The World War II The World War II EraEra

Worldwide Post – WWI Worldwide Post – WWI IssuesIssues

Unsuccessfulness of Treaty of VersaillesUnsuccessfulness of Treaty of Versailles Caused Anger and Resentment Throughout Caused Anger and Resentment Throughout

the Worldthe World Weimer Republic – Blame for the WarWeimer Republic – Blame for the War Soviet Union – Carved up Russian EmpireSoviet Union – Carved up Russian Empire

Did Not Secure a “Just and Secure Peace”Did Not Secure a “Just and Secure Peace” Worldwide DepressionWorldwide Depression

The Entire World Was Dealing With the The Entire World Was Dealing With the Depression – Not Just the United StatesDepression – Not Just the United States

London ConferenceLondon Conference U.S. Leaves & Destroys Success of ConferenceU.S. Leaves & Destroys Success of Conference ““Every Country for Itself”Every Country for Itself”

The Development The Development of Nationalism and of Nationalism and

Dictatorship Dictatorship WorldwideWorldwide

Soviet Union – Joseph StalinSoviet Union – Joseph StalinItaly – Benito MussoliniItaly – Benito MussoliniGermany – Adolf HitlerGermany – Adolf Hitler

Japan – Militarists (Hideki Tojo)Japan – Militarists (Hideki Tojo)

The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union Joseph Stalin (man of Joseph Stalin (man of

steel) Took Over After steel) Took Over After Vladimir Lenin Died in Vladimir Lenin Died in 19241924

Made ‘Ideal’ Communist Made ‘Ideal’ Communist StateState Economic Goals:Economic Goals:

Agricultural GrowthAgricultural Growth Industrial GrowthIndustrial Growth

Developed ‘Collectives’Developed ‘Collectives’ Government Owned FarmsGovernment Owned Farms

Developed a Developed a TotalitarianTotalitarian GovernmentGovernment Government Has Complete Government Has Complete

Control Over CitizensControl Over Citizens Purged and Eliminated Any Purged and Eliminated Any

Possible Threats and Possible Threats and Opponents to PowerOpponents to Power

The Rise of Fascism in The Rise of Fascism in ItalyItaly

Italian Economic ProblemsItalian Economic Problems Inflation, Unemployment, Inflation, Unemployment,

StrikesStrikes Middle and Upper Class Middle and Upper Class

Demanded Leader to ‘Save’ Demanded Leader to ‘Save’ Country From Economic Country From Economic Ruin and CommunismRuin and Communism

Mussolini Created the Mussolini Created the Fascist PartyFascist Party in 1921 in 1921 Interests of the State Above Interests of the State Above

the Interests of the Individualsthe Interests of the Individuals Mussolini Given Power By Mussolini Given Power By

Italian King in 1922Italian King in 1922 Known as ‘Known as ‘Il DuceIl Duce’ (the leader)’ (the leader)

Crushed All Opponents and Crushed All Opponents and Created a Totalitarian StateCreated a Totalitarian State

Hitler and Nazi GermanyHitler and Nazi Germany Hitler Was a Struggling and Hitler Was a Struggling and

Angry WWI Veteran in Weimar Angry WWI Veteran in Weimar RepublicRepublic Joined the National Socialist Joined the National Socialist

German Workers Party (NAZI) in German Workers Party (NAZI) in 19191919

Eventually Named ‘Fuhrer’ of Party Eventually Named ‘Fuhrer’ of Party in 1921in 1921

Wrote Mein Kampf While in JailWrote Mein Kampf While in Jail Established Plan of Action for NAZI Established Plan of Action for NAZI

PartyParty Uniting of All German Speaking Uniting of All German Speaking

PeoplePeople Racial ‘Purification’ in GermanyRacial ‘Purification’ in Germany National Expansion (Lebensraum)National Expansion (Lebensraum)

Depression Eventually Allowed Depression Eventually Allowed NAZI Party to Become Strongest NAZI Party to Become Strongest in Germany & Hitler Was in Germany & Hitler Was Appointed Chancellor & Appointed Chancellor & Dismantled Democratic Dismantled Democratic Principles of Weimar RepublicPrinciples of Weimar Republic Developed the Developed the Third ReichThird Reich

