The World After World War II

AP World History

United Nations• April 1945, representatives

of 50 countries, including the United States, adopted the charter for the United Nations, an organization dedicated to cooperation in solving international problems.

Conflicting Postwar Goals

American GoalsAmerican Goals•Wanted conquered European nations to

experience the democracy and

economic opportunity that the United

States had fought for during the war

•Wanted to develop strong capitalist

economies, which would provide good

markets for American products

Soviet GoalsSoviet Goals•Wanted to rebuild Europe in ways that

would help the Soviet Union recover from the huge losses it suffered

during the war

•Wanted to establish Soviet satellite

nations, countries subject to Soviet domination and

sympathetic to Soviet goals

•Wanted to promote the spread of communism

throughout the world

Soviets Tighten Their HoldCommunist

Expansion in Eastern Europe

• Albania and Bulgaria

• Czechoslovakia

• Hungary • Romania• East

Germany• Yugoslavia

Iron Curtain Speech•1946 •Fulton Missouri•Statement clearly describing existing situation

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in

the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has

descended across the continent."

Truman Doctrine•March 12, 1947

•Greece and Turkey in danger of falling to communist insurgents

•Truman requested $400 million from Congress in aid to both countries.

•Successful effort

Marshall Plan•On June 5, U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall

–proposes a massive aid program to rebuild Europe from the ravages of World War II. (don’t make the same mistakes as WWI)

•Nearly $13 billion in U.S. aid was sent to Europe from 1948 to 1952.

–The Soviet Union and communist Eastern Europe decline U.S. aid, citing "dollar enslavement."

America develops a policy of containment

• accepted the fact that Eastern Europe was under Communist control, but sought to prevent Communist governments from forming elsewhere in the world.

• The Truman Doctrine, which applied the principles of containment, stated that the United States would support free peoples who resist attempted conquest. The Truman Doctrine was first applied in the cases of Greece and Turkey.

Berlin!• As part of the

postwar division of Germany, the city of Berlin, located in Communist East Germany, was divided into West Berlin (capitalist) and East Berlin (Communist).

Berlin! • In response, Allied nations began the Berlin airlift, which delivered thousands of tons of food and other supplies to West Berlin via air.

• Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a focal point of Cold War conflict.

•In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to West Berlin through East Germany,

creating a blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to the city.

2.3 million tons of relief supplies.2.3 million tons of relief supplies.

NATONATO•Soviet vetoes prevent the U.N. Soviet vetoes prevent the U.N. from resolving many postwar from resolving many postwar problems – U.S. needs help problems – U.S. needs help defending against communismdefending against communism•The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in April 1949.•In joining NATO, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European nations pledged to support one another against attack, a principle known as collective security.•In response, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations.

Nuclear Destruction?•In September 1949, the Soviet Union successfully tests an atomic bomb.

•In response, the United States began developing the even more powerful hydrogen bomb, reestablishing itself as the world’s leading nuclear power.

•The newly formed Federal Civil Defense Administration distributed information on how to survive a nuclear attack;

Communist Takeover in Czechoslovakia

• Feb. 1948• Key members of Czech

gov’t die mysteriously

• Pro-western President forced to resign, new constitution ratified– Complete takeover by Czech

communists

People’s Republic of China!People’s Republic of China!• Civil war breaks out in 1920sCivil war breaks out in 1920s

• During World War II, During World War II, competing factions in China competing factions in China cooperate, but fighting cooperate, but fighting resumes near end of the war.resumes near end of the war.

• At first, the United States At first, the United States supported Nationalist leader supported Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi against Communist Jiang Jieshi against Communist Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong.

• 1949 – Creation of the PRC and 1949 – Creation of the PRC and signing of the Sino-Soviet signing of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance. and Mutual Assistance.

• Nationalists flee to Taiwan!Nationalists flee to Taiwan!

Korea!• World War II ends with no plan for

Korean independence from Japan.• temporarily divided at the thirty-eighth

parallel, the latitude line running through approximately the midpoint of the peninsula.

• A pro-American government formed in South Korea, while a Communist government formed in North Korea.• On June 25, North Korean communist

forces cross the 38th parallel and invade South Korea.

• Following the U.S.’s lead, the U.N. Security Council condemns the invasion and est’d a 15-nation fighting force.

• Chinese troops enter the conflict by year's end.

• Cease fire eventually brings war to close by 1953

The Cold War in the 1950sUnited States involvement around the United States involvement around the

world, 1947–1956world, 1947–1956• Eastern EuropeEastern Europe — Wary of war with — Wary of war with

the Soviets, America did not the Soviets, America did not support uprisings in East Germany, support uprisings in East Germany, Poland, and Hungary.Poland, and Hungary.

• Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia — Korean War ends; — Korean War ends; former French colony of Vietnam is former French colony of Vietnam is divided into Communist North and divided into Communist North and anti-Communist South.anti-Communist South.

• Middle EastMiddle East — United States — United States supports Israel, backs groups that supports Israel, backs groups that restore a pro-American Shah in Iran; restore a pro-American Shah in Iran; the Suez Crisis in Egypt erupts.the Suez Crisis in Egypt erupts.

• Latin AmericaLatin America — Organization of — Organization of American States (OAS) is created; American States (OAS) is created; American aid helps anti-Communist American aid helps anti-Communist leaders gain and retain power.leaders gain and retain power.

• Deterrence

The Arms Race• U.S. and U.S.S.R. compete in an

nuclear arms race, a struggle to gain weapons superiority.

• Deterrence, the policy of maintaining a military arsenal so strong that no enemy will attack for fear of retaliation, resulted in the escalating development of powerful nuclear weapons.

• To carry bombs to their targets, the Soviet Union developed long-range rockets known as intercontinental ballistic missiles, or ICBMs.

• In 1957, one of these rockets was used to launch the Soviet satellite Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth.

• Space Race to put weapons in space and to just show superiority!

1959 - Castro takes power•January 1, 1959 leftist forces under Fidel Castro overthrow Fulgencio Batista

•Castro nationalizes the sugar industry and signs trade agreements with the Soviet Union.

•The next year, Castro seizes U.S. assets on the island.

•Introduction of Communism – 90 miles from American shores!

1961 – Berlin Wall•Large numbers of East Germans are fleeing Large numbers of East Germans are fleeing to the Westto the West•East Germans build a wall around West East Germans build a wall around West Berlin to stop flowBerlin to stop flow

1961 - Bay of Pigs •U.S.-organized invasion force U.S.-organized invasion force of 1,400 Cuban exiles is of 1,400 Cuban exiles is defeated by Castro's defeated by Castro's government forces on Cuba's government forces on Cuba's south coast at the Bay of Pigs. south coast at the Bay of Pigs.

•Launched from Guatemala in Launched from Guatemala in ships and planes provided by ships and planes provided by the United States, the invaders the United States, the invaders surrender on April 20 after surrender on April 20 after three days of fighting. three days of fighting.

•Kennedy takes full Kennedy takes full responsibility for the disaster.responsibility for the disaster.

1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis

•Soviets secretly install missiles in Cuba•Kennedy (U.S.) blockades Cuba

BRINK OF WAR!BRINK OF WAR!•Khrushchev removes missiles•Kennedy agrees not to invade Cuba•Helped lead to Khrushchev’s downfall

JFK in Berlin

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Dien Bien Phu•After a long siege, Vietnamese communists under Ho Chi Minh defeat French colonial forces at Dien Bien Phu on May 7. •In July, the Geneva Accords divide the country at the 17th parallel, creating a North and South Vietnam.

•The United States assumes the chief responsibility of providing anti-communist aid to South Vietnam.

1965-1975 – Vietnam War

•By 1968, 500,000 U.S. troops are in Vietnam•Soviet Union and China send aid to Communists

•1968 – Tet offensive launched (was a win and loss for Communists)

•1973 – cease fire; U.S. begins to pull out troops

•1975 – war resumes; Communists take over South Vietnam

1968 - Prague Spring•On January 5, reformer Alexander Dubcek On January 5, reformer Alexander Dubcek came to power as general secretary of the came to power as general secretary of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia, pledging Communist Party in Czechoslovakia, pledging reforms and democratizationreforms and democratization

•The Prague Spring movement swept across the The Prague Spring movement swept across the country. country.

•Soviet and Warsaw Pact leaders sent Soviet and Warsaw Pact leaders sent 650,000 650,000 troops troops in August. in August. Soviet Union declares its right to intervene in Communist States

•Dubcek arrested and hard-liners restored to Dubcek arrested and hard-liners restored to power. power.

1969 -- SALT•1st phase of 1st phase of Strategic Strategic Arms Limitation TalksArms Limitation Talks began in Helsinki, began in Helsinki, Finland. Finland.

•The finished The finished agreement, signed in agreement, signed in Moscow on May 26, Moscow on May 26, 1972, placed 1972, placed limits on limits on both submarine-both submarine-launched and launched and intercontinental intercontinental nuclear missiles. nuclear missiles.

1972 – East Meets West Nixon visits China

• Nixon becomes the first U.S. president to visit China, meeting with Mao Tse-tung on February 21.

• The two countries issue a communique recognizing their "essential differences" while making it clear that "normalization of relations" was in all nations' best interests.

