Szepesi, ZoltánThe two hundred year history of the

AMAZING HYDRO-ACOUSTIC WATER MACHINE.The "look deserves POWER PLANT" RECONSTRUCTION

PART II.Esztergom, CASTLE WATER MACHINE AND MONUMENTS

2009

THE CASTLE OF ESZTERGOM AND ITS WATER MACHINE AND MONUMENTS

The two hundred years of history of the amazing water hydro-acoustic equipmentThe "merit watching HPP" Reconstruction

As laymen, we can not and do not even have the courage to argue with archaeologicalcertain areas of research experts and our experts take issue with the findings.However, these findings given the tools of logic, why do not we ourselves may be describedconclusions so that anyone thinking person can draw from? And the thus formedfiles, even if they are different from the "official" scientific researchers' one not necessarily baddespite the fact that available from the same artefact consists.Obviously, the different positions, one of the different conclusions can not stand up to scrutiny.It may be that we have drawn the wrong picture, but this – using the tools of logic - let the dear reader decide for yourself.

The first century of the „amazing water machine”

Figure 1: The view of Esztergom in the XVIth century1

On behalf of the Hungarian National Museum a temporary "protective cover" construction was set up above Esztergom's most important monument called White Tower at the end of last year (2008), instead of the complete reconstruction of it.The ambition of Esztergom municipality to get the "European Heritage" honorary title together with the historical Visegrad heritage of the region is honorable. However, one important condition for obtaining the above mentioned title is to rebuild the White Tower according to diagnostics and physical possession of knowledge of art history, instead of temporary covering of it. Therefore Esztergom's regional planning council produced a computer model based on the silhouette of the White Tower and started a consultation with the local inhabitants about the reconstruction.The "official" standing point is based on Meyerpeck's engraving. According to it the White Tower had a pentangular layout and had huge three-level apartment blocks, and its roof structurewas destroyed.in 1595 during a siege. The original height of the tower is shown only by the remaining remnant chimneys of the tower.In contrast with the „official” standing point, the White Tower that was built on the steep cliffs of the southern part of the Castle could not be a living-tower because of military aspects. The contemporary military engineer constructors were aware of its vulnerabilities from the opposite St. Thomas Mount.In 1542 Mihaly Poor, who was released from a the 16-year-old Turkish imprisonment mentioned during his personally identifiable testimony: "The St. Thomas mountain had crevices, from which they wanted to degrade the mountains using gunpowder." He also said that "he knows very well the water-castle called Werpecz, and there is a large, wooden stairs go down into it where there is a wheel, which is driving up the water from the Danube into the dungeon. "2 It is obvious that such an inable idea as to the deterioration of the mountain, have been born only to increase the protection of the citadel!According to Figure 1. on the southern battlement of he Castle Hill a three-storey cannon tower (rondella) was built, and from its focal axis the chimney of thought rose out, but in fact it was the

two-storey White Tower itself. Figure 1. shows not the traces of the Turkish siege in 1595, but that of in 1543-th year. From the fortress on St. Thomas Mount, called Tepedelen (head punch) the cannon firing of the Turks destroyed the Metropolitan Cathedral, to which Janos Vitez attached a library offered to the honor of St. Adalbert in 1465. The library was built according to the model from Kassa (Kosice), and it was covered by fire-resistant glazing tiles.As an effect of Turkish artillery fire a part of the vault of the church collapsed, and the large part of St. Stephen's Chapel was destroyed. The portico of the Cathedral remains clearly recognizable on the east side, and this fact is well separated from the official standing point by which the White Tower was destroyed together with its tent roof structure. The remains of tent roof structure is absent.We think, however, if the tower had actually suffered serious injuries then the contemporary chroniclers would have mentioned it in same details as they did it in the case of the Cathedral. As stated by the Turkish travelers and Western envoys said, the Castle was essentially intact when it got into the hands of the Turks in 1543, and so - in our opinion - the White Tower is still in its original beauty on the engravement.The official position is that the tower was pentangular, but the Western Citadel sides of the XVI. century engraving (knowing the east side view as well) shows that the rondella should have been a semi-circular, octagonal structure.Not arguing with the official opinion just for the sake of historical accuracy we mention Balazs Orban's book „Transylvania (Selections)”4. One can learn from his article the White Tower of Brasov in details, that is very similar to Esztergom's one, and that is a half-circle shaped (Fig. 2). The very significant difference between the two towers, that the Brasov one is a four-storey building, which is a single-storey tower was built on. Both tower got its name from their whitewashed walls. The width of Brasov rondella completely identical to those of the Esztergom, which, according to Balazs Orban is 22 steps. The Brasov fortress-storey block was built without a pitched roof, which "... as engaged in the chronicle of the wall, this fortress tower was built in 1494, and in fact is a remarkable instance of King Matthias' era, and it is one of the most amazing and powerful pattern of military architecture "The „hood” that was built last year instead of the original Tower - in our opinion by – would have been unnoticed, if the same building solutions had been applied by the builders as they were applied on the east side of the tower roofs is seen. They are beautiful and easy to fit in with the natural face of the citadel, just opposite to a "garden house" for a reminder, wooden-decorated buildingsbut.Comparing to the fundamentally different views it is obvious by logic, that one of the conclusions does not stand up to scrutiny. It may be, of course, that we have outlined in the picture blame, but comparing the two engravings of White Towers decide the Honourable reader.