Japanese MilitaristicJapanese Militaristic Beliefs and Movements Beliefs and Movements

Reasons Japanese Militaristic Reasons Japanese Militaristic Leaders Believed Expansion Leaders Believed Expansion Was NecessaryWas Necessary Western AspirationsWestern Aspirations Security ReasonsSecurity Reasons Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Free Asian Nations of Western Free Asian Nations of Western DominationDomination

International ProvocationInternational Provocation Five Power Treaty, Japanese Five Power Treaty, Japanese

ExclusionExclusion EconomicsEconomics

Invaded and Took Control of Invaded and Took Control of Manchuria in 1931Manchuria in 1931 League of Nations Did NothingLeague of Nations Did Nothing

The Beginning of The Beginning of Aggression Aggression WorldwideWorldwide

German AggressionGerman Aggression Hitler Pulled Germany Hitler Pulled Germany

Out of the League of Out of the League of Nations in 1933Nations in 1933

By 1935 Hitler Began By 1935 Hitler Began Military Buildup – Military Buildup – Complete Violation of Complete Violation of Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Sent Military Troops to Sent Military Troops to the Rhinelandthe Rhineland Demilitarized Zone Demilitarized Zone

According to Treaty of According to Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Owned by France But Owned by France But Controlled by Germany Controlled by Germany Before WWIBefore WWI

Italian AggressionItalian Aggression Mussolini’s Goal – Mussolini’s Goal –

Build ‘His’ New Build ‘His’ New Roman EmpireRoman Empire First Focus: EthiopiaFirst Focus: Ethiopia

Invaded Ethiopia w/ Invaded Ethiopia w/ Thousands of Thousands of Soldiers in 1935 & Soldiers in 1935 & Conquered by 1936Conquered by 1936

League of Nations League of Nations Response:Response: Economic Boycott Economic Boycott

(Slap on the Wrist)(Slap on the Wrist)

[To the League of Nations] “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow”

Ousted Ethiopian Emperor:

Haile Selassie

The Test Ground for The Test Ground for FascismFascism Spanish Civil War Began in Spanish Civil War Began in

19361936 Led by Francisco Franco and Led by Francisco Franco and

Other Spanish Army OfficersOther Spanish Army Officers Western Democracies Western Democracies

Remained Neutral But Elected Remained Neutral But Elected Spanish Government Received Spanish Government Received Limited Help From Other Limited Help From Other VolunteersVolunteers

Franco Received Aid From Franco Received Aid From Hitler and MussoliniHitler and Mussolini Troops, Tanks, Fighter PlanesTroops, Tanks, Fighter Planes

Franco is Victorious & Another Franco is Victorious & Another Fascist Leader in Europe Fascist Leader in Europe PresentPresent

Spanish Fascist Leader

Francisco Franco

IsolationismIsolationism Americans Clung to Isolationism Just Like in Americans Clung to Isolationism Just Like in

WWIWWI Why:Why:

Kellogg – Briand PactKellogg – Briand Pact ‘‘Merchants of Death’ Rumors After WWIMerchants of Death’ Rumors After WWI

Roosevelt Changing Foreign PolicyRoosevelt Changing Foreign Policy Beginning of Presidency:Beginning of Presidency:

Recognized Soviet UnionRecognized Soviet Union Good Neighbor Policy in Latin AmericaGood Neighbor Policy in Latin America Reciprocal Trade Agreements (1934)Reciprocal Trade Agreements (1934)

As Aggression BeginsAs Aggression Begins Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts

1935 --Prohibited American Citizens From Selling Arms to 1935 --Prohibited American Citizens From Selling Arms to Belligerents in International War Belligerents in International War

1936 – Prohibited Trade in War Materials as Well as Loans to 1936 – Prohibited Trade in War Materials as Well as Loans to Belligerent CountriesBelligerent Countries

1937 – More Tightly Enforced Previous Acts and 1937 – More Tightly Enforced Previous Acts and Included Included Nations in Civil WarNations in Civil War

The Beginning of Hitler’s The Beginning of Hitler’s AggressionAggression

Nov. 1937 – Hitler Met w/ Officers & Explained Nov. 1937 – Hitler Met w/ Officers & Explained That Germany Needed Land of Neighbors to Grow That Germany Needed Land of Neighbors to Grow and Prosperand Prosper

