The Warrior and the Witan

8/12/2019 The Warrior and the Witan

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THE WARRIOR AND THE WITAN:

SEARCHING FOR THE CULTURE OF WISDOM IN B EOWULF

by

Reid Hardaway

Bachelr ! Ar"#

U$i%er#i"y ! S&"h Carli$a' ())*

S&b+i""ed i$ ,ar"ial F&l!ill+e$" ! "he Re-&ire+e$"#

Fr "he De.ree ! Ma#"er ! Ar"# i$

E$.li#h

Clle.e ! Ar"# a$d Scie$ce#

U$i%er#i"y ! S&"h Carli$a

()//

Acce0"ed by:

Dr1 Sc"" Gwara' Direc"r ! The#i#

Dr1 Hlly Crc2er' Reader

Dr1 Ti+ M&##ea&' Dea$ ! "he Grad&a"e Schl



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ABSTRACT

I$ Beowulf ' "he warrir a$d "he 2i$. !&l!ill #0eci!ic rle# ! "he c++&$i"y1 The

a&"hri"a"i%e ce$"er ! "he Da$i#h 0e0le' Hr"h.ar 0re#ide# %er "he .i!"3.i%i$.

cere+$y a$d rec&$"# "he !a+&# 4#er+$14 5e" "he 2i$. de# $" ha%e "he re#&rce# "

de!ea" Gre$del1 Bew&l! i# a warrir wi"h "he $ece##ary #"re$."h " %erc+e "he

+$#"er' b&" hi# beha%ir i# 0"e$"ially rec2le## r e%e$ de#"r&c"i%e1 F&r"her+re' "he

a&die$ce i# c+0elled " e%al&a"e Bew&l!6# le.acy ba#ed $ hi# "ra$#i"i$ !r+ warrir

" 2i$.1 T +a2e "hi# e%al&a"i$' b#er%er# i$ "he 0e+6# a&die$ce +&#" e#"abli#h

#0eci!ic #"a$dard# re.ardi$. "he#e c++&$al7a$d c+0e"i$.7rle#1 I$ "her wrd#'

"he a&die$ce ha# " de!i$e wha" i" +ea$# " be a warrir %er#&# wha" i" +ea$# " be a

2i$.1 The a&die$ce i# e80ec"ed " d "he #a+e wi"h a "hird c++&$al .r&0' "he witan1

A# a .r&0 ! di0l+a"#' "hey #ee2 0eace!&l re#l&"i$# a$d e8hibi" "he %al&e# !

di0l+acy a$d $e."ia"i$1 They li2ewi#e 0er#i#"e$"ly !ail1 B&" "he $arra"r he#i"a"e# "

c$de+$ "hi# .r&0 c+0le"ely1 Thr&.h a le8ic$ ! wi#d+ wrd#' "he %al&e# ! "he

warrir a$d "he %al&e# ! "he witan are 0laced i$ ir$ic 9&8"a0#i"i$1 The %al&e# ! "he

witan are re0re#e$"ed "hr&.h&" "he 0e+ a# "he %al&e# ! 2$wled.e' a$d "hey

c$#"i"&"e a 0e"ic #0here ! beha%ir' +rali"y' a$d #cie"y "ha" ca$ rea#$ably be called

"he c&l"&re ! wi#d+1

ii



TABLE OF CONTENTS

,ART I: I NTRODUCTION: THE R OLE OF THE WARRIOR 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111/

,ART II: THE FORMAL AUTHORIT5 OF THE WITAN111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

,ART III: THE CULTURE OF WISDOM IN BEOWULF1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111/)

,ART I;: CONCLUSION: THE TERMINOLOG5 OF WISDOM IN BEOWULF1111111111111111(<

,ART ;: BIBLIOGRA,H511111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111</



,ar" I: I$"rd&c"i$: The Rle ! "he Warrir

The c++&$al !&$c"i$ ! "he warrir i$ Beowulf ha# bee$ well3dc&+e$"ed'

"hr&.hly e80lred a$d c$"e$"i&#ly deba"ed1 Schlar# .e$erally a.ree "ha" Bew&l!

c+e# " De$+ar2 " !ill a #0eci!ic #cial rle "ha" i# $ece##ary !r Her" " !&$c"i$

0r0erly1/ Thi# rle de# $" $e.a"e Bew&l!6# e##e$"ial i$di%id&ali#+1 Bew&l! ha#

0he$+e$al #"re$."h a$d a" lea#" a lcal re0&"a"i$' a$d "he#e -&ali"ie# a&.+e$" "he

0e+6# dra+a"ic i$"e$#i"y1 A#ide !r+ bei$. a re+ar2able i$di%id&al' Bew&l! al#

#a"i#!ie# a$ e##e$"ial !&$c"i$ ! "he c++&$i"y1 The 0e" e80li"# "he e8e+0lary a$d

0ree+i$e$" +del ! "he warrir " i$"err.a"e a$ ideali=ed #cial rle "ha" Bew&l!

0er#$i!ie#1

Thi# #cial rle i$%l%e# hi#"rical a$d li"erary c$%e$"i$# "ha" e$"ail #0eci!ic

bli.a"i$# a$d a h#" ! di!!ere$" -&ali!ier#1 Mder$ i$"er0re"a"i$ ! "he wr2 i#

i$e%i"ably di!!ic&l" beca&#e we are # !ar de"ached !r+ "he $&a$ce# "ha" "he a&die$ce !

Beowulf w&ld ha%e i$#"i$c"i%ely #e$#ed1 Thi# 0rble+ $ce led #chlar# " a##&+e "ha"

Beowulf re!lec"# li""le +re "ha$ 0e"ic barbari#+' lac2i$. #0hi#"ica"i$ a$d $arra"i%e

&$i"y1 Schlar#hi0 "ha" hel0# " e80lica"e "he #cial c$%e$"i$# ! Beowulf's i$i"ial

/ >h$ Hal%er#$6# ?The Wrld ! Bew&l!@ 3 de#cribe# hw Bew&l! !&l!ill# "he rle ! "he

warrir a$d di#0lace# Hr"h.ar a# "he ce$"ral !c&# whe$ he e$"er# "he hall1

/



a&die$ce i# $eeded i$ rder " re!&"e "he 0ri+i"i%i#+ "ha" "he#e i$"er0re"er# ha%e alle.ed1

S"ill' Bew&l! re#e+ble# charac"er# li2e Achille# r 5ahweh' wh#e ra$.e !

e80re##i$ #i+0ly %erwhel+# "he hi#"rical c$%e$"i$# "ha" #&rr&$d a li"erary .e$re1

The way hi# #cial !&$c"i$ i# re0re#e$"ed' !ir#" a# a warrir 0##ibly e%e$ a wrecca a$d

la"er a# a 2i$.' e#"abli#he# a 0ec&liar rela"i$#hi0 be"wee$ "he i$di%id&al a$d "he

c++&$i"y1 Tha" i# " #ay' "he 0e" &#e# "he #cial rle ! "he warrir " de!i$e Bew&l!'

b&" al# &#e# Bew&l! " de!i$e "he warrir6# #cial rle1

Shari$. +a$y ele+e$"# wi"h Beowulf ' Judith ill&#"ra"e# a$"her' a$d #li.h"ly

di!!ere$"' ideali=ed %i#i$ ! "he warrir1

T acc++da"e #&ch a !i.&re' "he #"ry ad0"#

a Chri#"ia$ 0er#0ec"i%e where "he .lri!ica"i$ ! %ile$ce i# rec$ciled wi"h h&+ili"y1

>&di"h deca0i"a"e# "he +$#"er3li2e Hl!er$e# a$d +a2e# a #&00lica"i$ " Gd1 I$ "he

biblical "e8"' "he Be"h&lia$# reward her wi"h a$ a##r"+e$" ! d+e#"ic i"e+#1 By

c$"ra#"' "he Old E$.li#h 0e" i$"rd&ce# a reward ! ar+r a$d wea0$#' a clear

a##er"i$ ! "radi"i$al #ec&lar %al&e#' "h&.h #&ch heric reward# d $" c$"ra%e$e "he

!&$da+e$"ally Chri#"ia$ 0er#0ec"i%e ! "he #"ry1 I! "he ri.i$al reward ! "he d+e#"ic

i"e+# #i.$i!ie# a re"&r$ " $r+alcy r a" lea#" a reli$-&i#hi$. ! %ile$ce' "he$ "he

i$"er0la"ed .i!"3.i%i$. i$dica"e# a$ &$willi$.$e## " lea%e "he #wrd a$d ar+r behi$d1

I$ Beowulf ' "he 0e" re0re#e$"# "he warrir6# rle wi"h .rea"er de0"h a$d

a+bi%ale$ce "ha$ !&$d i$ Judith1 The 0er#0ec"i%e al"er$a"e# be"wee$ a!!ir+i$.'

ir$i=i$.' r #"e$#ibly c$de+$i$. Bew&l!6# #cial a$d !"e$ #ec&lar bli.a"i$#1 The

warrir #er%e#' i$ #+e ++e$"#' a# a #"abili=i$. rle i$ "hi# #cie"y a$d' !r Bew&l!

#0eci!ically' ?I" i# hi# $a"&ral !&$c"i$' a# i" were' " re#"re rder where i" ha# bee$

(



&0#e"1@( The ab#e$ce ! "he warrir lead# " "he i$e%i"able di##l&"i$ ! c++&$i"y1

?Wha" i# wr$. i$ De$+ar2'4 Hal%er#$ re+ar2#' 4i# $" # +&ch "ha" Gre$del "erri!ie#

"he 0e0le b&" "ha" "he .rea" hall #"a$d# 6idel a$d &$$y"16@ The hall i# ?e+0"y a$d

&#ele##'@ $" beca&#e i" lac2# 0e0le b&" beca&#e $ warrir de!e$d# i"1 Whe$ Bew&l!

0&blicly #ha+e# H&$!er"h' "he a&die$ce i# c+0elled " c$#ider whe"her H&$!er"h

hi+#el! !ailed " !&l!ill "he warrir6# rle:

" $!re Gre$del #wa !ela .ryra .e!re+ede'

a"l .lca' ealdre i$&+'hy$ $ Her"e' .i! i$ hi.e wre'

#e!a #wa #ear.ri+ #wa & #el! "ala#"J

ac he ha!a $!&$de$ " he a !he $e ear!'a"le ec.rce ewer lede

#wie $#i""a$' Si.e3Scyldi$.aJ

$y+e $ydbade' $$e.&+ aralede De$i.a' ac he l&#" wi.e'

#we!e' $d#e$de' #ecce $e we$e

" Gar3De$&+1 Ac ic hi+ Gea"a #ceal

ea! $d elle$ &$.eara $&'.&e .ebeda$1 /a3K)a

"ha" Gre$del' "he "errible a##aila$"' w&ld $e%er ha%e 0er0e"ra"ed # +a$yhrrr# &0$ y&r leader' h&+ilia"i$ i$ Her"' i! y&r +i$d a$d hear" were a#

c&$$i$.ly !ierce a# y& c$#ider y&r#el!1 B&" he ha# di#c%ered "ha" he de#$6"

$eed " dread ha"e!&l #wrd3a##a&l" !r+ y&r 0e0le' "he Victory3Da$e#1 B&" I "hi+ #hall bri$. "he #"re$."h a$d c&ra.e ! "he Gea"#' #$ $w' a$ !!er i$ war1

Fir#"' Bew&l! hld# H&$!er"h re#0$#ible !r Hr"h.ar6# h&+ilia"i$ a$d i+0lie# "ha"

H&$!er"h ha# 0er#$ally allwed "he $ear3de#"r&c"i$ ! hi# leode1 U$li2e "he Breca

di.re##i$' which de+a$d# a c+0ari#$ ! #"re$."h' r "he char.e ! !ra"ricide' which

de+a$d# a c+0ari#$ ! +rali"y' "hi# cri"ici#+ de+a$d# a c+0ari#$ be"wee$ "he

%al&e #y#"e+# ! "w $a"i$#' "he Gar-Dene a$d "he Geatas. Th&#' Bew&l! -&ali!ie# hi#

( Hal%er#$' ?The Wrld O! Bew&l!'@ K)(1

Ibid1' K)1



?#"re$."h@ a$d ?c&ra.e@ a# c++&$al' r #hared' a""rib&"e#1 He &#e# "he#e %al&e# i$

9&8"a0#i"i$ " cri"ici=e "he Da$i#h $a"i$ a$d " !rce a c+0ari#$ ! #cial

bli.a"i$#1 I$ "her wrd#' "he Gar-Dene are %&l$erable beca&#e "hey lac2 a warrir'

while "he Geatas are 0wer!&l beca&#e "hey ca$ a!!rd " e80r" $e1 Bew&l! c$cl&de#

"hi# #e-&e$ce wi"h a$ ?!!er i$ war@ which i#' $ "he #&r!ace' direc"ed "ward Gre$del'

b&" ha$.# +i$&#ly %er "he i++edia"ely 0recedi$. c+0ari#$ where Bew&l!