Figure 2: The view of Brasov in the XVIIIth century5

Further investigating the landscape of Esztergom seen on Figure 1., and not arguing the official statement, just as a fact what is being treated, the at the entrance(?) of the mill-rook, where the amazing water-machine was, the minaret of the ŐzicseliHádsi Ibrahim mosque is visible.It is clear that the mosque was built not in the XVIIth. century, but long before it. You should find out when this beautiful Turkish mosque and the minaret were built, which are known demolished in the course of clearing away the ruins in the XVIIIth century.Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent led his military arena in 1543 for the sixth time in the Hungarian army. The main army arrived in Buda on 23 July. The Sultan's almost first action was to send the begler beg of Buda immediately against Esztergom, and on 26th, the main army was departing, too."... The strength that was defending by also the nature, and that caused so much trouble to the Turkish troops have advanced toward Vienna in the previous period, 1500-1600 workforce of Italian, Spanish and German mercenaries and joined by smaller Hungarian forces defended. The Turkish guns set up against the castle on the St. Thomas Mount and on the island in the Danube damaged the walls soon, so the defenders had to build inner fortifications, such as the Turks saw the inner castle courtyard, and rifle fire on the defenders hurled. When the Sultan of partial seizures started, the defenders of seven to eight hours of fighting back the waves of attacking forces, and even besides the water tower broke out successfuly and made 12 ships sunk, hundreds of Turks were killed. "6

We searched a lot the building named "Roman open fountain" or even a "water reservoir" that was called in the work of the contemporary chronicler simply and very accurately „water tower”. Based on the above it is clear that – opposite to the official opinion - the Small-gate, or, as Celebi mentions the Small-gate (Kücük-gate) was built not by the Turks, but by the Hungarians. The white marble gate was simply built into the thin wall of the mill-rook protecting the water machine in 1230 year

by Pal Vardai Archbishop. You do not have to be an archaeologist to see the big differences between the gates made by Hungarian stonecutter masters according to the needs of the Turkish ribbed doors and the Hungarian doors. The Small-gate was seriously damaged during the battles against the Turks, and the façade of it had to be re-built after giving up the castle.As it was mentioned earlier in our other work of the history of the amazing water machine, early morning on August 8 - because of betrayal, the foreign mercenaries castle's defenders opened the door to let in some of the enemy - the Turks conquered the citadel including the water works. The citadel was left without water. As the cavalry came from nowhere to help Esztergom the defense and,free withdrawal in return gave the castle to the Sultan on August 10..

Figure 3: The well covered by board panel, ie functional water tower and Verpech source of natural stone resource reservation, is also the base of the tower

The attentive reader may have noticed that the beautiful engraving on Figure 1. does not show any loopholes of the fortress built in. The reason of it is that the artist produced engraving protested in this way against the loss of the castle, so the gate was not even worthy to commemorate the betrayal for future generations. A similar fate befell the St. Thomas hill and the citadel surrounded mountains. The Tepedelen (head punch) to the fortress and smashed cannon fire is also greatly contributed to the loss of Castle Hill. However, the section shows the Port gate (or Water Gate), which according to the official opinion was built only at the end of the century, and it was builtclose to the present-day Kossuth Bridge abutment of the Small Danube.10

