Surrounded by his students , the professor sat there cheerfully.
1. figure out :
to finally understand sth. or sb., or find the solution to a problem after a lot of thought:[+ question word]
I can't figure out why he did it.
Can you figure out the answer to question 5?
我不能理解他为什么做这件事 .
你能算出第五个问题的答案吗 ?
2.puzzle: v. [I+adverb or prep.;T] to feel confused and slightly worried
The findings of the survey puzzle me. 调查的发现使我困惑 .
[+ question word]
It puzzles me why she said that.她为什么那样说使我很困惑 .
n. [S] a situation which is difficult to understand: [C] a game or toy in which you have
to fit separate pieces together, or a problem or question which you have to answer by using your skill or knowledge:
Scientists have been trying to solve this puzzle for years.
多年来科学家门一直在尽力解开这一谜底 .
a crossword puzzle
puzzled adj confused because you do not understand sth.:
He had a puzzled look on his face.
I'm still puzzled as to why she said that.
I'm a bit puzzled that I haven't heard from Tom for so long.
他脸上有一丝感到困惑的表情 .
至于她为什么那样说我仍然感到困惑 .
我很久没有收到 Tom 的来信我感到困惑 .
puzzling adj. difficult to explain or understand:It's a rather puzzling film.a puzzling situation
3. cautious:
1) describes sb. who avoids risks:2) describes sth. which is careful, well considered and sometimes slow or uncertain:
当他骑自行车的时候 , 他很小心。He was cautious when he was riding the bicycle. a cautious approach
cautiously adv. caution n.
We need to proceed with caution. 我们需要谨慎前进 .
4. worth : adj. having a particular value, especially in money:
我们的房子价值 20万英镑 .Our house is worth about £200 000.
(1)be worth sth.: to be important or interesting enough to receive a particular action:
I think this matter is worth our attention. 我认为这件事值得我们注意 .
(2) be worth having/doing sth. : to be important or useful to have or do:
There's nothing worth reading in this newspaper.
这张报纸上没什么值得读的 .
worthless : adj. having no value in money/valueless /unimportant or useless:NOTE: The opposite is invaluable/priceless.
相关表达：
It’s worth the money. =It’s good value for the money. be (well) worth doing sth.A bird in the hand (is worth two in the bush): 两鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。be worth it ： to be of reasonable or good value for the price:
Worthy & worthwhile
worthy ： adj. worthy of sth ：suitable for, or characteristic of sth.:worthy to be done worthy of being done
worthwhile : adj.It’s worthwhile doing/to do sth. 做某事是值得的。
译：这个问题值得讨论。The question is worth discussing.The question is worthy of discussion.The question is worthy of being discussed.The question is worthy to be discussed.It’s worthwhile discussing/to discuss the question.Discussing/To discuss the question is worthwhile.