0rclai+# "he #&0erir #"re$."h ! Gea"# %er Da$e#1

The !a+&# di#0&"a"i$ be"wee$ Bew&l! a$d H&$!er"h ill&#"ra"e# Bew&l!6#

belie! i$ "he $ece##i"y ! a warrir !r a c++&$i"y6# #&r%i%al1 Thi# $ece##i"y e#"abli#he#

"he 0e+6# +#" #i.$i!ica$" 0arad8' !r "he warrir i# e##e$"ially de#"r&c"i%e a# well1

Wi"h a warrir' a c++&$i"y ca$ e80ec" "he i$e%i"able cycle# ! bld %e$.ea$ce' ?a

+ral i+0era"i%e "ha" +&#" be heeded' accrdi$. " "he #cial cde# ! "he "i+e1@ < The

e#cala"i$. $a"&re ! %e$.ea$ce i# de#"r&c"i%e a$d "he warrir ca$$" be e%e$3ha$ded1

Ra"her' he #h&ld . bey$d "he ac" " which he re#0$d#: i! "w ! hi# c&#i$# are 2illed'

he #h&ld 2ill "hree ! hi# e$e+y6#1 Ob%i&#ly' "hi# bli.a"i$ will deci+a"e b"h

c++&$i"ie# i$ a #hr" "i+e1 C$#ideri$. "ha" a$y .i%e$ hall i# "ied " a $&+ber ! "he#e

cycle# ! %e$.ea$ce' "he "ribal 2i$. 9&#"i!iably e80re##e# a$8ie"y %er "he rle ! "he

warrir i$ hi# hall1

I$ Bew&l!' hwe%er' "he warrir al# ha# bli.a"i$# "ha" e8"e$d bey$d #ec&ri"y

a$d re%e$.e1 Gi%e$ "he de+$ic $a"&re ! Gre$del' Bew&l! carrie# a cer"ai$ a+&$" !

< F&l2' B9r2 a$d Nile#' Beowulf l88ii1

Hal%er#$' ?The Wrld O! Bew&l!'@ 1

<



di%i$e a&"hri"y:

I$ "he li!e "e+0ral Gre$del i# b&" a ca$$ibali#"ic +$#"er 5e" i$ "he +i$d !

"he 0e"' hi# !l2lre .ia$"#' li2e "h#e i$ Genesis' #ee+ " ha%e bec+ea##cia"ed wi"h 6"he whle c+0a$y ! "he da+$ed'6 "he Bdy ! Sa"a$1 O$e i#

"e+0"ed " #&r+i#e "ha" "he a&"hr ! Beowulf ! e$%i#i$ed "he race ! Cai$ i$ i"#"i+ele## a# well a# "ra$#i"ry #"a"e' a$d "h&#' a# by a bld +e"a0hr' c$cei%ed ! Gre$del a$d hi# da+ a# already de$i=e$# ! hell1K

Ne%er"hele##' Bew&l! re+ai$# &$aware ! a$y Chri#"ia$ ri.h"e&#$e## he +ay bear1

O$e !eel# "ha"' !r Bew&l!' di$. Gd6# wr2 i# a$ &$wi""i$. ci$cide$"al ac"1 I$ "he

ca#e ! Gre$del' Bew&l!6# #ec&lar de#ire !r .lry ci$cide# wi"h "he Chri#"ia$ de+a$d

" 00#e "he 2i$ ! Cai$1 Wha" "he reader #h&ld +a2e ! "hi# +ral a+bi.&i"y i#

di!!ic&l" " #ay' b&" i" +ay e$c&ra.e "he a&die$ce " wre#"le wi"h "he ri.h"e&#$e## !

0a.a$ here#1 I$ "he e$d' Bew&l!6# de#ire !r "he "rea#&re hard' a$"i"he"ical " "he

Chri#"ia$ +rali"y ! "he "i+e' i# re+ar2able1 A" "he ++e$" be!re he die#' he bec+e#

b#e##ed wi"h "he +a"erial #i.$i!ica"i$ ! hi# li!e1 ,erha0# "he 0e" cri"i-&e# Bew&l!6#

i$abili"y " di#"i$.&i#h be"wee$ ri.h"e&# a$d #ha+e!&l beha%ir1 B&" are a$y

al"er$a"i%e# !!ered Hr"h.ar6# !a+&# #er+$' a #0eech c$#0ic&&#ly all&#i%e "

Chri#"ia$ #&rce#' #ee+# " !!er Bew&l! a wrld%iew "ha" c&ld ha%e cha$.ed hi#

le.acy:

"he #er+$ .a%e Hr"h.ar6# e80la$a"i$ ! "he ca&#e ! hi# +i#ery' a$d by

recalli$. $w "ha" "her +$#"r&# a!!lic"i$' "he 0e" al# c$"ri%e# " recall "ha"

e80la$a"i$ a$d Hr"h.ar6# war$i$. " Bew&l!1 We re+e+ber hw he &r.ed

Bew&l! " l2 " hi# #0iri"&al ar+r' " #h&$ 0ride' " #ee2 e"er$al .ai$ $"ear"hly "rea#&re' 2$wi$. "ha" dea"h +&#" %erc+e hi+ a" la#" a$d a$"her

di#0#e ! hi# weal"h1

Gld#+i"h i$!er# "ha" !r Bew&l! " bec+e a .d 2i$.' he +&#" ad0" "he e"hic# !

K Ha+il"$' ?The Reli.i&# ,ri$ci0le i$ Bew&l!'@ ((1

Gld#+i"h' ?The Chri#"ia$ ,er#0ec"i%e i$ Beowulf '@ *(3*1



wi#d+ e#0&#ed by Hr"h.ar1 Hr"h.ar +ay be a 0a.a$' b&" hi# #er+$ a$"ici0a"e# a

$ew e"h#1 R"ed i$ a Chri#"ia$ 0er#0ec"i%e' "hi# e"h# !!er# "he 0##ibili"y !r a

warrir6# #&cce##!&l ad0"i$ ! c++&$al %al&e#' which I call "he %al&e# ! wi#d+1

K



,ar" II: The Fr+al A&"hri"y ! "he Wi"a$

>1 D1 A1 O.il%y $ce +ade a rare ac2$wled.e+e$" ! "he witan's a&"hri"y i$

Beowulf ?Wealh"hew' "he a$8i&# +"her' +&#" ha%e bee$ aware "ha" her y&$. #$#

were li2ely " be #e" a#ide by "he witan i$ !a%r ! Hr"h&l!' a# "he #$# ! E"helred !

We##e8 were 0a##ed %er i$ !a%r ! Al!red "he Grea"1@* Here' "he witan were e80ec"ed

" 0eace!&lly !acili"a"e "he "ra$#!er ! 0wer " Hr"h&l!' wh w&ld ha%e re"ai$ed "ha"

a&"hri"y a# "here"ically a re.e$"1 Wealh"hew #ay# ! Hr"h&l!:

" he a .e.e wile

ar&+ healda$ .y! & r $$e he'

wi$e Scildi$.a' wrld !l"e#"Jwe$e ic " he +id .de .ylda$ wille

&$cra$ ea!era$ //*/b3//*a

"ha" he will hld "he y&"h# i$ h$r' i! y&' !rie$d ! "he Scyldi$.# #h&ld

de0ar" "he wrld be!re he de#1 I e80ec" "ha" wi"h .d he will re0ay &r

childre$1

The witan a00are$"ly 0re#er%ed "he dy$a#"ic li$e &$"il $e ! "he childre$ wa# ld e$&.h

" r&le1 Whe$ Hr"h.ar "hr&#"# Bew&l! i$" "he li$e ! #&cce##i$' he "here!re &#&r0#

"he "radi"i$al a&"hri"y ! "he witan1 Wealh"hew6# c+0lai$" i# $" $ly ba#ed $ her

de#ire a# a +"her " e$#&re "he #ec&ri"y ! her #$# b&" al# $ a$ i+0r"a$" i$#"i"&"i$

di#0laced by "he i$"ere#"# ! a !rei.$er1 I a.ree wi"h O.il%y6# ar.&+e$" a$d i"# brader

* O.il%y' ?U$!er"h: Fil " Bew&l!@ 1



i+0lica"i$# " "he 0e+' a$d !&r"her a$aly#i# will c$%ey "he ce$"rali"y ! "he witan i$

"he 0e+1

A #i.$i!ica$" #e+a$"ic c+0lica"i$ ha# i+0eded &r &$der#"a$di$. ! "he witan1

laeber6# de!i$i"i$# #1%1 wita ha%e bee$ i$"er0re"ed +&ch " bradly1 The "ra$#la"i$

?wi#e +e$@ c$%ey# $ i$#"i"&"i$al r a&"hri"a"i%e #i.$i!ica$ce1 ,erha0# i" de#

de#cribe a cer"ai$ e#"ee+ !r+ "he c++&$i"y' b&" e%e$ "ha" 0erce0"i$ i# i$!ere$"ial1

While "he wrd ?c&$cilr#@ c$$"e# +re !r+ali"y' i" !ail# " deli$ea"e "he ac"&al

i$#"i"&"i$1 ?Di0l+a"#@ r ?+i$i#"er#@ +re a00r0ria"ely de#i.$a"e a #0eci!ic 0#i"i$

! a&"hri"a"i%e re#0$#ibili"y wi"hi$ "he hierarchy ! "he cla$1 The witan #h&ld be

c$#idered a$ i$#"i"&"i$ ! .%er$a$ce1 By "hi$2i$. ! "he .r&0 a# a !r+al i$#"i"&"i$'

a c++i""ee ! di0l+a"# r +i$i#"er# "ha" carry 0li"ical a&"hri"y' we crea"e "he

a00r0ria"e 0er#0ec"i%e# "ha" "he $arra"r i$"e$ded !r "he a&die$ce " &$der#"a$d

Bew&l!6# rle a# a warrir1

While "he hi#"rical e%ide$ce ! "he witan i# #ca$" a$d &$reliable' >1 R1

Maddic""6# "he Ori#ins of the En#lish $arlia%ent &(-)*+ 0r%ide# $ew a$d %al&able

i$#i.h"#:

"he early Ger+a$ic "radi"i$ ! lar.e a##e+blie# i$ which $$3$ble !ree+e$had #+e 0ar" " 0lay $" $ly #&r%i%ed b&" !l&ri#hed' while el#ewhere i$ E&r0e

d&ri$. "he la"e "e$"h a$d ele%e$"h ce$"&rie# "ha" "radi"i$ !ailed Fr+ "he #"ar"

! "he 0erid "he re.&lari"y a$d !re-&e$cy ! "he +ee"i$.# ! ce$"ral a##e+blie#'

a$d "he brad b&" c$#i#"e$" ra$.e ! "heir b&#i$e##' .a%e "he+ "he charac"er ! a$i$#"i"&"i$1 The#e !ea"&re# #h&ld i$ "he+#el%e# i$hibi" &# !r+ re.ardi$.

a##e+blie# a# $ +re "ha$ .a"heri$.# ! "he 2i$.6# 6wi#e +e$6: "he li"eral

"ra$#la"i$ ! "he wrd 6wi"a$6 al+#" alway# &#ed i$ law#' char"er#' a$d "he$arra"i%e# ! "he Chr$icle' a$d !"e$ " i$ 0e"ry a$d h+ile"ic 0r#e' "

de#cribe "hi# bdy1 I"# +e+ber# were $" +erely 6wi"a$6J "hey c+0ri#ed 6"he

wi"a$61

Maddic""' "he Ori#ins of the En#lish $arlia%ent ' <3)1

*



Maddic"" #hw# "hr&.h "he law#' char"er#' 0e"ry' a$d 0r#e "ha" "he wrd 6wi"a$6 ha# a

"e8"&al hi#"ry wi"h i$#"i"&"i$al a##cia"i$#1 Mre%er' he c$cl&de# "ha"' be!re "he

Nr+a$ i$%a#i$' "he 0hra#e 6wi"e$a .e+"6 wa#' ?e+0lyed i$ a #&!!icie$"ly &$i!r+

way a$d i$ #&!!icie$"ly #i+ilar c$"e8"#' " #&..e#" "ha" c$"e+0rarie# had a clear #e$#e

! "he 6wi"e$a .e+"6 a# a bdy wi"h a de!i$ed ide$"i"y a$d rle1@/) Wha"e%er "he

hi#"rical recrd +i.h" be' Maddic""6# re#earch 0r%e# "ha" "he wrd witan ha# c$#i#"e$"

"e8"&al a##cia"i$#' "hr&.h a %arie"y ! dc&+e$"#' "ha" #&00r" i"# di#"i$c" ide$"i"y a$d

i$#"i"&"i$al a&"hri"y1 A "e8"&al hi#"ry ! #&ch c$#i#"e$cy de+a$d# a ree8a+i$a"i$ !