The millrook separeted from the Watertown and the gateway to the west of that of Esztergom-sectional view of the 'deserve watching Hidro Power Plant (HPP)" will be discussed in more detail in connection with its operation.In 1566 Miklos Zrinyi captain of Szigetvar defended it against the huge outnumbered troops of Sultan Suleiman. When they saw the hopeless fight they broke out the castle, and they died in the battle.The old sultan died from a disease two days before the fall of Szigetvar. To the besieging Turks combat troops morale is not kinked, the mourning news was kept secret until the day of victory. Then a glorious mosque was built to the Sultan's commemorate, whose minaret and the mihrab

alcove-part can still be seen on the main square of Szigetvár. With the death of the Sultan the Ottoman empire ended together with the XVIth century essentially.The obituary overwhelmed the Ottoman warriors lived in Esztergom. To tribute to the memory of the Great Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent an andesit board carved in Arabic-inscribed placed above to the Small-gate on the thin wall of the mill-rook on the Danube views for the victory. Evlia Celebi also writes about this Small-gate when he was going inside the gate upwards (north direction) in the inner castle and reports about the amazing mashine that elevates water by wheels. It is almost a miracle of nature that the main drift-line of the Danube in this section throughout the length of 2 kilometers is going on exactly in a northerly direction.It is a good reason to believe that, like in Szigetvar, the mosque of Özicseli Hadsi Ibrahim was built in Esztergom in the late 1560's, whose minaret is recognizable on the sixteenth century engraving. It is not life-like that after 40-50 years later of the death of Sultan such form of memory would have been built.

Figure 4: Suleiman the Great and the Arabic-inscribed stone tablets of the treason-gate façade

The second senctury of the amazing water-machineThe Christian army attempted to oust the Turks from the city and the castle in 1594. Theyoccupied the royal city during the siege, but they failed with the citadel and the Watertown. In 1595 the royal army marched nearly 40,000-strong army siege of Esztergom. The Ottoman historian Ibrahim Pecsevi who fought among the the defenders during the more than two-month siege wrote: I remember that "even big hills can not stand against such gunfire, so that is the wonders of the Prophet that such a small castle of Esztergom could do it.”9 Pecsevi was the one from whom we have already read about the amazing water machine, and we presented it in our former writing. The historian writes about the machine "It was a wonderful invention. The mass of water is lead into the bastions and cascaded on a spinning drum, which cheeses up the water automatically to the castle, with a mixed noise and a sight that, 'that made a man crazy.' "During the siege of Archduke Matthias in 1594 even the St. Stephen the Martyr Church was not spared, "Turks used the church as a gunpowder store by shrewd calculation. The destructive effects of guns was so strong that the church and one of the towers of the cathedral has become ruins slowly."3 The Watertown, however, is unable to penetrate. In this battle Balint Balassa was mortally wounded.

The siege of Watertown continued by the leadership of Charles Mansfeld in 1595. During the exchange of fire they hit brick channel of the amazing water machine near to the Verpech source causing the machine to stop immediately. The citadel residents were left without water.Although the well "behind the palace, under the beautiful marble colonnade" carved approximately 70 meters deep (36 fathoms = 67 m) in the rock of the mountain gave some water, but it was not enough for the inhabitants of the citadel. The fate of Esztergom's Castle's was decided, and on 3 September, the Turks – for free retreat - almost completely abandoned the ruined castle.As „sideliners” we monitored suspensefully the archaeological work in the millrook. We had the first impression, that the amazing water machine water supply system has not suffered a significant injury over the centuries. Then, as the excavation progressed, it became more-and-more clear to us, as lay persons, that the water supply system had a very serious physical damage in 1595 during the siege.

Figure 5.: Larch logs to improve the stability and to strengthen the bank against the damage caused by cannon fire, and the hydrogeological effect of summer flooding of the river