March 1938 – German Troops March Into Austria March 1938 – German Troops March Into Austria Unopposed Unopposed Many Austrians Were German Speaking PeopleMany Austrians Were German Speaking People Anschluss (Union) With Austria Was CompleteAnschluss (Union) With Austria Was Complete

Germany Began to Move Troops to Take the Germany Began to Move Troops to Take the Sudetenland (German Speaking Province of Czech.)Sudetenland (German Speaking Province of Czech.) For: 1) Living Space 2) Natural ResourcesFor: 1) Living Space 2) Natural Resources

Munich ConferenceMunich Conference Germany’s Last Territorial Advance and ClaimGermany’s Last Territorial Advance and Claim Beginning of Appeasement PolicyBeginning of Appeasement Policy

Rhineland Sudetenland

The German Offensive The German Offensive BeginsBegins

Hitler Lied @ Munich Conference & Had Hitler Lied @ Munich Conference & Had Eyes on All of CzechoslovakiaEyes on All of Czechoslovakia ““Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist” – Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist” – Hitler Hitler

(March, 1939)(March, 1939)

Poland Was Next on Hitler’s ‘Wish List’Poland Was Next on Hitler’s ‘Wish List’ German Speaking People in PolandGerman Speaking People in Poland Were Supposedly Mistreated by the PolesWere Supposedly Mistreated by the Poles

Consequences of Attack on PolandConsequences of Attack on Poland May Bring Soviet Union Into ConflictMay Bring Soviet Union Into Conflict Declaration of War by France and Great Declaration of War by France and Great

BritainBritain

Hitler’s Allies and Hitler’s Allies and FriendsFriends

Germany and ItalyGermany and Italy The Rome – Berlin Axis (1936)The Rome – Berlin Axis (1936) Pact Between Hitler and MussoliniPact Between Hitler and Mussolini

Germany and Soviet UnionGermany and Soviet Union Nazi – Soviet Pact (August, 1939)Nazi – Soviet Pact (August, 1939)

Nonaggrression Pact – Countries Would Never Nonaggrression Pact – Countries Would Never Attack EachotherAttack Eachother

Also Secretly Agreed to Divide Up Poland Also Secretly Agreed to Divide Up Poland Between Two CountriesBetween Two Countries

Bad News for the Rest of EuropeBad News for the Rest of Europe

The Start of World War The Start of World War IIII

Germany Invaded Poland on Sep. 1, 1939Germany Invaded Poland on Sep. 1, 1939 BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg (Lightning Warfare) (Lightning Warfare)

Attack Using All of Germany’s Superior Military ForcesAttack Using All of Germany’s Superior Military Forces LuftwaffeLuftwaffe TanksTanks More Numerous SoldiersMore Numerous Soldiers

Great Britain and France Declare War – Sep. Great Britain and France Declare War – Sep. 33 Too Late to Save PolandToo Late to Save Poland Poland Ceased to Exist in About Two WeeksPoland Ceased to Exist in About Two Weeks

Soviet Union Invaded From East and Took Soviet Union Invaded From East and Took TerritoryTerritory

Map Showing German Invasion of Poland (1939)

The Phony War and The Phony War and SitzkriegSitzkrieg

Both Sides of the Both Sides of the Conflict Were at Ease Conflict Were at Ease For Several Months For Several Months After the Conquering After the Conquering of Polandof Poland Maginot Line (French Maginot Line (French

and British)and British) Sigfried Line Sigfried Line

(German)(German) Blitzkrieg Turned Into Blitzkrieg Turned Into

Sitzkrieg (Sitting War)Sitzkrieg (Sitting War)

Maginot LineSigfried

Line

German Reactivation of German Reactivation of the Blitzthe Blitz

Hitler Attacked Hitler Attacked Denmark, Norway, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Netherlands, Belgium, and Belgium, and Luxembourg by May, Luxembourg by May, 19401940 Hitler’s Excuse: “To Hitler’s Excuse: “To

protect [those protect [those countries] freedom countries] freedom and independence”and independence”

Hitler’s True Hitler’s True Purpose:Purpose: Build Military Bases Build Military Bases

Along the Coasts Be Along the Coasts Be Used to Attack Great Used to Attack Great BritainBritain