"he a""e#"a"i$# ! witan i$ Beowulf a$d "he .r&06# brader #i.$i!ica$ce i$ "he 0e+1

/) Ibid1' )1



,ar" III: The C&l"&re ! Wi#d+ i$ Beowulf

The !ir#" wrd# !r+ Bew&l! are &""ered #$ a!"er he a$d hi# "ra%eli$. ba$d !

Gea"# di#e+bar2 !r+ "heir #hi01 Fr "he a&die$ce' a# +&ch a# !r "he Da$i#h ca#".&ard'

hi# i$"e$"i$# are &$clear' a$d hi# 0re#e$ce i# .ree"ed wi"h +ild alar+1 Ser%i$. a# a

!r+al i$"rd&c"i$' Bew&l!6# #0eech di#0lay# a #0hi#"ica"ed rhe"ric' wh#e 0wer

relie# $ Bew&l!6# #"ra"e.ic c$#"r&c"i$ ! ide$"i"y1 The ca#".&ard a$d "he a&die$ce

a""e+0" " de"er+i$e wh' #y+blically a$d li"erally' ha# arri%ed i$ "he brderla$d#' "he

ca#" be"wee$ ci%ili=a"i$ a$d "he wild1 They ha%e rea#$ " be #&#0ici&#1 Bew&l!6#

de!" la$.&a.e direc"ly re#0$d# " hi# li#"e$er#6 a$8ie"ie#1 He 2$w# 0reci#ely wha" he

ha# " #ay i$ rder " .e" "he reac"i$ he $eed#1 I$ a$ i++edia"e way' he wa$"# "he

ca#".&ard " "a2e hi+ " Hr"h.ar' where he e+0ly# a$ al".e"her di!!ere$" 2i$d !

rhe"ric1 Hi# #0eech " "he ca#".&ard #&cceed# i$ "hi# e$d' b&" i" i# di!!ic&l"' a" !ir#"' "

&$der#"a$d why1 F&r"her+re' c+0e"i$. i$"er0re"a"i$# ! Bew&l!6# e8cha$.e wi"h "he

ca#".&ard ha# led " dra+a"ically di!!ere$" a##e##+e$"# ! Bew&l!6# ide$"i"y1

Be!re Bew&l! #0ea2#' hwe%er' "he ca#".&ard a$d a&die$ce ca$ $ly a##&+e

"he b%i&#' a !r+idable .r&0 ! ar+ed y&$. +e$ +ay "hrea"e$ "he 2i$.d+1 Ta2i$.

"hi# i$" c$#idera"i$' $e +&#" c$cl&de "ha" "he ca#".&ard i# ei"her ab#&rdly i.$ra$"

/)



!r le""i$. Bew&l! 0rceed' r el#e he wa# 0er#&aded by "he warrir6# ra"ry1

Albrech" Cla##e$ e80re##e# $e well3re0re#e$"ed %iew' #ayi$. "ha"' ?"he .&ard

&$der#"a$d# "he #i.$i!ica$ce ! "heir wrd# a$d challe$.e# "he $ewc+er# " li%e &0 "

"heir #"a"e+e$"#1@// The i$!ere$ce "ha" Bew&l! i# ba#"i$. ab&" hi# abili"ie# #ee+#

+i#.&ided' !r hi# #0eech c$"ai$# $$e ! "he e##e$"ial charac"eri#"ic# which de#cribe a

ba#"' r deed# "ha" "hey w&ld $eed ?" li%e &0 "1@ Bew&l! +a2e# $ clai+# "

0er#$al .lry' he de# $" de.e$era"e i$" a$.er' a$d he de# $" i$#&l" "he ca#".&ard

wi"h "a&$"# "ha" are +ea$" " di#0ara.e hi# heric abili"ie#1/( I$"ere#"i$.ly' "hi# e8cha$.e

de# cc&r i$ !r$" ! a bdy ! wa"er' a "radi"i$al #e""i$. !r flytin# ra"ry "he "her

#e""i$. i#' ! c&r#e' "he +ead3hall1 5e"' Bew&l!6# #0eech i# +ar2ed wi"h #&ch

de!ere$ce' e%e$ b#e-&i&#$e##' "ha" i" ca$$" be re.arded a# a 0la"!r+ !r i$#&l"# r

arr.a$" e80re##i$# ! #el!3c$!ide$ce1 Li2e "he ca#".&ard' "he a&die$ce +ay be

a$"ici0a"i$. a flytin# beca&#e ! "he #e""i$. b&" "he e80ec"a"i$ i++edia"ely di#a00ear# $

acc&$" ! Bew&l!6# di#ar+i$. rhe"ric1

F&r"her+re' Bew&l! $e%er .i%e# hi# $a+e " "he ca#".&ard1 Whe$ "he flytin#

cc&r# be"wee$ Bew&l! a$d H&$!er"h' $+i$al ide$"i"y +ar2er# are clearly a##er"ed a$d

e%e$ &#ed ir$ically " di#0ara.e "he 00#i$. 0ar"y1 The &#e ! "heir w$ $a+e#' a$d

"he a00#i"i$ "hey e+0ly' 0rclai+# $e6# 0ride i$ !r+al ra"ry a$d wa# well3r"ed

i$ "he "radi"i$ ! Ger+a$ic 0e"ry1 Bew&l!6# deci#i$ " $" .i%e hi# $a+e di#0lace# hi#

i$di%id&ali#+1

The $arra"r 0re!ace# "hi# #0eech by ac2$wled.i$. "ha" "he yldesta "he ?elde#"'@

// Cla##e$' ?Why d "heir Wrd# Fail@ /1

/( Cl%er' ?The Ger+a$ic C$"e8" " "he U$!er"h E0i#de'@ <<<3<K*1

//



i# a$#weri$. "he i$-&iry ! "he ca#".&ard1 Beca&#e "he $arra"r ha# already re!erred "

Bew&l! a# a #eon# #u%a ?a y&$. +a$@' "he de#cri0"i$ e+0ha#i=e# "he re"ai$er#6

i$e80erie$ce1 The a&die$ce li2ely i$"er0re"# Bew&l!6# .r&0 a# a #eo#u,e a ba$d !

y&$. +e$' 0rbably #ee2i$. .lry a$d "rea#&re1 Thi# e80ec"a"i$ #h&ld .i%e "he

ca#".&ard' a$d "he a&die$ce' #eri&# 0a&#e ab&" "heir i$"e$"i$#1 5e" a re3e+0ha#i#

cc&r#' whe$ "he $arra"r re+ar2# "ha" Bew&l! wordhord onleac ?&$lc2ed hi# "rea#&re3

che#" ! wrd#'4 (b1 I$i"ially i$cli$ed " %iew Bew&l! "hr&.h "he le$# ! "he heric

warrir' "he a&die$ce $w re3de!i$e# Bew&l! a!"er bei$. i$"rd&ced i$ la$.&a.e wi"h

#0eci!ic a$d e8cl&#i%e 0e"ic re#$a$ce1 Nei"her wrd i# a""e#"ed el#ewhere i$ Beowulf '

a$d OE wordhord i# $ly !&$d i$ Old E$.li#h %er#e1 The $arra"r6# wrd# are

+e"a0hrically li$2ed " .i!"3e8cha$.e # !&$da+e$"al " "he 0e+6# c&l"&re !

$e."ia"i$1 I$ hi# ar"icle ?S0eech a# Gi!"'@ Rber" B9r2 re+ar2#' ?#0eech l#e# a

cr&cial a#0ec" ! i"# #cial !&$c"i$' i"# #"abili=i$. 0wer Si$ce wrd# !r "he A$.l3

Sa8$ c++&$i"y had "he #"a"&# ! b9ec"#' "hey al# bre "he +a"erial !a"e ! #&ch

b9ec"#1@/ A00r0ria"ely' "he $arra"r !ir#" i$"rd&ce# Bew&l! a# a +a#"er ! wrd#'

i+0lyi$. hi# 4#"abili=i$. 0wer'@ which i# $e%er"hele## $ly e#"abli#hed # "ha" i" ca$ be

#ee$ " di#i$"e.ra"e a# "he 0e+ 0r.re##e#1/< I! Bew&l!6# "rea#&ry ! wrd# #i.$i!ie# a

0e"ic di#0#i"i$' "he$ 0erha0# hi# la#" wi#h " be b&ried wi"h hi# +a"erial weal"h i# a$

ir$ic #y+bl !r "he !ail&re ! la$.&a.e " 0re%e$" hi# w$ de#"r&c"i$1 He +ay ha%e

!ailed " re"ai$ "he 0wer ! la$.&a.e "ha" re!lec"# $e."ia"ed 0eace a$d 0r#0eri"y1

I$ hi# #0eech " "he ca#".&ard' Bew&l! achie%e# i+0re##i%e rhe"rical ac&+e$

/ B9r2' ?S0eech a# Gi!"'@ *31

/< Thi# i# 0reci#ely wha" B9r2 ar.&e# a# well1

/(



which i# re%ealed i$ "he ca#".&ard6# re#0$#e1 While "he e8ac" +ea$i$. ! "he

ca#".&ard6# #"a"e+e$"# i# widely deba"ed' e%ery$e a.ree# "ha" "he he wa# e!!ec"i%ely

0er#&aded by Bew&l!1 I$ deci0heri$. hi# +ea$i$.' "he c$ce0" ! wrd# a$d deed# i#

ce$"ral " a$y 0er#0ec"i%e:

6.hwre# #ceal

#cear0 #cyldwi.a .e#cad wi"a$'wrda $d wrca' #e e wel e$ce16 (*b3(*b

A #har0 #hield+a$ wh "hi$2# well #h&ld 2$w "he di#"i$c"i$ be"wee$ wrd#

a$d deed#1

Ma$y ha%e a##&+ed "ha" "he ca#".&ard i+0lie# "ha" Bew&l! ca$$" di#"i$.&i#h be"wee$

wrd# a$d deed#' a$d "ha" "hi# c$!&#i$ ca&#e# hi# i$!la"ed la$.&a.e1 N"hi$. ab&"

Bew&l!6# #0eech w&ld ha%e i$#0ired "hi# re#0$#e' hwe%er1 He e%e$ be.i$#' ?We #y$"

.&+cy$$e# Gea"a lede@ (K)a3b' a clear a##er"i$ ! "he #"r$. b$d he #hare# wi"h a

lar.er c++&$i"y a$d a di#0lace+e$" ! hi# i$di%id&al ide$"i"y1 He .i%e# hi# !a"her6#

$a+e' which w&ld #ee+ " be a re.re##i$ i$" #el!3.lri!ica"i$:

Fru%cyn i# a ha0a8 le.+e$$' a c+0&$d ! fru% 0ri+al' ri.i$al' !ir#" a$d

cyn 2i$1 The 0e"6# &#e ! "he wrd a# 0ar" ! hi# -&e#"i$i$. ! "he

di#e+bar2i$. Gea"# #hw# "ha" a #i.$i!ica$" 0ar" ! "he warrir6# ide$"i"y wa# b&$d &0 wi"h hi# a$ce#"ry1/

Fr+ Ec.ew6# $a+e "he ca#".&ard a$d by e8"e$#i$ "he a&die$ce i# e$c&ra.ed "

i$!er Bew&l!6# li$ea.e1 B&" li$.&i#"ically' a$d i$ "her way#' "hi# #&b"le de!erral

rei$!rce# a de!ere$"ial 0#e1 Bew&l! "ell# "he ca#".&ard "ha" hi# !a"her wa# 2$w$ "

"he 0e0le a# a$ ?ele rd!r&+a@ 4a $ble leader'4 (Ka1 I! he were clai+i$. "ha" hi#

!a"her had achie%ed .lry r wa# a !a+&# wrec2er ! +ead be$che#' "he ba#" c&ld be

0ercei%ed a# "hrea"e$i$.1 By declari$. "ha" hi# !a"her wa# well3re.arded i$ "he Da$i#h

/ Dr&"' ?Bld# a$d Deed#'@ ()K1

/



c++&$i"y' Bew&l! #&..e#"# "ha" "he ca#".&ard $eed $" wrry ab&" a ra+0a.i$.