Out of the water-conducting channel and the pressure vessel, the inner cover of the Verpech source built of natural stone damaged, as well. The water of the water source effused under the damaged cistern washing out the rammed earth filling, which formed the basis of the brick aqueduct. The larch logs were used as a wall around the damaged resource reservation. However, the newly constructed main base bank had not enough stability for the new channel. Therefore – as a leader archaeologist said - a metal plate was placed on the basis to increase its stability. To build the channel and to divert the source of water to the (water reservoir) water tower as soos as possible, they did not pay enough attention - perhaps deliberately, or even directly – to rebuild the connection between the collateral drainage channel and the pressure vessel. Though they stopped the direct water supply of the amazing water machine during operation, but its function was not compromised.The reconstructed water-conducting channels ensured the operation of the hydro-acoustic amazing water-powered machine during approximately eighty years, till 1670's. We hope, that the electro-microscopic examination of the excavated iron plate will provide highly accurate data on the blown-up of the water supply system.During the archaeological excavations – out of the collateral water-conducting channel – accordung to the preliminary plans almost all of the water supply system was dismantled. The izolating wall of Verpech source was also damaged, so it was no longer able to hold back the appearing thermal water. An other brick water duct was also demolished. This duct led the water from the source to a waterwork that served water to the construction of the Basilica in 1820. The water abstraction well was built in north, outside of the main gate of the fort. Since draining of the source water towards the Danube was not insured, the level of thermal water became higher and higher in the Mill Bastion. And during the summer floods of the Danube the water level and its pressure rose, and

together with the accumulated thermal water the inner space of the Mill Bastion was completely flooded. The following pictures were taken one day after the tidal wave peaking. Even the traces of the highest level can be seen on the thin side walls. The wall around the source was probably isolated well again, as the the Bastion is dry now.

Figure 6.: The hydrogeological effect of summer river flooding on the excavating areas of the Mill Bastion.

The reconstruction of the "merit watching HPP"

We can read in the Royal Geographical Dictionary of Esztergom city tutorial written in Elek Fenyes in 1851: "jewel of the castle are the houses of great masters and a water power plant that deserves watching. "11 Another, writing and presenting the town says: "There is a water engine at the north bank of the Danube below the castle, which was planted by Rudnay Archduke-Primate in 1822 according to the plan of Janos Swoboda, which is used horse power to push water from the bed of the Danube through a 178 feet of pipe to the thousand ako (1 ako = 54 liter) water container being 340 feet high. The horses pumped up 200 ako water an hour. However, horses were changed for a steam engine six years before, so pumping up became faster than earlier. This machine supplies the whole castle and its houses with sufficient water. "We found a very detailed description and precise technical information of "that look worthy HPP" in Adolf Kunike's paper from 1826.12

(...)In 1543 because of the Turkish invasion the chapter moved to Nagyszombat (Tyrnau) of the county of Bratislava, while the seat of the Archbishop moved to Bratislava, but both of them was put back to Esztergom by the the current Imperial Primate and Archbishop of Esztergom Sandor Rudnay in 1820. The current Archbishop of Esztergom is, however, also the Empire Archbishop, which dignity was procured by Christian August Duke of Saxony, as a former Archbishop of Esztergom in from IV. Emperor Charles for any successor of the archbishop in 1716.The castle is suffering from lack of water. So the current Archbishop, Sandor Rudnay made a waterworks with a great financial effort, and with a really great and beneficial purpose, and it was first activated in 1822nd November 22. This unique preparation, structure and efficiency of the hydraulic machine was prepared by Janos Swoboda, who was the director-in-general of the Royal Hungarian Agriculture. It consists of four metallic roller pump, each of them is 3 ½ inches in diameter and a 24-inch threaded suction and discharge station, where because of the high vertical

travel on each pump piston cylinder a pair of interacting balance arm is positioned, similarly to the steam engines. The pipe made of cast-iron in 2 ½ inches in diameter run in a brick gutter from the machine until the water tank with 1000 ako capacity. The pipe was fixed to reinforced oak pettitoes. This machine absorbs water even from the lowest water level of the Danube i. e. from a depth of 23 feet and pushed up to a height of 155 feet, to the container on the mountain, so the pump performance extends up to a height of 178 feet. The pipeline length is 340 feet. The four key cranks, the driving-gear and the wheel pin (the last two are cone-like shaped) can be operated on 2 horses easily. In this way 200 ako water can be risen in an hour from the Danube onto the mountain. This amount of water covered abundantly the needs of not only the Prince Primate residence (the first floor), but also that of the homes on the slope of the mountain and their gardens. (…)Our first task is suring the reconstruction of the water machine course to fit the metrics of units of the above cited description to the today's standard SI unit system. May be, we could find the technical design documentation in one of the contemporary archives, but we still enjoyed reading the above described specifications of the HPP. This description is sufficient in all aspects to reconstruct the technical documentation of the structure of the water machine.

