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The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder –...

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The Wars of Religion (1560s- 1648)
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Page 1: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

TheWars ofReligion(1560s-1648)

TheWars ofReligion(1560s-1648)

Page 2: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

WarfareWarfare

Page 3: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Aspects of 16th Century Warfare• Gunpowder

– Expensive fortification of cities– Formation of the “Square” with pike and

musket

• Discipline– Expensive– Command and control allowed larger numbers

• War and Destruction– Destruction of enemy land became the rule– Armies lived by pillage

Page 4: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”
Page 5: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

The Catholic Crusade

Philip II

1556-1598

The Catholic Crusade

Philip II

1556-1598

Page 6: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Philip II

• Charles V’s territories (d 1558)– Abdicates, to the secluded Monastery of Yuste

– Spain, Milan, Naples, the Netherlands, and the New World

– Ferdinand (Bro) of Austria receives HRE: Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia

• Sources of Power– Precious metals from the New World– Domination of the Mediterranean

• Esp after 1571

• Resistance to Protestantism– England

Page 7: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

El EscorialEl Escorial

Page 8: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

Page 9: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

Francis I & the Concordat of Bologna Hapsburg/Valois War ends w/ the Treaty of

Cateau-Cambresis in 1559- no threat of invasion.

Henri II (married to Catherine de Medici) was the last powerful Valois

Three weak sons followed: Francis II Charles IX Henri III

Catherine de Medici controlled the sons: Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty

Page 10: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Catherine de MediciCatherine de Medici

Page 11: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War There were two sides:

Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance

Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived Pope’s reaction Philip II’s (Spain) reaction

Page 12: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Page 13: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

War of the Three Henries

• Henri III, ValoisHenri III, Valois

•

•

Henri of Navarre: Henri IVHenri of Navarre: Henri IV

• Henri, Duke of GuiseHenri, Duke of Guise

Page 14: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.

Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.

Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

CatholicLeagueCatholicLeague

ProtestantUnion

ProtestantUnion

CIVILWAR

Page 15: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Page 16: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Ended Spanish interference in France

Converted to Catholicism : Did this to compromise and make

peace Paris is worth a mass. This was an example of politique

[the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]

Fighting for the royal inheritance Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:

Granted religious rights to Huguenots

Did not grant religious freedom for all

Henry IV of FranceHenry IV of France

Page 17: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

The

Thirty Years

War

(1618-1648)

The

Thirty Years

War

(1618-1648)

Page 18: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

1618-16481618-1648

Page 19: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.

At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.

At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened.

Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Page 20: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants. Defenestration of Prague May, 1618

They throw Habsburg officials from a window

Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Page 21: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.

Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria.

Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.

The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Page 22: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Bohemian Phase

Bohemian Phase

Page 23: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy

Roman Empire. Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein

for the army. Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.

Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored to Catholics all lands lost since

1552. Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,

of their religious and political rights.

German princes feared Ferdinand he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629

Page 24: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Danish Phase

Page 25: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Albrechtvon

Wallenstein

Page 26: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support.

Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.

Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was stopped.

German princes still feared Ferdinand II.

Wallenstein was assassinated to appease them.

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

Page 27: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Swedish Phase

Page 28: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

GustavusAdolphus

Page 29: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

France & Sweden switched roles.

All countries in Europe now participated.

This phase was most destructive! German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed famine

resulted. 8 million dead 1/3 of the population

[from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]

Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648

Page 30: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

Page 31: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Political Provisions: Each Ger. prince became free from any kind

of control by the HR Emperor. The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became

officially independent so. part remained a Sp. possession.

Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.

Sweden got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.

Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor Swiss Confederation.

Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.

Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Page 32: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same

privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.

The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Page 33: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Page 34: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

1688-1700

Page 35: The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648). Warfare Aspects of 16 th Century Warfare Gunpowder – –Expensive fortification of cities – –Formation of the “Square”

Many Protestants felt betrayed.

The pope denounced it.

Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!

For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

Monarchs are poised to reassert power.

Nobody Was Happy!Nobody Was Happy!


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