#eo#u,e1 I$deed' Bew&l! i+0lie# "ha" hi# !a"her' a# a $ble leader' +ay ha%e bee$ a

di0l+a" r a" lea#" a !i.&re wi"h c++&$al a&"hri"y' a #"a"&# "ha" w&ld rede!i$e "he

$a"&re ! Gea"#6 0re#e$ce1

We lear$ $e8" "ha" Bew&l!6# !a"her re+ai$ed !r +a$y wi$"er# be!re he "&r$ed "

"he we# dea"h' e&0he+i#"ically' ld i$ year#1 Heric warrir# were b%i&#ly $"

2$w$ !r a$ e8"e$ded li!e e80ec"a$cy1 Bew&l! de# $" i+0ly hi# !a"her6# cwardice

b&" #ee+# " c$%ey "ha" hi# !a"her wa# $" a warrir1 Gi%e$ wha" we !i$d &" ab&"

Bew&l!6# !a"her' "hi# +i#direc"i$ i# a$ b%i&# e%a#i$1 Fr Bew&l!' "he #0eech i# a

0er!r+a$ce wi"h a #0eci!ic b9ec"i%e' a$d "he bald "r&"h i# irrele%a$"1 We lear$ !r+

Hr"h.ar "ha" Bew&l!6# !a"her !e&ded wi"h "he Wyl!i$.# a$d #&.h" re!&.e a+$. "he

Da$e#1 A00are$"ly a %ici&# warrir' Ec.ew re-&ired a wer#ild " be 0aid $ hi# behal!

!r a dead Wyl!i$.1

I! Bew&l!6# ra"i$ were i$"e$ded a# a ba#"' he c&ld ha%e re.aled "he

ca#".&ard wi"h a li#" ! hi# !a"her6# deed#1 S&ch 0rai#e w&ld ha%e de+$#"ra"ed a

"hrea"e$i$. 0a"er$i"y' #i$ce "he ca#".&ard6# w$ 2i$. had $ce !!ered " 0ay !r

rec$cilia"i$ !r+ a "r&ble#+e !rei.$er1 Bew&l! de# $" wa$" "he ca#".&ard "

ha%e "hi# i$!r+a"i$1 He a%id# i+0lici"ly 0r&d r "hrea"e$i$. declara"i$# a$d

c$"i$&e# " re0re#e$"' !al#ely' "he i+a.e ! a 0eace!&l le.acy:

hi$e .earwe .e+a$

wi"e$a welhwylc wide .e$d era$1 (Kb3(KKb

Each di0l+a" ! "he witan all %er "he ear"h readily recall# hi+1

The witan c+0ri#e a #0eci!ic .r&0 wi"hi$ "he c++&$i"y "ha" re0re#e$"# "he %al&e# !

/<



di0l+acy' $e."ia"i$ a$d c$cilia"i$1 Here' "he #0eci!ica"i$ ! "he witan rea##&re#

"he ca#".&ard ! Bew&l!6# 0eace!&l i$"e$"i$#1 He i$!er# a heredi"ary a##cia"i$'

which i# $ li.h" b$d !r "he A$.l3Sa8$#' wi"h "he c++&$i"y6# a##e+bly a$d

#&..e#"# "ha" he will !&l!ill "hi# le.acy i$ "he re#l&"i$ ! c$!lic"1 The i$!ere$ce i#

c$!ir+ed whe$ Bew&l! #"a"e# "ha" he i$"e$d# " rd #elran 4ad%i#e PHr"h.arQ i$

c&$cil'4 (*b1 The #0eech " "he ca#".&ard $" $ly b#c&re# hi# rle a# a warrir' b&"

direc"ly a##er"# "ha" he ha# c+e " be a$ ad%i#r i$ "he 2i$.6# c&$cil1

The a&die$ce #h&ld e80ec" "ha" "he ca#".&ard rec.$i=e# "he witan's c++&$al

rle 9&#" a# i" #h&ld e80ec" a$y charac"er " be aware ! "he rle ! a e8ile' a -&ee$' a

2i$.' r a warrir1 Thi# e80ec"a"i$ le$d# dra+a"ic ir$y " Bew&l!6# #0eech " "he

ca#".&ard1 N" $ly de# Bew&l! +a$i0&la"e "he ca#".&ard by !ei.$i$. a$ a##cia"i$

wi"h "he witan b&" a# a warrir he dele.i"i+i=e# "he i$#"i"&"i$1 I! "he witan were "

#&cceed a# +dera"r# ! 0eace' warrir# #&ch a# Bew&l! w&ld l#e "heir #"a"&# i$ "he

c++&$i"y1 They w&ld ha%e $ rle " !ill1 Th&#' Bew&l! ha# e%ery +"i%a"i$ "

#&b%er" "hi# .r&01

A# $"ed ab%e' "he &#e ! OE we a" "he be.i$$i$. ! "he #0eech " "he ca#".&ard

e#"abli#he# Bew&l!6# c$$ec"i$ " a lar.er .r&01 Thi# rela"i$ i# c+0&$ded $ li$e

(K(b' whe$ Bew&l! 0i$"# &" "ha" hi# !a"her wa# ?!lc&+ .ecyed@ 42$w$ " "he

0e0le41 The c++&$al #i.$i!ier i# dra+a"ically acce$"&a"ed whe$ he clai+# "ha" 4e%ery

wi#e +a$ PwitenaQ$ "he ear"h readily recalled hi+4 (Kb3(KKb. Thi# recllec"i$

+ar2# Bew&l!6# 0r.re##i%e #"ra"e.y " 0ri%ile.e "he %al&e# ! "he c++&$i"y %er "he

i$di%id&al1 By ac2$wled.i$. "ha" he a$d hi# +e$ were Hy.elac6# heor,#eneatas

/



4hear"h3c+0a$i$#'4 (K/b a$d by b#er%i$. Hr"h.ar a# a leod#eyr#ean 40r"ec"r

! "he 0e0le'4 (Ka' Bew&l! ele%a"e# "he c++&$al %al&e# ! wi#e ci"i=e$#hi0 %er

"h#e ! heric i$"er%e$"i$1

A ba#" r #il/ re-&ire# "ha" a$ i$di%id&al rally 0rclai+ "heir 0red+i$a$ce

%er a$"her 0er#$ wh i#' #+e"i+e#' a re0re#e$"a"i%e e8"e$#i$ ! "he c++&$i"y1 A"

"he %ery lea#"' a !r+al ba#" i# a +ea$# !r a$ i$di%id&al " a##er" hi# ide$"i"y1 Bew&l!

i$#"ead de#cribe# a de#ire !r 0eace' a$ b9ec"i%e he clai+# by 0a"er$al bir"hri.h"1 He

wa$"# "he ca#".&ard " "hi$2 "ha" i$di%id&al !a+e de# $" +"i%a"e hi# "ra%el "

De$+ar21 He "here!re b#c&re# hi# 0er#$al acc+0li#h+e$"# al".e"her1 While "he

$"i$ ! Bew&l! a# a Chri#" !i.&re i#' i$ +y 0i$i$' hard " #&#"ai$' "hi# de+$#"ra"i$

! h&+ili"y by a #ec&lar warrir i# re+ar2able1

I! Bew&l!6# 0e$i$. #0eech ca$$" c$#"i"&"e a ba#" d&e i" i"# a00eal " rd '

"he$ "he ca#".&ard6# re#0$#e +&#" be re3e8a+i$ed i$ "he c$"e8" ! wi#d+1 Cla##e$'

!r e8a+0le' +a2e# "he ar.&+e$":

The li$.&i#"ic e8cha$.e i# $ly a brea"h away !r+ #wrd#' b&" $ lie' $

dece0"i$' $ %erbal +a$i0&la"i$ e$"er# "he dial.&e1 The de!e$di$. warrir recei%e# !&ll i$!r+a"i$ ab&" "he +e$6# bac2.r&$d The .&ard &$der#"a$d#

"he #i.$i!ica$ce ! "heir wrd# a$d challe$.e# "he $ewc+er# " li%e &0 " "heir

#"a"e+e$"#/K

5e" Bew&l!6# #0eech i# ri!e wi"h dece0"i$1 He b#c&re# "he "r&e ide$"i"y ! hi# !a"her'

+e$"i$i$. $"hi$. ! "he wer#ild 0aid by "he ca#".&ard6# w$ 2i$.1 A# "hi# c$!e##i$

w&ld ha%e 0r%ided a c$$ec"i$ be"wee$ Gea"# a$d Da$e#1 The #0eech barely all&de#

" Gre$del a$d Bew&l! a%id# +a2i$. a$y i$dica"i$ ab&" &#i$. %ile$ce " de!ea" "he

+$#"er1 Beca&#e he i$"e$d# %ile$ce' he i# b%i&#ly e%a#i%e1 Th&.h dre##ed a# a

/K Cla##e$' ?Why d "heir Wrd# Fail@ /1

/K



warrir' he #0ea2# li2e a +e+ber ! "he witan .i%i$. rd ' "he 0reci#e c$ce##i$ "ha"

e$able# hi+ " e$"er De$+ar21 Addi"i$ally' hi# #0eech +a2e# # !ew c++i"+e$"# "ha"

"here i# hardly a$y"hi$. ?" li%e &0 "1@

The ca#".&ard i# $" re#0$di$. " a ba#"1 He c&ld be "elli$. Bew&l! "ha" hi#

deed# #h&ld be 0eace!&l' li2e hi# wrd#1 Gi%e$ "he 0"e$"ial "hrea" ! a y&$. war3ba$d'

"hi# e80ec"a"i$ i# rea#$able1 The 0rble+a"ic wrd #escad ' which +ea$# 49&d.e+e$"4

r 4di#cri+i$a"i$'4 cr&cially i$!lec"# "he 0a##a.e1 The +ea$i$. 49&d.e+e$"4 %alida"e#

"he 0re%i&# i$"er0re"a"i$1 B&" #+e e%ide$ce #&..e#"# "ha" #escad +ea$#

?di#"i$c"i$'@

/

by which re$deri$. "he wrd# a$d deed# +&#" be "w di!!ere$" -&ali"ie#

"ha" a warrir #h&ld be able " #e0ara"e' r 0ercei%e a# di#"i$c"1

R1 E1 a#2e' !r e8a+0le' clai+ed "ha" "he ca#".&ard i# re!erri$. " hi+#el!' "ha"

he c&ld di#"i$.&i#h "he deed# ! Bew&l!6# war3ba$d "heir bra=e$ a$d "hrea"e$i$.

arri%al by Bew&l!6# +lli!yi$. a$d di0l+a"ic #0eech: ?The ca#"warde$' #eei$. "he

Gea"# la$d' had !r+ed a$ i+0re##i$ ! "heir a&daci"yJ he $w lear$# "ha" "hey are

wi#ely led' a$d re+ar2# "ha" i" i# be#" " 9&d.e by wrd# a# well a# deed# wrd# a# "he

+ea$# ! 9&d.i$. sa/ientia a# deed# are "he +ea$# ! 9&d.i$. fortitudo1@/* W1S1 Mac2ie

al# ar.&ed "ha" "he ca#".&ard re!er# " hi+#el!7"ha" he ?&$der#"a$d#@ Bew&l!6# wrd#

a$d "r&#"# "ha" "he her6# i$"e$ded deed# are $ble1 / Thi# readi$. w&ld e80lai$ why "he

ca#".&ard i# willi$. " lead "he war3ba$d' !&lly ar+ed' #"rai.h" " "he 2i$.1 The

cc&0a"i$ ! "he ca#".&ard' a!"er all' re-&ire# $" +erely "ha" he aler" hi# $a"i$ "

/ >a+e# W1 Earl a$d arl We$"er#dr! #hw .e#cad " +ea$ a di#"i$c"i$ r di%i#i$ ! a 0hy#ical

0r0er"y' a cha$$el ! wa"er di%idi$. "w la$d +a##e# i$ "he 0hy%in# $oe%.

/* a#2e' ? Sa0ie$"ia e" Fr"i"&d'@ <)1

/ Mac2ie' ?N"e# U0$ "he Te8" a$d I$"er0re"a"i$ ! Bew&l!@ /1

/



i$%adi$. !rce# b&" al# "ha" he -&ic2ly di#cer$ !rie$d !r+ !e1 Bew&l!6# ali.$+e$"

wi"h "he %al&e# ! "he witan 0r%ide# #"r$. e%ide$ce !r a#2e6# a$d Mac2ie6#

i$"er0re"a"i$#1

Bew&l! 0air# witan wi"h rd a# a 0ar" ! hi# rhe"rical #"ra"e.y i$ hi# #0eech "

"he ca#".&ard1 He i+0lie# "ha" he i# a di0l+a" wh i$"e$d# " 6bear6 wi#d+ "

Hr"h.ar1 The a##cia"i$ ! "he witan wi"h rd i# e$"irely $a"&ral' "he i+0lica"i$ !

a+i"y a+0li!ied by "he 0airi$. ! "er+#1 The rd $ li$e /( i# a 0r0#al by "he witan

$ li$e /1 I$ a #"a"e ! de#0air %er Gre$del6# ra+0a.e#' "he Da$e# a""e+0" " re#l%e

"he #i"&a"i$ wi"h a c&$cil: ?M$i. !" .e#"' rice " r&$eJ rd eah"ed$@ ?Ma$y

!"e$ #a"' 0wer!&l +e$ i$ c&$#elJ "hey wei.hed ad%ice@ //b3/(1 The OE ad9ec"i%e

rice re!er# " a warrir' a 0ri$ce' r a 2i$.' i$ e%ery "her a""e#"a"i$ i$ Beowulf 1 I"

clearly de#i.$a"e# #i.$i!ica$" a&"hri"y1 By &#i$. i" " de#cribe +e$ i$ c&$cil' "he 0e"

li$.&i#"ically 9&8"a0#e# "he a&"hri"y ! 2i$.#' 0ri$ce#' a$d warrir# wi"h "he a&"hri"y !