Figure 7.: The dimensioned arrangement scheme of the merit watching HPP

The parts of the water machine

1 power-cylinder with the piston, 2 suction pipe, 3 pressure pipe, 4 foot-valve, 5 manual uploaderpipe, 6 seeder (uploader) pressure pipe connected to the pressure pipe, 7 vent screw, 8 mechanism of balance arms acting on each-other, 9 pinion gearing

Figure 8.: The picture of the model made according to the reconstructed layout sketch

The operation and conditions

A decreased amount of the thermal water of the Verpech-source was intraduced through a brick vaulted drainage passage into a well in the northern corner of the Waterfort. They formed a 70 cm deep sedimentation basin by interposing a threshold approximately at the half distance of 20 m, so the spring-water could get into the well only leaving that basin and then flowing over a weir. Theabstraction well was so deep, that it was deeper with at least more than 2 meter than the lowest water level of the Danube, so the spring-water and the Danube-water that was leaking through the ground-pebbles were mixed and were collected. Every geodesic data belonging to the water machine were determined from this minimum water level. For instance they determined refering to that minimum water level the value of the Hgsz (geodetic suction height) as 23 inches (7.26 m), which measure is broadly consistent with the practical experience. Similarly Hgsz + Hgny = HGE (geodesic suction height + geodesic pressure height = geodesic lifting height), i.e. 23 inches + 155 inches = 178 inches (7.26 m + 49 m = 56.26 m), this measure also refers to that minimum water level.It is clear for an engineer that the pressure supplied by the pump which is called Hman manometric lifting height, must be increased with the amount of the (inlet and outlet) flow losses:

Hman = HGE + hv mThe piston pumps force out liquids during a pressure stroke, creating any large pressure is required for this. Therefore the water flow per unit of time is independent of the lifting height. A pump characterized by Qx flow gives approximately Qx amount of water on any height. Of course, the greater the lifting height the pump requires more power. The relationship between the water flow and the lifting height is commonly represented by a so called Q – H curve in a coordinate system. The piston pumps are usually called stiffness characteristics machines because of their nearly constant fluid transport capacity.Generally it can be said that the pumps can only be placed into service when the intake manifold vented. In the case of the watch worthy water machine being a four-cylinder piston pump it was done in that way, that at the first run they pored water manually from a kettle into the manual uploader pipe(5) until bubble-free water was coming out through the open vent screw (7). The foot

valve (4) blocked the flow of the filled water from flowing down into the well. After closing the vent screw the pump was ready to go. If the venting of a single cylinder became necessary in the course of operation, it might have been carried out through the seeder (uploader) pipe (6) connected to the pressure pipe (3).As the idea of the operation of the piston pumps are still the same as it was in the case of historical ones, we use the present tense grammatically to describe the operation.The pistons in the cylinder (1) are in reciprocating motion. When a piston is moving towards the upper dead center position the space volume increases and the pressure drops, so the external atmospheric pressure presses water through the suction pipe into the reduced pressure space. The cylinders are coupled by the balance arms (8) in pairs, so the direction of movement of the paired cylinders is opposite to each-another, therefore while one cylinder is in the suction pace its pair is in a pressing-out pace. Since the connecting-rods on the pinion gearing (9) are at 90 º to each-other, while the pistons of one pair of cylinder are at the dead points, the pistons of the other pair of the cylinder are staying just in the middle of the stroke. So it is understandable that during a rotation of the engine crankshaft a 1-3 - 4 - 2 pressing-out sequence takes place.The changes of water velocity in a discharge pipe during a stroke is used to graph as a function of angular displacement of the crank mechanism. Such a diagram shows the changes of the flow in the pipeline and called pulsations diagram. The following diagram shows the pulsations diagram of the look worthy HPP. The percentage differences (δ%) between the Qmax and Qmin work flow values of the one-side operated, four-cylinder pump is 32.5%.

Figure 9: Pulsations diagram of the four-cylinder piston pump.

