The Vicious flame of Africa

Causes Of ConflictCauses Of Conflict

Fighting over basic and expensive Fighting over basic and expensive resourcesresources

Various political agendas Various political agendas (Corruption)(Corruption)

Control over landControl over land

Results of Conflict

In the last 40 years there have been 80 forced, recorded changes of government where at least 24 heads of state died to the unrest. By 1996 14 of Africa’s 53 countries were fighting in armed conflicts simultaneously . Examples are Civil unrest in Uganda, The Biafria war in Nigeria and the Tutsi genocide in Rwanda. All This has resulted in 8 million African refugees and 40 million displaced from their countries.

BiafraBiafra

► January 15th 1966 young January 15th 1966 young military Igbo officers military Igbo officers attempted a coup attempted a coup d’etat/military coup in the d’etat/military coup in the Nigerian GovernmentNigerian Government

► they were referred to as they were referred to as the Ibo in the conflictthe Ibo in the conflict

► May and Sept. mass May and Sept. mass killings of Ibokillings of Ibo

► Military Gov. Igbo Colonel Military Gov. Igbo Colonel Chukwuemeka Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Odumegwu Ojukwu Declared the region an Declared the region an independent state (Biafra)independent state (Biafra)

After the war

• 1970-Biafra ravaged by war Ojukwu fled country many died of starvation, illness, and combat, close to 1million.

• After defeat of rebels eastern region was war torn, 3 million refugees

• Programs created to reinstate Ibo into Nigeria.

• FMG retained enormous oil reserves in former Biafra.

Idi Amin’s reign of terror• Uganda receives independence October, 1962.

Milton Obote president in 1966.• 1971- Obote overthrown by military and Major

General Idi Amin Dada takes over government.• Amin forces 40,000-50,000 Asians in Uganda to

leave country. Those who questioned his policies killed

• 1978- Border dispute causes fighting between Uganda and Tanzania. In 1979 Tanzanian troops and those against Amin defeated Uganda’s Army and took over government.

Post – Amin EraPost – Amin Era

Obote became president, overthrown by military in July 1985, Obote became president, overthrown by military in July 1985, destroyed National Assembly, led by General Tito Okello destroyed National Assembly, led by General Tito Okello

NRM (National Resistance Movement) overthrows Okello, led by NRM (National Resistance Movement) overthrows Okello, led by Yoweri Museveni.Yoweri Museveni.

Museveni suspends political parties, restores peace to most Museveni suspends political parties, restores peace to most Uganda by end of 1986Uganda by end of 1986

Continued fighting between government and rebel groups in north. Continued fighting between government and rebel groups in north. Largest rebel group- Lord’s Resistance Army wants Christian Largest rebel group- Lord’s Resistance Army wants Christian GovernmentGovernment

1990’s- many cults lead to deaths of many people1990’s- many cults lead to deaths of many people 1999- Uganda signs treaty with Kenya and Tanzania to reestablish 1999- Uganda signs treaty with Kenya and Tanzania to reestablish

East African Community. East African Community.

The Tutsi and The Hutu

The Tutsi conquered the Hutu and in 1916 Belgium took control of the land from and made the two tribes carry different identity cards, classifying them by ethnicity.

The Tutsi were economically dominant and from 1959-1962 Hutu had a riot, killing 20,000 Tutsi and forcing 100,000 to Uganda and Burundi.

in 1962 the land formed into two countries, Rwanda (Hutu forced Tutsi out) and Burundi (Tutsi remain in power). Tensions increased

Effects of TensionEffects of Tension In In 19941994 President Habyarimana was shot President Habyarimana was shot

down, an unofficial militia called down, an unofficial militia called Interahamwe was formed, started Interahamwe was formed, started attacking the Tutsi. The Rwandan attacking the Tutsi. The Rwandan government did a genocidal campaign government did a genocidal campaign against Tutsi, killing 800,000 in 100 days.against Tutsi, killing 800,000 in 100 days.

The Tutsi won , the Hutu were forced out to The Tutsi won , the Hutu were forced out to neighboring countries, Zaire (Democratic neighboring countries, Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) and Tanzania. Republic of Congo) and Tanzania.

Hutu, living in refugee camps, have been Hutu, living in refugee camps, have been attacking Rwandan civilians. In attacking Rwandan civilians. In 20022002 the the DRC made a peace deal to end a 5 year DRC made a peace deal to end a 5 year rebellion.rebellion.

UGANDAUGANDA

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