"he witan1 Ra"her "ha$ e-&a"i$. "hi# i$di%id&al a$d #hared a&"hri"y' "he $arra"r #i.$i!ie#

"he i$#"i"&"i$al i+0r"a$ce ! c++&$al rle#1 Thi# ?0wer!&l@ witan !!er# "he rd !

a 0a.a$ reli.i&# !!eri$.' a #l&"i$ "ha" !ail# " re%er#e "he Da$e6# !r"&$e#1

E%e$ whe$ rd a$d "he witan are $" direc"ly 0aired' "hey #"ill re0re#e$" "he #a+e

#e" ! %al&e#1 I$ "he Here+d di.re##i$' rd i+0lie# a "y0e ! wi#d+' r e%e$ a

wrld%iew' "ha" w&ld be whlly e$dr#ed by "he witan1 The a&die$ce i$"er0re"# "hi#

0er#0ec"i%e by c$"ra#"i$. h&+ble !!er# ! 0eace wi"h de#"r&c"i%e e80#i"i$# ! 0ride:

$d e " #elre .ece#'

ece rda#J !erhyda $e .y+ /b3/K)b

a$d ch#e "he be""er !r y&r#el!' e"er$al c&$cil#1 D $" heed 0ride1

/*



Thi# c$ce0" ! c&$#el $e.a"e# i$di%id&al h&bri#' which i# "he lar.er #"ra"e.y !

Bew&l!6# #0eech " "he ca#".&ard a$d' i$ "hi# i$#"a$ce' Hr"h.ar6# #0eech " Bew&l!1

By 0ri%ile.i$. rd a# a di!!ere$"' c++&$al .lry' Hr"h.ar .i%e# Bew&l! a$ al"er$a"i%e

" Here+d6# !a"e1 The al"er$a"i%e re-&ire# Bew&l! " e#chew "he e."i#"ical de#"r&c"i$

e+bdied by Here+d a$d " e+brace "he c++&$al %al&e# ! "he witan' which i#

#i.$i!ied by "heir wi#d+' r rd.

I$ li$e ()( rd re0re#e$"# a c$cilia"ry e!!r" " e$d a !e&d de#cribed i$ "he

Freawar& di.re##i$1 I$ a$ a""e+0" " e$d "hi# !e&d 0eace!&lly' Freawar& i# 0r+i#ed a# a

bride " I$.eld1 A# Bew&l! 0i$"# &"' hwe%er: ?O!" #elda$ hwr !"er ledhryre

ly"le hwile b$.ar b&.e' eah #e bryd d&.e@ ?;ery #eld+ a$ywhere' a!"er a

leader6# !all' will "he %ile$" #0ear re#"' e%e$ i! "he bride i# .d'@ ()(b3()/b1 ,erha0#

Bew&l! #"a"e# c++$ 2$wled.e' de#cribi$. a wrld where arra$.ed +arria.e# !ail "

re#l%e c$!lic"1 Si.$i!ica$"ly' "he 0e" ha# Bew&l!7$" "he $arra"r7&""er "hi#

declara"i$1 The a&die$ce hear# Bew&l!6# 0i$i$' a 0er#0ec"i%e "ha" ill&#"ra"e# hi#

d&b"# ab&" 0eace!&l $e."ia"i$# by c++&$al a&"hri"y1 Gi%e$ "he rle ! "he witan'

hi# #"a"&# a# a warrir +a2e# "hi# 0er#0ec"i%e' "h&.h $" $ece##arily i$acc&ra"e' a" lea#"

0redic"able1 I! Bew&l! e$dr#ed "he witan' he w&ld ha%e " reli$-&i#h a !&$da+e$"al

a#0ec" ! hi# ide$"i"y1

Fi$ally' i$ li$e# )a3)*b' Wi.la! #"a$d# %er Bew&l!6# bdy a$d cri"ici=e#

"he i$e!!ec"i%e$e## ! rd 1 He a$d "he re"ai$er# !ailed " c$%i$ce Bew&l! " $" !i.h"

"he dra.$' a$d "hi# la0#e i$ Wi.la!6# 9&d.e+e$" c#" Bew&l! hi# li!e1 A# i$ Freawar&6#

ca#e' rd i# i$e!!ec"&al7r a" lea#" !r+ Bew&l!6# 0er#0ec"i%e1 Wi.la!6# la+e$"

/



hi.hli.h"# "he c$!lic" be"wee$ "h&.h"!&l c+0r+i#e a$d heric ac"i$ "hr&.h&" "he

0e+1 N"ably' i$ "he 0e+6# !i$al &""era$ce $ "he i##&e' Wi.la! 0lace# "he bla+e $ "he

di0l+a"#6 i$abili"y " 0er#&ade Bew&l!' " .i%e e!!ec"i%e rd "ha" w&ld cha$.e hi#

#y#"e+ ! %al&e#1 While "he a&die$ce +ay e80ec" &$re#"rai$ed 0rai#e !r a .lri&# la#"

#"a$d' Wi.la! deli%er# a +&ch +re #+ber a$d +edi"a"i%e c$cl&#i$1

Wi.la!6# a$8ie"y " e80&$.e Bew&l!6# re#0$#ibili"y i# dd: ?Ne +eah"$ we

.elra$ le!$e ede$' rice# hyrde rd $i.$e' " he $e .re""e .ldweard

$e@ ?We were &$able " "each &r dear 0ri$ce' de!e$der ! "he real+' a$y c&$cil' "ha"

he $" .ree" that .ld3.&ardia$'@

)a3)*/b1 ,l&ral we !eel# li2e a #"ra$.e re!lec"i$

! "he we Bew&l! &#e# " i$"rd&ce hi+#el! " "he ca#".&ard1 The 0r$&$ !&$c"i$#

"he #a+e way !r Wi.la!' #"ri2i$. a c++&$al $"e a$d ac2$wled.i$. #hared

re#0$#ibili"y1 A" "hi# ++e$" Wi.la! e!!ec"i%ely e#"abli#he# "he !ail&re ! rd ' #i$ce he

i# .i$. " direc"ly deal wi"h i"# e!!ec"i%e$e##1 The 0rble+' Wi.la! ar.&e#' i# $e !

0er#&a#i$1 Wi.la! e$dr#e# "he rd ' a$d "he #y#"e+ ! %al&e# i" #i.$i!ie#1 He +erely

cri"ici=e# i"# abili"y " be &$der#"d1 I$ hi# #er+$' Hr"h.ar "ell# Bew&l! " 2ee0

e"er$al c&$#el# 4ece rda#'4 /K)a' b&" .i%e$ Bew&l!6# c+0lica"ed !a"e a$d Wi.la!6#

&l"i+a"e deri#i$ ! rd ' e%e$ "he e!!ec"i%e# ! c&$#el i$ "hi# a""e#"a"i$ i# -&e#"i$ed1

OE rd i$ li$e /Kb de!i$e# a ce$"ral ++e$" i$ "he 0e+ where c&$#el

beha%e# +a"erially i$ "he 0reci#e way B9r2 de#cribe# "he 0era"i$ ! la$.&a.e1 Direc"ly

a!"er #chere6# dea"h' Hr"h.ar #ay# " Bew&l!' ?N& i# #e rd .ela$. e!" " e a$&+

ic e a !aehe !e lea$i.e@ ?Nw i# "he c&$#el le!" " y& al$e4 4I will reward

y& wi"h weal"h !r "hi# %ile$ce@ /Kb3/KaJ /*)a3b1 A!"er "he witan ha%e bee$

()



a""ac2ed' a$d $e ! i"# c&$#elr# +&rdered' Hr"h.ar .i%e# Bew&l! $ei"her wi#d+

$r rd ' b&" "ell# hi+ "ha" rd i# hi# al$e " de"er+i$e1 Hr"h.ar be#"w# rd a# a .i!"

"ha" Bew&l! ca$ de!i$e $ hi# w$ "er+#1 Nw "ha" #chere lie# dead' "he

i$e!!ec"i%e$e## ! "he witan ha# bee$ 0hy#ically #i.$i!ied1 N $e e8ce0" Bew&l! i# le!"

" bear "he rd ' a$d a# a warrir he will de!i$e i" i$ "he &$c$%e$"i$al "er+# ! %ile$"

ac"i$1

A# wi"h rd "he 0e" &#e# OE witan " rei$!rce "he i$e!!ec"i%e$e## ! "he

i$#"i"&"i$1 Thi# ir$y de# $" $e.a"e "he a&"hri"a"i%e rle ! "he witan b&" de# #i.$i!y

"he i$ade-&acy wi"h which 4"he wi#e4 carry &" "ha" rle1 I$ li$e /a' "he witan ca$$"

!i$d a 0eace!&l re#l&"i$ " "he c$!lic" wi"h Gre$del:

#ibbe $e wlde

wi +a$$a hw$e +.e$e# De$i.a'

!erhbeal !erra$' !ea i$.ia$'

$e r $$i. wi"e$a we$a$ r!"e berh"re b"e " ba$a$ !l+&+ /<b/*b

PGre$delQ did $" de#ire 0eace wi"h a$y +a$ ! "he Da$i#h 0wer' " re+%eli!e3#la&.h"er' r " #e""le i" !r a !ee' $r did a$y di0l+a" ha%e rea#$ " e80ec" a

bri.h" re+edy a" "he ha$d# ! "he +&rderer1

Nei"her !ierce ba""le3crie# $r warrir +ar"yrd+# .ree" Gre$del6# %ile$" ra+0a.e#1

I$#"ead' "he witan a""e+0"# a 0eace!&l #l&"i$ "ha" &l"i+a"ely !ail#1 The $arra"r ha#

already re!erred " Gre$del a# a #ri%%a #st 4a !ierce de+$'4 /)(a' 2i$#+a$ ! Cai$

4Cai$e# cy$$e'4 /)a' $e wh #"r%e a.ai$#" Gd 4wi Gde w&$$$'4 //b' a$d

reoc ond re1e 4#a%a.e a$d cr&el'4 /((a1 T #ay "ha" Gre$del did $" de#ire 0eace

&$der#"a"e# "he Da$i#h 0redica+e$"1 The#e li$e# al# di#cl#e "he .e$eral cc&0a"i$ !

"he witan. They are' a.ai$' a##cia"ed wi"h "he idea ! $$3%ile$" re#l&"i$ a$d'

(/



#0eci!ically' a re#l&"i$ +edia"ed by a bribe' i+0lici" i$ "he 0hra#e fea 1in#ian1 T

re+%e Gre$del6# ?li!e3#la&.h"er'@ "he ad%i#r# are dedica"ed " ec$+ic c$cilia"i$1

I! "he#e c&$cilr# 2$ew Gre$del6# li$ea.e' "hey +i.h" $" ha%e c$#idered a

0ay!!' wi"h a""e$da$" $"i$# ! ci%ili"y' 0led.e#' a$d !&"&re a+i"y1 They are 0a.a$#'

ad+i""edly' b&" "ha" "he witan e%e$ c$#ider# bar"eri$. wi"h Gre$del #hw# "ha" "heir

c++&$al rle de# $" c$cer$ "he warrir6# heric ac"i$ b&" "he di0l+a"6# +dera"i$.

c$cilia"i$1 The e%ide$ce c$cer$i$. "he hi#"rical witan crrbra"e# "hi# !c&#1

Beca&#e ! "he Da$i#h !ail&re wi"h Gre$del' Hr"h.ar .i%e# a bl&$" a##e##+e$" !