German Luftwaffe Fighter Badge

The Fall of FranceThe Fall of France Beginning in May, 1940 – Beginning in May, 1940 –

Germany Began its Advance on Germany Began its Advance on the Maginot Line and Francethe Maginot Line and France The French and Allied Forces Put The French and Allied Forces Put

Up Little Defense Against the Up Little Defense Against the British BlitzBritish Blitz

Eventually Nazi Forces Pushed Eventually Nazi Forces Pushed Allied Troops (400,000 Total) to Allied Troops (400,000 Total) to Beaches of DunkirkBeaches of Dunkirk Operation Dynamo (May 26 – June Operation Dynamo (May 26 – June

3)3) Duce Mussolini Entered War Duce Mussolini Entered War

and Attacked France From and Attacked France From South At the Same TimeSouth At the Same Time

France Surrendered to Nazi France Surrendered to Nazi Troops – June 23, 1940Troops – June 23, 1940

Marshal Philippe Petain – French Hero – Called Back to Marshal Philippe Petain – French Hero – Called Back to Boost French Morale Fighting Against GermanyBoost French Morale Fighting Against Germany

Upon Surrender – Became Leader of Vichy FranceUpon Surrender – Became Leader of Vichy France Tried to Lead Collaborative Government in Southern FranceTried to Lead Collaborative Government in Southern France

Known as the ‘Traitor of France’ – Was Eventually Known as the ‘Traitor of France’ – Was Eventually Returned to French and Sentenced to Death by French Returned to French and Sentenced to Death by French Government Government

Operation SealionOperation Sealion Once Hitler Occupied France, The Only Country Once Hitler Occupied France, The Only Country

Remaining in Western Europe for Him to Take Remaining in Western Europe for Him to Take Was Great BritainWas Great Britain Began the Attack of Great Britain in July, 1940Began the Attack of Great Britain in July, 1940

The Battle Was Fought Completely in the AirThe Battle Was Fought Completely in the Air G.B. Had a Superior Navy So Hitler Believed He G.B. Had a Superior Navy So Hitler Believed He

Needed Superiority of the Skies Needed Superiority of the Skies (Luftwaffe(Luftwaffe)) Beginning Point for Hitler: 1) Airfields 2) Beginning Point for Hitler: 1) Airfields 2)

Manufacturing CentersManufacturing Centers Eventually Changed Strategy and Focused on CitiesEventually Changed Strategy and Focused on Cities Eventual Daily & Nightly Raids Over Great BritainEventual Daily & Nightly Raids Over Great Britain

RAF Eventually Secured G.B. From German RAF Eventually Secured G.B. From German Control (Radar)Control (Radar) Germany Pulled Back Operation and Focused on Germany Pulled Back Operation and Focused on

Invasion of U.S.S.R.Invasion of U.S.S.R.

America Moves America Moves Toward WarToward War

The U.S. in the Midst of The U.S. in the Midst of WarWar

Roosevelt Desperately Tried to Remain Roosevelt Desperately Tried to Remain Neutral Even When Hitler Was Expanding Neutral Even When Hitler Was Expanding in Europein Europe

Neutrality Act of 1939Neutrality Act of 1939 U.S. Will Sell Weapons on a “Cash and Carry” U.S. Will Sell Weapons on a “Cash and Carry”

Basis to Democratic NationsBasis to Democratic Nations American Response to Battle of BritainAmerican Response to Battle of Britain

Increase in Defense Spending Increase in Defense Spending Huge Air Huge Air Force & Two Ocean NavyForce & Two Ocean Navy

Selective Service Training Act Selective Service Training Act First First Peacetime Draft in American HistoryPeacetime Draft in American History

Franklin Roosevelt: 449 Electoral Votes

54.7% Popular Vote

Wendell Wilkie 82 Electoral Votes

44.8% Popular Vote

Presidential Election of 1940

•Roosevelt Broke Tradition and Ran for 3rd Term as Pres.