When testing the flow one can accept that increasing the number of the pistons of a pump the number of the strong pressure amplitude also increases, and an increase in the frequency of the pressure peaks the operation of the pump will be smoother. In order to achieve a more smooth-running fluid transport odd number of pistons (for example, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 11-piston) are used as a standard. The pulsation of the flow both in the suction pipe and in the discharge pipe can be reduced greatly by built-in air-containers. However, these structural elements of piston pumps appeared only in the XXth century because of technical reasons (for example the lack of the compressors and so the lack of the compressed air).Discussion of this topic will allow us to investigate the operation of the amazing hydro-acoustic water machine. Instead of using many air-containers we think, that the smooth operation of the amazing hydro-acoustic water machine was achieved by droping brass balls on the top of the air-bell, so the shock wave due to the strong voice of awakening made the amazing HPP”s operation similar to that of pistons. Optionally, the increase of compression height can be achieved by increasing the volume of the sound. The physical low, that increasing the volume of sounds causes the increase of the speed of the sound or the speed of its shock wave was clear to the genius scientists of the XVth century. A shockwave may produce up to the 2000 m /s sound speed when an explosive charge is started.

The crab (rolling wheel) of the amazing water machine had segments for 7 lifting balls. That means that the crab drops seven bronze balls onto the top of the pressure vessel during a rotation, that results in a pulsations diagram of a 7 reciprocating pump. The percentage differences (δ%) between the Qmax and Qmin work flow values of the one-side operated, seven-cylinder pump is only 2.5%.

Figure 10: Pulsations diagram of the seven-cylinder piston pump.

Our watch worthy pump was driven by horses. The engraves below do not show the machine in Esztergom, but they demonstrate two forms of driving in general. We have not found data when the water machine in Esztergom was rebuilt from horse-driven to steam-driven,From the fact that steam engines were rapidly spreading in our country in 1820's we assume that the construction of the drive was rebuilt at the beginning of 30's. It is well known that a large race began in European countries among scientists and technicians on turn of the century to balance England's industrial and economical advance with the introduction of the steam engine. Many people traveled to England that despite Napoleon's command smuggle out the documents describing the structure of the steam engine. According to the records about 5,000 working steam engine was in England in 1810.

Figure 11: Horse-driven transporter in a mine and a ball-and-chain pump

The "brick sewer" located between Castle Hill Reservoir and the engine room, in which the 2 ½-inch diameter cast-iron pipe attached to iron-fortified oak legs run, can be determined by Kunike's description and by the possession of some knowledge of location. The water tank capacity was 1000 ako, the pipeline length of 340 feet.

Figure 12: The traces of water-powerhouse location, the gateway to the west of the fort and the canal

The pictures above may show that both the water engine room as well as a mountain guidebrick masonry drain of the water was built out of the north wall of the Waterfort. The monolithic concrete bridge beams built into the wall of the fort and the retrofitted brickwork beneath of it are also highly visible.. The definite contour likely preserves the former size of the motor housing. One can also see the gateway of the Fort opens to the west, that is shown on every sections about Esztergom, too. Though the foliage of trees and undergrowth on the hill are trying to hide from us the former rail tracks, one can see the three vent-windows of the brick sewer. The water pipe connected to the 1000 ako capacity water tank inside the NW rondella.An unknown geographical description of the water reservoir said: "The castle dungeon, which was paved with square stones, and used currently as a lime-pit lies on the south side of the cathedral. Above the river in the northern Cape is still a building, which served as barrack house for architectural officers. The Archbishops Palace was on the left,of the Basilica, that is on north and faced to the Danube river"14

Kunike's paper also mentions that the watching worthy HPP covered abundantly the water needs of the Archbishop's residence (till the first floor) and that of the flats and gardens on the mountain slope facing to the Danube.

Figure 13: The Residence (Old seminar) and the flats of former prebend building

The conversion of old units used in this paper to SI units

1 inch = 0,02634 m,................................................................26,34 mm;1 foot = 0,316 m, ........................................................................316 mm;1 ako = 0, 0543 m3, ......................................................................54,3 l.

The power and efficiency of the historical water machine

Characteristical data:

H gsz : …………. 7,26 m; .....................ØD : 3 ½ ich, ……. 92,19 mm,H gny : ………… 49 m; .......................Ødny: 2,5 inch, ……. 65,85 mm;H ge : ………… 56,26 m;....................….s : 24 inch, …….. 632,16 mm;Hman = Hge + hv ...~ 56,26 m; ............... Q : 200 ako/hour = 10,86 m3/h = 0,00387 m3/s;The length of the pressure pipe: l = 340 foot = 107,44 m, cross-section: Any = 0,0034 m2 ;