"he witan6# e!!r"#1 Whe$ "he 2i$. c++e$d# Bew&l! !r de!ea"i$. Gre$del' he

ac2$wled.e# "he b%i&#:

h&#a #ele#" herdreri. #"d'

wea wid#c!e$ wi"e$a .ehwylc&+'

ara e $e we$d$ " hie wide!erh

leda la$d.ewerc la&+ bewered$#c&cc&+ $d #ci$$&+1 N& #cealc ha!a

&rh drih"$e# +ih" dd .e!re+ede

e we ealle r $e +eah"$#$y""r&+ be#yrwa$1 a3<(a

"he .rea"e#" h&#e #"d ba""le3#"ai$ed' we wide#0read !r each ! "hedi0l+a"#' wh did $" e80ec" "ha" "hey +i.h" 0r"ec" "he 0e0le6# ba#"i$ !r+

!e#' de+$#' a$d .h&l#1 Nw "hr&.h "he +i.h" ! .d' a warrir ha# 0er!r+ed

a deed "ha" we all had bee$ &$able " de%i#e i$ &r wi#d+1

Here' "he witan ear$# Hr"h.ar6# cri"ici#+ beca&#e i" wa# clearly "heir re#0$#ibili"y "

re#l%e "he Gre$del 0rble+1 Whe$ "he witan wi"$e## "he !i.h" be"wee$ Bew&l! a$d

Gre$del' "hey ca$$" belie%e "ha" a$y +a$ c&ld #ha""er hi+ ?"breca$ +eah"e'@ *)b1

Their i$abili"y " c+0rehe$d Bew&l!6# #"re$."h rei$!rce# "heir w$ 0a##i%i"y1 Beca&#e

"hey d $" e$%i#i$ c$!r$"a"i$ a# a$ 0"i$' "he "h&.h" ! i" #ee+# &$belie%able1

((



Hr"h.ar' i$ li$e Kb' rei"era"e# "he witan6# di#belie! "ha" a$y +a$' &#i$. %ile$" !rce'

c&ld de!ea" Gre$del1 The la#" +e$"i$ ! "he witan c+e# i$ "he Fi$$ di.re##i$ where

"he di0l+a"# e#"abli#h a$d #a$c"i!y "he 0eace "rea"y by "heir do% /)*b' r 9&d.e+e$"1

While "he witan c$#i#"e$"ly lbby !r 0eace' "heir deci#i$# are re0re#e$"ed a#

i$e!!ec"i%e1 I$ "he wrld ! Bew&l!' $"hi$. 4"he wi#e4 i$"e$d r e80ec" c+e# " 0a##1

(



,ar" I;: C$cl&#i$: The Ter+i$l.y ! Wi#d+ i$ Beowulf

While "he witan !r+ally re0re#e$"# "he c&l"&re ! wi#d+' "he #0here ! wi#d+

e8"e$d# bey$d "hi# i$#"i"&"i$1 The 0e" #"ra"e.ically e+0ly# a le8ic$ ! 4wi#d+

wrd#4 " el&cida"e "he %al&e# ! wi#d+1 ,ar" ! "hi# e$&+era"i$ i$%l%e# "he

charac"er#6 rela"i$#hi0 " each "her' hw "hey addre## $e a$"her a$d hw "he 0e"

de#cribe# 0ar"ic&lar e%e$"#1 E+bdyi$. "he %al&e# ! "he witan' "he#e wi#d+ wrd#

rei$!rce a$d hel0 de!i$e "he b&$dary be"wee$ "he c&l"&re ! "he warrir a$d "he c&l"&re

! "he wi#e1

O! "he wrd# "ha" rela"e " wi#d+' snotor wis a$d frod are "he +#" hea%ily

a""e#"ed by !ar1 Wi"h #&ch a$ ab&$da$ce "hir"y3!&r a""e#"a"i$#' $e +i.h" e80ec" a

%arie"y ! &#a.e i$ a ra$.e ! c$"e8"#' e#0ecially !r+ "he eclec"ic' #+e"i+e# e8"ic'

Beowulf 0e"1 A rare c$#i#"e$cy a$d #e+a$"ic &$i!r+i"y !r "he#e "hree wi#d+ "er+#

hel0# de!i$e "he #0here ! wi#d+1

Si8 ! "wel%e a""e#"a"i$# ! snotor re!er " Hr"h.ar' a c$ce$"ra"i$ #&00r"i$.

"he idea ! 2i$.ly wi#d+1 The c$"e8"# ! Hr"h.ar6# i+0lici" snyttru rei$!rce "he

re0re#e$"a"i$# ! "he witan a$d "heir rd 1 Fir#"' 9&#" a# e%ery cc&rre$ce ! "he witan()

i$ Beowulf rei$!rce# "he di0l+a"#6 i$e!!ec"i%e$e##' "w a00lica"i$# ! snotor "

() Whe$ &#ed a# a $&$' re!erri$. " "he di0l+a"# r c&$cil1

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Hr"h.ar a00ear " -&e#"i$ "he %al&e# ! wi#d+1 I$ "he !ir#" cc&rre$ce' Hr"h.ar ?$e

+ih"e #$"r hle wea$ $we$da$J w# " .ewi$ " #wy@ ?"he wi#e her wa#

&$able " "&r$ a#ide weJ "ha" #"ri!e wa# " har#h'@ /)b3//b1 Al"h&.h a .e$&i$e

c+0li+e$"' snotor li2ewi#e hi$"# a" "he i+0lici" ir$y i$ "he 9&8"a0#i"i$ ! a 4wi#e4

2i$. wh ca$$" %erc+e "he wea 0la.&i$. hi# "ribe1 Thi# li$e will be +irrred la"er

whe$ Hr"h.ar e80lici"ly c+0are# "he e!!ec"i%e$e## ! Bew&l! wi"h "he i$abili"y ! "he

witan:

h&#a #ele#" herdreri. #"d'

wea wid#c!e$ wi"e$a .ehwylc&+'

ara e $e we$d$ " hie wide!erhleda la$d.ewerc la&+ bewered$

#c&cc&+ $d #ci$$&+1 N& #cealc ha!a

&rh drih"$e# +ih" dd .e!re+edee we ealle r $e +eah"$

#$y""r&+ be#yrwa$1 a3<(a

"he .rea"e#" h&#e #"d ba""le3#"ai$ed' we wide#0read !r each ! "he

di0l+a"#' wh did $" e80ec" "ha" "hey +i.h" 0r"ec" "he 0e0le6# ba#"i$ !r+

!e#' de+$#' a$d .h&l#1 Nw "hr&.h "he +i.h" ! .d' a warrir ha# 0er!r+eda deed "ha" we all had bee$ &$able " de%i#e i$ &r wi#d+1

I$ b"h #ce$e#' we a$d .rie! c$!r$" "he wi#e a$d "heir wi#d+1 F&r"her+re' "he wrd

!r 4wi#d+4 i$ li$e < i# snyttru% deri%a"i%e ! snotor a$d +ai$"ai$# "he c$!lic"ed'

b&" $" ab#l&"ely $e.a"i%e' di#0#i"i$ "ha" "he a&die$ce ha# "ward "he le8ic$ !

wi#d+ wrd#1

Si+ilarly' whe$ Bew&l! re#0$d# " Hr"h.ar6# la+e$"a"i$ ! ?re$ewed #rrw@

%er #chere6# dea"h' he li$.&i#"ically 0air# wi#d+ wi"h re+r#e: ?Ne #r.a' #$"r

.&+a@ ?Srrw $"' wi#e +a$'@ /*a1 A.ai$' "hi# 0airi$. de# $" $ece##arily

di#0ara.e wi#d+' b&" a$ e+0ha"ic snotor carrie# #+e +ild c$de#ce$#i$' be"rayi$.

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Bew&l!6# !eeli$.# ab&" "he e!!ec"i%e$e## ! wi#d+ whe$ c$!r$"i$. e%il1 Bew&l!

i+0lie#' ?Fear $"' wise %an' a warrir ha# c+e " #a%e y& beca&#e y&r wi#d+ ha#

!ailed1@ Ne%er"hele##' "he 0e" e80ec"# hi# a&die$ce " a""e$d "he #&r!ace +ea$i$. a$d

bala$ce# i"# e80ec"a"i$# ! Bew&l!6# +ea$i$. a.ai$#" hi# rela"i$#hi0 " "he c&l"&re !

wi#d+1

The &#e ! #e+a$"ic 0aralleli#+' wi"h witan a$d rd ' snotor a$d we#rrw' wis

a$d wean a$d wea a$d snyttru% de+$#"ra"e# a c$#ci&# #"ra"e.y by "he 0e" "

+ai$"ai$ a $&a$ced' i! $" 00#i"i$al' 0erce0"i$ ! "he c&l"&re ! wi#d+1 O$e +&#"

e80ec" ir$y where wi#d+ wrd# are &#ed i$ c$"e8"# "ha" a00ear +erely de#cri0"i%e1

F&r"her+re' "he i+0r"a$ce ! wi#d+ wrd# i$ rela"i$ " #chere i# #i.$i!ica$"

beca&#e' a# I will ar.&e belw' he i# a leadi$. +e+ber' i! $" "he leader' ! "he witan1

A!"er "he i$i"ial .i!"3.i%i$. cere+$y' Bew&l! re!er# " Hr"h.ar a# ?wi#e@ i$ a

way "ha"' a" !ir#"' #ee+# +re .e$&i$e' ?#$""ra !e$.el' $& ic e+ #ie# !&#' .ldwi$e

.&+e$a@ ?wi#e 2i$.' $w I a+ ea.er " e+bar2' .ld3!rie$d ! +e$'@ /<a3/<Ka1

Bew&l! re!er# " Hr"h.ar a# a #oldwine #u%ena a$d will' i$ "he #a+e #0eech' 0rai#e "he

2i$. !r hi# .i!"3.i%i$. a# a ea#a ryttan ?a .i%er ! ri$.#'@ /<*a1 I$i"ially h#"ile "

#+e !r+# ! wi#d+ #&ch a# di0l+acy r rec$cilia"i$' Bew&l! clearly e+brace#

"he 0ar" where he i# rewarded1 Hr"h.ar rec.$i=e# "hi# a$"ici0a"i$ a$d &#e# "he #er+$

" e80lai$ " Bew&l! "ha" "he .i!"3.i%i$. cere+$y #er%e# a hi.her !&$c"i$ "ha$ +erely

rewardi$. heric ac"#1 Whe"her r $" Bew&l! lear$# "he a00r0ria"e le##$ re+ai$#

&$clear1 A# "he #er+$ $ear# i"# e$d' "he $arra"r #ay#' ?Gea" w# .ld+d .e$. #$a

"' #e"le# $e#a$' #wa #e #$""ra heh"@ ?The Gea" wa# .raci&# i$ #0iri"' a$d

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i++edia"ely we$" " #ee2 "he be$ch' 9&#" a# "he wi#e +a$ had c++a$ded@ /*a3

/*Kb1 The $arra"r6# e$dr#e+e$" i# cer"ai$ly +re .e$&i$e "ha$ Bew&l!6#1 B&" "hi#

c&ld be "he ++e$" where Bew&l! cha$.e#' de0e$di$. $ hw $e i$"er0re"# #ld%od

4a00recia"i%e14 He i#' a!"er all' !llwi$. "he #0eech wi"h a c++&$al !ea#"' !r+ally

re!erred " a# a wist ' "he wrd i"#el! bei$. a 0&$ $ wis' ?wi#e'@ +a2i$. "he !ea#" a "y0e !

c++&$i$ !r "he c$#&+0"i$ ! 2$wled.e1 B&" i! "hi# .raci&#$e## i# $"hi$. +re

"ha$ a ++e$"ary reac"i$' r a #cial 0er!r+a$ce' "he$ "he e!!ec" ! "he #er+$ re+ai$#

i$de"er+i$a"e1

Fi$ally' Bew&l! re!er# " Hr"h.ar a# snotor whe$ rela"i$. "he #"ry ! hi# Da$i#h

e80li"# " Hy.elac1 Bew&l! delibera"ely 0rai#e# 4wi#e4 Hr"h.ar !r "he .i!"# "ha" "he

2i$. be#"wed $ hi+ 4#$"ra !e$.el'4 (/Ka1 The warrir c$#i#"e$"ly %al&e# "he 2i$.

wh .i%e# hi+ "rea#&re' !r "he .i!"3.i%i$. cere+$y re+ai$# i+0r"a$" " "he c&l"&re !

wi#d+1 Gi!"# ! e8ceedi$.ly hi.h %al&e are .i%e$' a# a 0ar" ! a cere+$y' i$ rder "

!acili"a"e $e."ia"i$' 0rai#e' #cial a""ach+e$" a$d c++&$al a&"hri"y' all %al&e# !

wi#d+1 Gi!"3.i%i$. i# wr"hle## i! &$c&0led !r+ #"ra"e.ic rhe"ric "ha" !rce# "he

warrir " e+brace a lar.er #e" ! %al&e#1 Beca&#e Bew&l!ia$ wi#d+ are ei"her 0ar"ially

ir$ic r rela"e " "he +a"erial e8cha$.e ! .i!"3.i%i$.' "he a&die$ce +&#" c$#ider "ha"

Bew&l! +ay be ac"i$. &" ! #el!3i$"ere#" i$ hi# a00recia"i$ !r 4wi#e4 Hr"h.ar6# .i!"#1

I! #' "he a&die$ce +ay c$de+$ hi+ !r !aili$. " e+brace "he %al&e# ! wi#d+1 Or' i!