• Changes the balance of power with the Soviets.

1975 - Cambodia• Communist Khmer Rouge

take power in Cambodia, April 16 1975.

• Cambodia's educated and urban population forced into the countryside as part of a state experiment in agrarian communism.

• Under the regime of Pol Pot, as many as 3 million Cambodians died from 1975 to 1979.

“The Killing Fields”

1979 - Afghanistan• December 25, 100,000

Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan as communist Babrak Karmal seized control of the government.

• U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters (Taliban) waged a costly war against the Soviets for nearly a decade before Soviet troops withdraw in 1988.

• Afghanistan—the Soviet “Vietnam”

1980 - Solidarity• On August 14, Lech Walesa

led massive strikes at the Lenin shipyards in Gdansk, Poland.

• The strikes soon spread 9 million Poles eventually join

• The communist government conceded to worker demands on August 31, and recognized their right to form unions and strike.

• 10 years later, Walesa becomes 1st democratically elected president of Poland

1983 - Star Wars• Reagan - Strategic Defense

Initiative, or "Star Wars," a space-based defensive shield that would use lasers and other advanced technology to destroy attacking missiles far above the Earth's surface.

• Soviets accuse the U.S of violating the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty.

• Soviets forced to spend heavily to match the program causing near economic collapse.

1985 - Gorbachev comes to power

• On March 11, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union.

• Gorbachev ushered in an era of reform.– perestroika

• Economic reform- restructuring

– glasnost– means openness, allowed greater

free expression and criticism of Soviet policies

1987 - INF•On December 8, 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

• It mandated the removal of more than 2,600 medium-range nuclear missiles from Europe, & eliminated the entire class of Soviet SS-20 and U.S. Cruise and Pershing II missiles.

1989 - Berlin Wall falls• Gorbachev renounced the

Brezhnev Doctrine, which pledged to use Soviet force to protect its interests in Eastern Europe.

• On September 10, Hungary opened its border with Austria, allowing East Germans to flee to the West.

• After massive public demonstrations in East Germany and Eastern Europe, the Berlin Wall fell on November 9.

– By 1990, Hungary, Bulgaria, E. Berlin, and Czechoslovakia all free (Albania in 1991)

Fall of Berlin Wall

1990 – German unification• At a September 12

meeting in Moscow, the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and the two Germanys agreed to end Allied occupation rights in Germany.

• On October 3, East and West Germany united as the Federal Republic of Germany.

• Which of the following statements about the end of the Cold War is not true?

• (A) President Reagan challenged the Soviets in 1987 in Berlin by (A) President Reagan challenged the Soviets in 1987 in Berlin by stating "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall."stating "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall."

• (B) the Soviet Union dissolved into a loose association known as (B) the Soviet Union dissolved into a loose association known as the Commonwealth of Independent Statesthe Commonwealth of Independent States

• (C) Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of (C) Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnostglasnost (openness) and (openness) and perestroikaperestroika (restructuring ) hastened the Soviet collapse (restructuring ) hastened the Soviet collapse

• (D) in Eastern Europe a number of dictatorships arose to replace (D) in Eastern Europe a number of dictatorships arose to replace the former communist governmentsthe former communist governments

• (E) Russia ended up possessing most of the Soviet Union's (E) Russia ended up possessing most of the Soviet Union's nuclear arsenal after it dissolvednuclear arsenal after it dissolved

End of the Cold War

Impact of Change•Difficulties changing economic systems from Communism to free market•Ethnic Splintering

–Yugoslavia 1991 – 1992•Civil War!•1995 Peace treaty

–Divided Bosnia into a Muslim-Croat federation and a Serb Republic with weak government in Sarajevo–1998 war broke out in Kosovo, Serbian region with 90% ethnic Albanians

–NATO sent in peacekeeping force in 1999–1 million Kosovars displaced

–1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia

•1957 Belgium, Netherlands, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and W. Germany agreed to a trade union called the EEC (European Economic Community)

–Goals •Eliminate tariff barriers•Establish unified tariff system on imports from outside EEC

•1993 this becomes the European Union

–27 Countries involved

European Union

What Kind of Union?•Council of foreign ministers (one from each country) make decisions, headed by a president•Free movement of goods, Free movement of goods, services, and moneyservices, and money among member nations•Disagree over how much power it should have

•(Germany want it to have political power, GB only economic)

•Euro–Set up a European Central Bank to align

•Inflation rates•Interest rates•Currency exchange rates•Budget deficits•Public debt

–Euro began circulating on January 1, 2002

India and Africa

AP World History

India & Pakistan• Problem:

• In 1947 when India becomes a free country, it has around 350 million Hindus & 100 million Muslims

• The Congressional Party (which controls India) is dominated by Hindus

• The Muslims lived mostly in NW & NE India and are unhappy.