Data: cross-section of a piston:.............................. A = 0,00667 m2 ;theoretical ability of transportation: ............Qe = A · s = 0,00421 m3 ;the number of useful strokes on 1 rotation:..... i = 4 1/rotation, i.e. (in = 1 1/s);the number of rotation of the water machine: (0,003 / 0,01684):... n = 0,1781 1/s, i.e. 10,68 1/min ;volumetric loss in one cylinder:........... ηv = 0,92 ;

The real ability of transportation of a cylinder of the suction-pump: Q = A · s · in · ηv = 0,00387 m3/s;The speed of water current in the pressure pump: v = Q / Any = 0,00421 / 0,0034 = 1,238 m / s,

this value widely serves the purpose even of the present-day standards. It is entitled to suppose, that the diameter of the suction pipe was 3 ½ inch, this value ensured the speed of the water current being below 1 m/s .The useful power of the suction pump: Ph = Q · ς · g · Hman = 2136 W ;The power according to the contemporary standards: Ph = 2,136 · 1,36 = 2,9 HRP

The resultant efficiency of the suction pump: - hidraulic efficieny: ηh = 0,95 ;- volumetric efficiency: ηv = 0,92 ;- mechanical efficiency: ηm = 0,9 ;ηö = ηh · ηv · ηm = 0,786 ;

The power needs of the suction pump: Pt = Ph / ηö = 2136 / 0,786 = 2717 W = 2,717 kWThe power needs of the suction pump according to the contemporary standards: Pt = 2,717 · 1,36 = 3,695 HRP

Do not be surprised by this relatively high value of the needs of power, since the modifying factors torque ratios before the pinion gearing (9) were not evaluated. We built a worm-wheel drive with the change to 7:1 in the driving-gear of the model. The alternating movement of the balance arms acting on each others and that of the driving arms connecting to the pistons is very spectacular. It really worth of its honorable title "watching deserving HPP ", which praises the work of engineer Janos Swoboda. Our purpose of the reconstruction work of the water machine - as in the case with its amazing happened - was to do the best based on the descriptions what we found and and on the professional knowledge that we possessed. The dear reader can decide wether this effort has been successful.

Figure 14: The residential buildings of the Waterfort seeing from the NW edge of the rondella on

the Castle Hill

Figure 15: The view of the Water Castle from the rondella

The creative work of archbishop Sandor Rudnay has been preserved not only by the Basilica, by the Old-seminar or by the northern prebendal homes, but by the reconstruction of the tunnel had been dug by Primate Barkoczi. "As the tunnel connecting the great city to the Gyorgy-fields was found very narrow, it was turned into an archbishopric cellar."(...) „The length of this new tunnel was 50 fathoms (94.8 m) and its width of 5 ° 5'1 "(?), height 5 º 3'2" (?). It was commonly called the Great Gate, and it had large benefits, and it was one of the jewels of the castle. A brass ornament above columns located at the south entrance proclaims subtitles of the creator ".14

The geographic description mentioned above is from the page 295 of the repeatedly cited, giving very rich and interesting multitude of information, but for us unknown source. However, the width and height data given in scales simply can not be interpreted, the markings of plane angle (degrees, minutes and seconds) can not be used in this case. To learn and to publish the correct data of the width and height of the gate and that of the tunnel we measured them by a measuring tape, and interviewed the experts working on the renovation of the tunnel. According to our measurements the large gate width of 5.75 m and a height of 9 m. The width of the tunnel is 7.2 m, the height of the arch of it is 12 m. The inscription placed above the entrance, and the dear Reader can read the text on the picture below.Nobody knows that when and why the name of the tunnel entrance changed from Great Gate to Dark Gate, but (we think very likely) we can speculate only. (Honouring the work of the reconstructors we show only the facade of Dark Gate.)

Figure 16: Archbishop Sandor Rudnay and the inscription saying his glory

The real masterpiece of Cardinal Sandor Rudnay, however, the Basilica of Esztergom, the Hungarian „Hill of Zion” that he built with unrelenting love.The purpose of his work was formulated by our renowned architect Jozsef Hild in such a way that the basilica "is a sight to provide a harmonious creations of the human spirit holy awe at first sight to see."15

The gold letters in Latin inscription in the tympanum of our nation's largest church proclaim theglory of the four primate builders of the XIXth till the end of the world that:„CAPUT, M ATER ET MAGISTRA ECCLESIARUM HUNGARIAE”"The head, mother and teacher of churches in Hungary"

Notes

(1) Fáy Zoltán: Elveszett aranyakTanulmányok a késő középkortól a kora újkorig (Kapisztrán Szent János)(Magyar Nemzet Magazin 2009. március 8.)Zoltán Fáy: Lost goldsStudies from the late middle ages till the early new ages (János Kapisztrán the Saint) (Magyar Nemzet Magazin 2009. március 8.) ((It is an appendix of a newspaper))

(2) Détshy Mihály: A hódoltság előtti Esztergom egy vallomás tükrében (1983. II. kötet 413. oldal)Mihály Détshy: Esztergom before the thraldom in a mirror of a confession (1983. 2nd Volume, p. 413.)