Bew&l!6# 0rai#e ! .i!"3.i%i$. c$cede# "he rele%a$ce ! wi#d+' a$d "ha" he wa# "r&ly

+ade ?.raci&# i$ #0iri"'@ "he$ a de"er+i$a"i$ ! Bew&l!6# a""i"&de re+ai$# a+bi%ale$"1

O! "he #i8 a""e#"a"i$# "ha" d $" re!er direc"ly " Hr"h.ar' snotor i# &#ed !&r

(



"i+e# " de#cribe a c&$cil r .r&0 ! di0l+a"# delibera"i$. $ i+0r"a$" +a""er#1

Clearly' snotor a##cia"e# wi#d+ a$d "he c++&$al i$#"i"&"i$# ! a&"hri"y' e%e$

"h&.h "he#e i$#"i"&"i$# +i.h" $" "ech$ically -&ali!y a# "he witan1 Bew&l!6# i$i"ial

de0ar"&re !r+ Gea"la$d' !r e8a+0le' i# +edia"ed by $e ! "he#e c&$cil#:

$e #i!" hi+ #$"ere cerla#

ly"hw$ l.$' eah he hi+ le! wreJhwe""$ hi.er!$e' hl #ceawed$1

Wi#e +e$ li""le bla+ed hi+ !r "he 9&r$eyJ "h&.h he wa# dear " "he+' "hey

&r.ed !r"h "he %alia$"3+i$ded +a$1 They b#er%ed a$ +e$1@ ()(/3()<b1

Whe"her r $" "hi# .r&0 .i%e# Bew&l! a$ !!icial cleara$ce' r whe"her Bew&l! e%e$

re-&ire# 0er+i##i$' i# di!!ic&l" " #ay1 Al"h&.h "he di0l+a"# +ay #i+0ly wi#h Bew&l!

a #a!e 9&r$ey' e%ide$ce !r a +re c$!lic"ed readi$. ca$ be ded&ced1 Fir#"' "he

b#er%a$ce ! "he +e$ i+0lie# a !r+al cere+$y' +a2i$. "he i$%l%e+e$" ! "he

snotere ceorlas #i.$i!ica$"1 Addi"i$ally' OE hl i# li$.&i#"ically rela"ed " hal ?whle@

a$d hali# ?hly1@ A #le+$ e%e$" i# de#cribed1 Sec$d' snotor i# cllca"ed wi"h "er+#

!r we1 O$ly "wel%e li$e# earlier OE snotor de#cribed Hr"h.ar: ?"he wi#e P snotor Q her

c&ld $" e$d "he we@ /)b3//a1 I ha%e rea#$ed "ha" "hi# a""e#"a"i$ de+a$d# a

9&8"a0#i"i$ ! wi#d+ a$d we "ha" 0er#i#"# "hr&.h&" "he 0e+' a$d "he re0e"i"i$ !

snottor wi"hi$ "wel%e li$e# bel$.# " "ha" a##cia"i$1 Th&.h i$direc"' "he c+0ari#$

wi"h we $ li$e //a ha$.# %er "he snotere ceorlas i$ li$e ()(b' +a2i$. "heir

i$%l%e+e$" i$ Bew&l!6# de0ar"&re +&ch +re c+0lica"ed1

E$ha$ci$. "hi# c+0lica"i$' "he "er+ snotor ceorl i# &#ed " de#cribe "he

di#0ara.ed c&$cil i$ "he Here+d di.re##i$' ?#$"r cerl +$i.' #e e hi+ bealwa

" b"e .ely!de4 4hi$e !yre$ $wd@ ?+a$y a wi#e +a$' "r&#"ed i$ hi+ !r relie!

(*



!r+ a!!lic"i$4 4wic2ed$e## 0##e##ed hi+'@ )*b3)bJ /b1 The +i#0laced "r&#"

! "he#e di0l+a"# hi.hli.h"# "heir i$#&!!icie$cy' a$d snotor i# a.ai$ li$.&i#"ically

9&8"a0#ed wi"h i$e!!ec"i%e$e## a$d a #"a"e ! a!!lic"i$1 B&" a$"her layer ! ir$y

a00ear# i$ "he 0a##a.e a# well1 The &#e ! snotor ceorl " re!er e8cl&#i%ely " "w

c&$cil# i$ #i+ilar #i"&a"i$# de+a$d# a c+0ari#$1 Were "he Gea"# wi#e " allw a

y&$. warrir' wi"h dy$a#"ic re#0$#ibili"ie#' " "a2e a .r&0 ! y&$. +e$ acr## "he #ea

" !i.h" a +$#"er W&ld "he c&$cil ! "he Gea"# bee$ held re#0$#ible i! Bew&l!

died Hw did "he Gea"#6 deci#i$ " "r&#" Bew&l! di!!er !r+ "he "r&#" ! Here+d6#

di0l+a"# The !ac" "ha" Bew&l! #&cce##!&lly de!ea"# Gre$del a$d hi# +"her c&ld be

e%ide$ce "ha" "he Gea"i#h c&$cil wa# ri.h" i$ i"# deci#i$1 The#e 0er#0ec"i%e# are

#+ewha" c$!lic"i$.' b&" "ha" i# beca&#e "hey e8i#" i$ a dialec"ic !r "he a&die$ce "

+edi"a"e $1

Whe$ OE #notor re!er# " Hr"h.ar6# di0l+a"#' "heir 0a##i%e i$e!!ec"i%e$e## i#

a$"her e8a+0le ! ir$ic 0aralleli#+ wi"h a wi#d+ "er+1 The di0l+a"# #"a$d a" "he

+ere' #"ari$. a" "he #&r!ace ! "he la2e a$d wai" !r Bew&l! " re#l%e "heir 0rble+:

?S$a " .e#aw$ #$""re cerla# a e +id Hr.are $ hl+ wli"$ " w#

y.ebl$d eal .e+e$.ed bri+ blde !ah'@ ?S&dde$ly' "he wi#e earl# #aw' "here wi"h

Hr"h.ar' $ "he #&r!ace ! "he la2e' "ha" "he wa%e# all di#"&rbed' "he wa"er #"ai$ed wi"h

bld@ /)a3/a1 A.ai$' a hi$" ! di#0ara.e+e$" e+er.e# !r+ "hi# snottre1 A#

"he#e ?wi#e@ +e$ #"a$d "here' "hey c$"e+0la"e "heir w$ hel0le##$e##1

The la#" "w a""e#"a"i$# ! snotor I wa$" " e8a+i$e are "he +#" 0ec&liar1 The

!ir#" re!er# " Bew&l! a!"er de!ea"i$. Gre$del' ?h!de a .e!l#d #e e r !erra$

(



c+ #$"r $d #wy!erh #ele Hr.are#'@ ?he had clea$#ed' he wh had c+e !r+

a!ar' wi#e a$d #"r$.3#0iri"ed' "he hall ! Hr"h.ar@ *(a3*(Kb1 U$li2e "he "her

a""e#"a"i$# ! snotor ' "hi# $e a00ear# " lac2 ir$y1 B&" "he !ac" "ha" #rrw i# #$

re$ewed "hr&.h Gre$del6# +"her a" lea#" i+0lie# "ha" "hi# i$#&!!icie$" snotor 0r"e$d#

!&"&re c$!lic"1

The 0airi$. ! snotor a$d swy,ferh, i# #i.$i!ica$" $ i"# w$ "er+#1 A# I ar.&ed

ab%e' whe$ snotor i# &#ed a# "he #le de#cri0"i$' i" ir$ically ill&#"ra"e# "he i$abili"y !

wi#d+ %al&e# " re#l%e c$!lic"1 The 0e" a""ache# ?#"r$.3#0iri"ed@ i$ rder "

di#c&$" "he ir$y i$ "hi# i$#"a$ce1 Fr "he 0e"' de#cribi$. Bew&l! wi"h 9&#" snotor

w&ld ha%e c$!&#ed "he delibera"e #"ra"e.y " +a2e "he %al&e# ! wi#d+ a$d "he %al&e#

! "he warrir di#"i$c"1 By 0ari$. snotor wi"h swy,ferh,' "he 0e" -&ali!ie# wi#d+ wi"h

a "er+ ! #"re$."h i$ rder " de+$#"ra"e "ha" wi#d+ al$e +ay ha%e bee$ i$#&!!icie$"

" de!ea" Gre$del a$d re-&ire# a$"her #e" ! %al&e# " be #&cce##!&l1

The la#" a""e#"a"i$ ! snotor i$ "he 0e+ de#cribe# Wi.la!' wh ha# 9&#"

#&++$ed a .r&0 ! +e$ " carry "he "rea#&re !r+ "he dra.$6# lair a$d " "a2e

Bew&l! " hi# "+b' ?#e #$"ra #&$& Wih#"a$e#'@ ?"he wi#e #$ ! Wih#"a$@ /()1

While "he ir$y i# $" a# direc" a# i" ha# bee$ i$ "he 0re%i&# a""e#"a"i$#' "he wrd ha#

already bee$ e#"abli#hed wi"h a+bi%ale$" c$$"a"i$#1

Wi.la! i# "he b%i&# #&cce##r " Bew&l! a$d he i# de#cribed a# 6wi#e6 " #i.$i!y

hi# "ra$#i"i$ !r+ a warrir i$" a 2i$.1 The 0e"6# &#e ! snotor delibera"ely a##cia"e#

Wi.la! wi"h "he %al&e# he will $eed " e+brace !r "hi# $ew rle1 The ir$y a##cia"ed

wi"h snotor ca$$" be di#c&$"edJ will Wi.la! bec+e a wi#e 2i$. wh #&cce##!&lly lead#

)



hi# 0e0le Or de# "hi# wi#d+ i+0ly a$ i$e!!ec"&al$e## a$d i+0e$di$. d+ a# "he

Gea"# wai" !r "he Swede# " a""ac2

The wrd wis ha# ei.h" a""e#"a"i$#' "hree re!erri$. " Hr"h.ar' $e " Hy.d' a$d

"w " Bew&l! whe$ he i# a 2i$.1 The a##cia"i$ ! 2i$.# wi"h wi#d+ i# delibera"e

a$d "ra$#0are$"1 O! "he "her "w a""e#"a"i$#' $e re!er# " Hr"h.ar6# witan a$d "he

"her re!er# " Bew&l!' wh i# called ?wi#e@ by Hr"h.ar $ear "he e$d ! "he #er+$1

OE wis i# &#ed a" lea#" !&r "i+e# wi"h #+e hi$" ! ir$y1 Fir#"' Hr"h.ar i# called wi#e

a# he wai"# !r Bew&l! " c+e " "he hall a!"er Gre$del6# +"her ha# +&rdered

#chere:

.a$. a !"er !lre !yrdwyre +a$

+id hi# ha$d#cale 33healw&d& dy$ede33 " he $e wi#a$ wrd&+ h$.de

!rea$ I$.wi$a !r.$ .i! hi+ wre

!"er $edla& $ih" .e"ae#e' /K)3/()

"he$ %er "he !lr' "he ba""le3#"r$. +a$' wi"h hi# ha$d3"r0' "he wd3hall ra$.

&"' "ha" he "he wi#e $e .ree"ed wi"h wrd#' "he lrd ! "he I$.wi$#' !rie$d# !

l$.' a#2ed i! i" had bee$ !r hi+' a!"er hi# h0e#' a 0lea#i$. $i.h"

The #i"&a"i$ 0i$"# " "he hel0le##$e## ! "he 6wi#e6 2i$. wh ca$ d $"hi$. +re b&"

wai" !r Bew&l! " .e" &" ! bed1 I! "ha" were $" e$&.h' Bew&l! "&.# a" "he w&$d

by "hrwi$. Hr"h.ar a ra"her ab#&rd -&e#"i$ ab&" hw he #le0"1

I$ "he wa2e ! #chere6# +&rder' Hr"h.ar a$d hi# di0l+a"# #earch !r "heir

!alle$ c&$#elr a$d are c$!r$"ed wi"h #"ar"li$. i+a.e#:

he !eara #&+ be!ra$ .e$.de

wi#ra +$$a w$. #ceawia$ w"er &$der #"d

dreri. $d .edre!ed

$cy erla .ehwaa+#ya$ #chere#$ a+ hl+cli!e ha!ela$ +e""$ /</(3/<(/

/



he we$" ahead wi"h !ew' wi#e +e$' e8a+i$i$. "he 0lai$ wa"er &$der.r&$d'

bldy a$d #"irred &0 .rie! ar#e i$ each ! "he earl#' #i$ce #chere' $ "he

cli!!#' "hey +e" hi# head

The #i"&a"i$ de+a$d# a cri"ical a##e##+e$" ! "he#e wi#e +e$ wh d $" ha%e "he

abili"y " ac"1 They are 0a##i%e b#er%er#1 The 0e"6# deci#i$ " ha%e "he witan !i$d

#chere $" Bew&l! i# delibera"e1 #chere wa# a +e+ber ! "hi# c&$cil a$d "he

re+ai$i$. di0l+a"# +&#" c$#ider "ha" #chere6# !a"e c&ld ha%e ea#ily bee$ "heir w$1

#chere6# dea"h re$der# "he %al&e# ! wi#d+ 0a##i%e' %al&e# "ha" are $" e-&i00ed "

re#0$d " #&ch %erwhel+i$. %ile$ce1

The la#" "w a""e#"a"i$# ! wis de#cribe Bew&l!' "he 2i$.1 S0ea2i$. !