India & Pakistan Events:

• Solution: 1947: Partition – 10 million people on the move•Hindus to India and Muslims to Pakistan• 1000’s killed from rioting and violence during the move•Gandhi assassinated - 1948

Outcome: • India: Hindu•Pakistan: Muslim

India & Pakistan•1971 – 1971 – Civil warCivil war between between East & West PakistanEast & West Pakistan

•1971 – East Pakistan 1971 – East Pakistan becomes becomes BangladeshBangladesh

•Since 1947 – India & Since 1947 – India & Pakistan have fought Pakistan have fought over over KashmirKashmir

•Both India & Pakistan Both India & Pakistan now have now have nuclear nuclear weaponsweapons

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Kashmir

Israel & Palestine

Leader: David Ben Gurion (1st Prime Minister of Israel)

Conflict:

• Multiple groups lay claim to Palestine: Jews, Arabs and Palestinians• Jews felt they had no homeland• Palestinians afraid Jews would bring hardship• Jews wanted a nation carved out of Palestine• Balfour Declaration: In 1917, Great Britain supported a Jewish homeland

Israel & Palestine

Events: • Partitioned in 1947•Nazi persecution led to Jewish immigration to Palestine• Jerusalem to become an international city not owned by either side• Jews got 55% of the land

Outcome: • 1948: Country of Israel is formed

Decolonization in Africa!•At the end of WWII only a few nations were independent:

–Liberia: founded in 1822 as a haven for freed slaves–S. Africa: granted self-government in 1910, controlled by white minority –Egypt: 1922–Ethiopia: taken in 1936 by Italy, Freed in 1945 (acquired Eritrea, later won its freedom)

•After these, the Arab and Berber nations of N. Africa gained their freedom (Libya, Sudan, Morocco, and Tunisia)•One by one, Britain gave independence to its colonies, ending with Zimbabwe in 1980.•Other European nations gradually gave up their colonies

Problems Problems with newly with newly

created created countriescountries

Most have….• No democratic experience• Lack of education• Massive corruption• Rule by force• Rampant inflation

Problems in the African Nations• Unity

– inherited borders drawn up by imperial powers, split ethnic groups and tribes

• Finding Professionals– before independence

Europeans dominated professions

– few Africans had training as educators, doctors, scientists, engineers, etc…

• Maintaining Government:– When independence came,

Africans had little experience running a government

More Problems in African Nations•Living Standards

–most in poverty, lack capital for development–Foreign investors deterred by political instability

•Disease–AIDS ravaging Southern Africa, far greater percentage of Africans infected than other areas of the world

•African Unity–Haile Selassie believed that the differences (linguistic, racial, economic, and political) too vast and recommended a loose organization of nations–OAU (Organization of African Unity)

Goals of OAU•Loose Confederation

–Heads of state meet once a year–Council meets every 6 months–Commission of Mediation and Conciliation to settle inter-African disputes

•African cooperation–Foreign policy, defense, economics, education

•Liberation of all African territories still under foreign rule

–Worked to end white rule in S. Africa

South Africa - Population•43 million•75% Black, Bantu groups•14% White, Afrikaners (Dutch) outnumber British 3 to 2•9% mixed ancestry•3% Asian (Indian)•11 official languages

Population

Black

White

Multi-Racial

Asian

Apartheid•1948-1994 National party (Afrikaner) governed

–System of Apartheid•Blacks must carry i.d. cards •reside in designated sections called black townships•Had to travel long distances to jobs•Black males from other countries brought in to work mines

–Reside in dormitories, see families only on periodic visits home

•Blacks have no vote and no say in Government

Resistance• African National Congress

created in 1912 to protest apartheid

• 1960 government banned ANC, Nelson Mandela and other ANC leaders organized an underground army– Mandela arrested in ’62 spent 27

years in jail

• Nations around the world condemned apartheid, the UN– Deprived SA of its seat in the

General Assembly– Banned arms sales to SA– Economic sanctions

Ending Apartheid•1989 President F. W. de Klerk began phasing out apartheid

–Lifted bans on ANC–1990 Released Mandela and began releasing 3000 political prisoners–Revoked laws banning black property ownership in white areas–1991 Allowed black students to go to white schools

•1991 UN began lifting sanctions•1993 SA’s government for the first time accepted non-whites as members of the cabinet•1994 Mandela’s ANC won 60% of vote, Mandela became first black president

Problems still facing South Africa• Whites still hold most

wealth

• Bitter racial and ethnic disputes still divide the people