(3) Krey János: Az esztergomi vár erődítésének és közvetlen környékének alap – és helyszínrajza 1756János Krey: Plotting and ground plan of the lines and the proximate sorroundings of the castle of Esztergom 1756

(4) Orbán Balázs: A Székelyföld (Válogatás)Európai Könyvkiadó Budapest 1985 (446-447 oldal)Balázs Orbán: The Transylvania (Winnowing)Európa Publisher Budapest 1985 (p 446-447)

(5) Makai László, Mócsy András: Erdély története(Első kötet) A kezdetektől 1606-ig, Akadémiai Kiadó Budapest 1988 (368. oldal)László Makai, András Mócsy: History of Transylvania(1st Volume) From the beginning till 1606. Akadémia Publisher Budapest 1988 (p. 368)

(6) Borus József: Magyarország hadtörténeteA Honfoglalástól a Kiegyezésig (175. oldal)

Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó 1955József Borus: The military history of HungaryFrom the settlements of the Magyars in Hungary till conciliation (p. 175)Zrínyi Military Publisher 1955

(7) Tóth Pál, Czeglédi Zsolt: Magyarország gyöngyszemei (Tóth Könyvkereskedés Kiadó Krz. Debrecen)Pál Tóth, Zsolt Czeglédy: Pearls of Hungary (Tóth Bokkstore Publisher, Debrecen)

(8) Pach Zsigmond Pál: Magyarország története 1526-1686Akadémiai Kiadó Budapest 1987Zsigmond Pál Pach: History of Hungary 1526-1686Akadémia Publisher Budapest 1987

(9) Dr.Bárdos István: Esztergomi séták (Escort Tourist Bt. 2007)Dr. István Bárdos: Walks in Esztergom (Escort Tourist Ltd. 2007)

(10) Horváth István, H. Kelemen Márta, Torma István: Magyarország régészeti topográfiája (5. kötet)István Horváth, Márta H. Kelemen, István Torma: Archeological topography of Hungary (5th Volume)

(11) Fényes Elek: Magyarország geográfiai szótára I. kötet,PESTEN, 1851.Elek Fényes: Geographical dictionary of Hungary. 1st Volume,in Pest, 1851.

(12) Adolf Kunike: Jacob Alt metszeteit leíró német forrás fordítása (Bécs, 1826)Translation of a German source-string Adolf Kunike's description about Jacob Alt's engravings (Vienna, 1826)

(13) Dr. Látrányi Jenő – Dr. Zalka András: Dugattyús szivattyúk és hidromotorokA BUDAPESTI MŰSZAKI EGYETEM MÉRNÖKI TOVÁBBKÉPZŐ INTÉZETEBUDAPEST 1982Dr. Jenő Látrányi, Dr. András Zalka: Piston suction-pumps and hydromotorsEngineer Training Institute of Polytechnic Budapest 1982

(14) Számunkra ismeretlen kiadású geográfiai szótár 295. oldalGeographical dictionary. For us unknown publisher, p. 295.

(15) Emlékkönyv az esztergomi bazilika felszentelésének 150. évfordulója alkalmából (Budapest, 2006)Szerkesztette: BEKE MARGIT (SZENT ISTVÁN TÁRSULAT az Apostoli Szentszék Könyvkiadója)Memory book of the consacration of the basilica of Esztergom at its 150. year anniversary (Budapest 2006)Editor: Margit Beke (Saint Stephen Association, Publisher of Apostolate Holy see)

Appendix

The north side of the Verpech tower and the remnants of the demolished bricked water duct toward the well of the water intake

The north-east side of the rondella seen from the east. The 1000 ako (about 55 m3) cistern of the worth watching HPP placed in the tower (under the Millennium Memorial).