Bew&l!6# reac"i$ " "he dra.$' ?hrew $ hrere hy.e#r.a +#" we$de #e wi#a

" he wealde$de !er ealde rih" ecea$ dryh"$e bi"re .eb&l.e'@ ?.rie%i$. i$ hi# #&l'

"he .rea"e#" +i$d3#rrw#' "he wi#e +a$ "h&.h" "ha" "he r&ler' had bi""erly !!e$ded "he

a$cie$" law' "he e"er$al lrd' had bi""erly a$.ered@ ((*a3(/a1 The 0e" &#e#

0aralleli#+ " 9&8"a0#e "he re$ewed #rrw# ! "he 2i$.' hreow a$d hy#esor#a' wi"h "hi#

$"i$ ! hi# wi#d+1

Wi.la! &""er# "he !i$al a""e#"a"i$ ! wis whe$ de#cribi$. Bew&l!6# la#" #0eech'

?cwic w# a .e$a wi# $d .ewi""i./ wr$ eall .e#0rc .+l $ .eh'@ ?he wa#

"he$ ali%e' wi#e a$d 2$wi$.' #0ea2i$. $ a .rea" +a$y "hi$.#' ld i$ .rie!@ )b3

)a1 OE wis i# 0aralleled wi"h .rie!' #eh,o' a$d "he ir$y "ha" ha$.# %er wi#d+

wrd# i# delibera"ely +ai$"ai$ed !r+ "he be.i$$i$. ! "he 0e+ "hr&.h Bew&l!6# !i$al

++e$"#1 Thi# 9&8"a0#i"i$ de# $" re-&ire Wi.la! " be di#0ara.i$.1 The 0e" ha#' by

"hi# 0i$"' e#"abli#hed "he ir$ic c$$"a"i$# ! wi#d+ wrd# which' i$ "hi# i$#"a$"' are

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a00are$" " "he a&die$ce e%e$ "h&.h "hey are $" i$"e$ded by "he #0ea2er1

O! "he "hree +ai$ wi#d+ wrd#' frod a" !ir#" #ee+# " carry "he +#" 0#i"i%e

c$$"a"i$#1 I" 0i$"# " a.e a# a 9&#"i!ica"i$' r e%e$ a$ e"h#' !r be#"wi$. wi#d+1

The wrd 6%e$erable6 i# "he be#" de!i$i"i$ !r frod beca&#e i" c$9i$# "he idea !

2$wled.e wi"h e80erie$ce1 Frod ha# !&r"ee$ a""e#"a"i$#1 Ele%e$ are 0aired wi"h a

-&ali!ier !r ld a.e1 O! "he "hree "ha" are $"' "he ab#e$ce ! #&ch a -&ali!ica"i$ +a2e#

"he c$$"a"i$ l&der "ha$ w&ld i"# 0re#e$ce1

I$ a direc" 0airi$.' Hr"h.ar c$cl&de# "he Here+d di.re##i$' ?ic i# .id be e

awrc wi$"r&+ !rd'@ ?I "hi# #"ry " y&' "ld' %e$erable i$ wi$"er#@ /(b3/(<a1

The #0ea2er e#"abli#he# "he e"h# ! "hi# #"ry wi"h hi# a.e1 I$ a #i+ilar c$"e8"' "he 0e"

de#cribe# Hr"h.ar la+e$"i$. "he dea"h ! #chere' ?a w# !rd cy$i$. har hilderi$c

$ hre$+de'@ ?"ha" wa# a %e$erable 2i$.' "he hary ba""le warrir' i$ %e8ed #0iri"@

/)Kb3/)b1 I$ all ele%e$ a""e#"a"i$#' a$d well3de+$#"ra"ed i$ "he 0re%i&# li$e#' "he

0aralleli#+ ! ld a.e a$d wi#d+ !eel# #i+ilar " "he 0aralleli#+ ! wi#d+ a$d .rie!1

I$ $e re+ar2able e8a+0le' b"h !r+# ! 0aralleli#+ are ac"&ally 0re#e$"1 I #ay "ha" "hi#

e8a+0le i# re+ar2able beca&#e i" i# "he 0reci#e ++e$" "ha" Bew&l! a.e#' ?#ya$

Bew&l!e braede rice $ ha$d .ehwear! / he .eheld "ela !i!"i. wi$"ra 33w# a !rd

cy$i$. eald eelweard'@ ?a!"erward# " Bew&l!' "he brad 2i$.d+ wa# 0a##ed " hi#

ha$d#' he r&led well' !i!"y wi$"er#' "ha" wa# a %e$erable 2i$.' ld .&ardia$ ! "he la$d@

(()a3((/)a1 E%e$ i! "e$ "her a""e#"a"i$# did $" rei$!rce "hi# a##cia"i$ ! elderly

wi#d+' $e w&ld ha%e " c$#ider "he 0##ibili"y ! #&ch a c$$ec"i$ .i%e$ "he 0e"6#

delibera"e &#e ! frod a" "he 0e+6# #"r&c"&ral "ra$#i"i$ be"wee$ Bew&l!6# y&"h a$d



+a"&ri"y1 Gi%e$ "he a""e#"a"i$#' "he 0e" +&#" be e#"abli#hi$. a "he+e1 O$e ha# "

a##&+e "ha" whe$ "he a##cia"i$ i# $" e80lici"' i" i# #"ill 0rbable "ha" "he c$$"a"i$

e8i#"#1

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" "he ca#".&ard1 He i# 0#i$. a# a $e."ia"r a$d &$der#elli$. hi# i$"e$"i$#1 The &#e

! frod i# 0ar" ! "hi# #"ra"e.y' ?Ic # Hr.ar +. &rh r&+$e #e!a$ rd .elra$ h&

he !rd $d .d' !e$d !er#wye .y! hi+ edwe$da$ ae!re #clde beal&wa bi#i.&

b" e!" c&+a$'@ ?I a+ able " Hr"h.ar' !r+ a #0aci&# #0iri"' .i%e c&$#el' hw he

%e$erable a$d .d ca$ %erc+e "he !ie$d' i! !r hi+' he #h&ld wa$" " "&r$ !r+ "he

bale!&l a!!lic"i$' a re+edy " c+e@ (b3(*/b1 Th&.h $" e80lici"' Bew&l! &#e#

frod i$ "he .&i#e ! a c+0li+e$" " cly hi$" a" Hr"h.ar6# ad%a$ced a.e1 The 0e" &#e#

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a$d &$der#"a$di$. hi# rle i$ "he c++&$i"y1 By c+0ari$. "he de+a$d# he ha# a# a



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witan " #&r%i%e1 U$-&ali!ied 0rai#e !r Bew&l! i# 0rble+a"ic1

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a$d hi# abili"y " #&cce##!&lly !ei.$ a$ a##cia"i$ wi"h "he witan de+$#"ra"e# a

re+ar2able ca0aci"y " 0er!r+ "he rle ! "he di0l+a"1 Bew&l! re#l%e# "he c$!lic"

wi"h "he ca#".&ard' a 0"e$"ially %ile$" #i"&a"i$' wi"h di0l+a"ic $e."ia"i$#1 A# "he

0e+ 0r.re##e#' #0eech l#e# i" #"abili"y:

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.rad&ally !all# away' # de# #0eech6# abili"y " re!lec" acc&ra"ely "he wrld "ha"

"he 0e+6# charac"er# e80erie$ce ar&$d "he+1 A #&b.e$re ! #0eech7"he

ba#"7a$d e%ide$ce ! "he re#"ric"ed $a"&re ! h&+a$2i$d6# 2$wled.e 0i$"i$e8rably " "hi# !ac"1(<

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"heir rd. R1E1 a#2e #hw# hw Bew&l! a$d Hr"h.ar are 9&8"a0#ed by "he 0e" "

deli$ea"e "he#e "w wrld %iew#1 S0ea2i$. ! Hr"h.ar:

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hi# leader#hi0 ! "he witan wh !r+ "he +i#"a2e$ 9&d.+e$" ab&" "he

%ile$" ac"i$ be$ea"h "he +ere The de%el0+e$" i$ Hr"h.ar i#

(< B9r2' ?S0eech a# Gi!"'@ /))<1

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0aralleled i$ "he Da$i#h $a"i$1 3a/ientia i# "here i$ .rea" %arie"y: "he

$ble 0rece0" ! Hr"h.ar hi+#el!J c&l"i%a"ed 2$wled.e ! "he 0a#" a$d !

"he ar"# ! #$. i$ Hr"h.ar a$d "he #c0J "he "ac" a$d i$#i.h" !

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i+0re##i$ ! .ray3headed wi#d+ c$"rib&"ed by "he !re-&e$" +e$"i$ !"he witan.(

Thi# ?#a0ie$"ia'@ r wi#d+' re0re#e$"# "he %al&e# ! "he witan ?c&$#el'@

?+&$i!ice$ce'@ ?di0l+acy'@ ?e$d&ra$ce'@ e"c1' a$d' a# a#2e ar.&e#' "he %al&e# ! "he

Da$i#h $a"i$1 Gre$del i# a$ ab$r+ali"y' !r.ed a# "he 2i$ ! Cai$ i$ "he de0"h# !

a$"i-&i"y1 The +$#"er c+e# !r+ "he de0"h# ! "i+e " 0&ll "he Da$e# bac2 i$" "he

0a#"1 Hwe%er' $" e%ery +$#"er i# li2e Gre$del' a$d a# a 2i$.' Bew&l! ca$$" a!!rd

" i.$re "he "ra$#i"i$ ! hi# c&l"&re1

The 0wer!&l i+a.e ! Scyld6# !&$eral ha$.# %er "he $arra"i%e a# #$ a# i" i#

&""ered1 A!"er "he e-&ally 0"e$" de#cri0"i$ ! Bew&l!6# !&$eral a" "he 0e+6# e$d' "he

a&die$ce i# !rced " c$#ider "he c$$ec"i$ be"wee$ "he#e "w 2i$.#1 The 0e" &#e#

Scyld6# !&$eral " e#"abli#h "he di%i#i$ be"wee$ "he c&l"&re ! "he warrir a$d "he c&l"&re

! wi#d+ a" "he be.i$$i$. ! "he #"ry1 The $arra"r de#cribe# Scyld6# !la"i$. "+b'

0iled wi"h "rea#&re a$d ar+r' a$d "he$ #ay#' ?+e$ $e c&$$$ #ec.a$ " #e

#elerde$$e hle &$der he!e$&+ hwa + hl#"e $!e$.'@ ?+e$ ca$$" 2$w' "

#ay "r&"h!&lly' ei"her "he hall c&$#ellr# r "he her# &$der hea%e$' wh recei%ed "ha"

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( a#2e' ?Sa0e$"ia a$d Fr"i"&d'@ <K1



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will re+ai$ &$re#l%ed1 Ul"i+a"ely' a# "he $arra"r #ay#' "he "w #0here# "ha" c&ld

0"e$"ially de"er+i$e "he 0e+6# +ea$i$.' "he #0here ! "he warrir' "he hle,' a$d "he

#0here ! wi#d+' selerdenne ca$$" #hare a 0er#0ec"i%e $ "he i##&e ! le.acy' which

i# le!" &0 " "he a&die$ce " de"er+i$e "hr&.h "he a+bi%ale$ce ! dialec"ic1

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in $hilolo#y' ;l1 ' N1 >&l1' /*: <(3<K1

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N1 ( //: (3</1

Le!ry' A1H1F1 ?The A$.l3Sa8$ ,erid ! E$.li#h Law1@ "he 9ale Law Journal ;l1 (K'

N1 < Feb1' //: (/3)1

Ly$' H1 R1 ?Ge#i"h# a$d The.$# i$ A$.l3Sa8$ E$.la$d !r+ "he Se%e$"h " "he Te$"h

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Date post:	03-Jun-2018
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The Warrior and the Witan

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