•Candidates Were Very Similar So Many Americans Voted for Candidate They Knew Best

““The Great Arsenal of The Great Arsenal of Democracy”Democracy”

After the Election Roosevelt Didn’t Have to After the Election Roosevelt Didn’t Have to Worry About His Critics as Much – America Worry About His Critics as Much – America Would Be the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’Would Be the ‘Arsenal of Democracy’ The U.S. Cannot Remain Neutral When the NAZI Goal The U.S. Cannot Remain Neutral When the NAZI Goal

is World Domination is World Domination The U.S. IS THREATENED The U.S. IS THREATENED The Lend – Lease PlanThe Lend – Lease Plan

The U.S. Would Lend or lease Arms and Other The U.S. Would Lend or lease Arms and Other Supplies to “Any Country Whose Defense Was Vital to Supplies to “Any Country Whose Defense Was Vital to the United States”the United States”

Is Basically U.S. Economic Entrance into WWIIIs Basically U.S. Economic Entrance into WWII Roosevelt Also Laid Out ‘Four Freedoms’Roosevelt Also Laid Out ‘Four Freedoms’

Speech and ExpressionSpeech and Expression ReligionReligion Freedom From WantFreedom From Want Freedom From FearFreedom From Fear

The War The War Overseas Overseas ContinuesContinues

Keeping America Out of Keeping America Out of the Warthe War

Tripartite Pact (Axis) Tripartite Pact (Axis) Signed on Sep. 27, Signed on Sep. 27, 19401940 Germany, Italy, JapanGermany, Italy, Japan Pact For Mutual Pact For Mutual

Defense and Military Defense and Military SupportSupport

Aimed to Keep the Aimed to Keep the U.S. Out of the WarU.S. Out of the War

Was the Reason for Was the Reason for the Development of the Development of U.S. 2 – Ocean NavyU.S. 2 – Ocean Navy

The Axis Powers Continue The Axis Powers Continue to Expandto Expand

Germany Invades Northern Africa Germany Invades Northern Africa in Feb. 1941in Feb. 1941 General Erwin Rommel & ‘Afrika General Erwin Rommel & ‘Afrika

Korps’ Arrive w/ Tank Squadrons & Korps’ Arrive w/ Tank Squadrons & Attack Greece and Northern Africa Attack Greece and Northern Africa w/ Help of Italian Militaryw/ Help of Italian Military

Hitler Lied Again – Nazi / Soviet Hitler Lied Again – Nazi / Soviet PactPact Invaded the Soviet Union in July Invaded the Soviet Union in July

19411941 Operation BarbarossaOperation Barbarossa Laid Siege to Major Soviet CitiesLaid Siege to Major Soviet Cities

Leningrad – 900 DaysLeningrad – 900 Days Germany Was Looking for Germany Was Looking for

LebensraumLebensraum Took Soviets by SurpriseTook Soviets by Surprise The Americans Actually Helped to The Americans Actually Helped to

Soviets thru Lend – Lease PolicySoviets thru Lend – Lease Policy Began American Warfare Against Began American Warfare Against

U – Boats in AtlanticU – Boats in Atlantic

“If Hitler Invaded Hell, the British Would Be

Prepared to Work With the Devil Himself”

Winston Churchill on the German Invasion of the

Soviet Union

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter Roosevelt Was Basically Planning for War in Roosevelt Was Basically Planning for War in

the U.S., Presuming the U.S Would Be Forced the U.S., Presuming the U.S Would Be Forced to Enterto Enter

Roosevelt and Churchill Met on USS Augusta Roosevelt and Churchill Met on USS Augusta & Created the Atlantic Charter & Created the Atlantic Charter A Basic A Basic Declaration of War Aims:Declaration of War Aims: Collective Security, Disarmament, Self – Collective Security, Disarmament, Self –

Determination, Economic Cooperation, Freedom of Determination, Economic Cooperation, Freedom of the Seasthe Seas

Declaration Signed by 4/5 of the Human RaceDeclaration Signed by 4/5 of the Human Race The U.S. / German Naval Warfare Continued The U.S. / German Naval Warfare Continued

in the Atlantic & the U.S. Government Allowed in the Atlantic & the U.S. Government Allowed Merchant Ships to be ArmedMerchant Ships to be Armed

Japanese Imperialistic Japanese Imperialistic AimsAims As European Countries As European Countries

Were Tied Up w/ Hitler Were Tied Up w/ Hitler in Europe – Japan Saw in Europe – Japan Saw Chance to ExpandChance to Expand Invaded China & Other Invaded China & Other

French Military Bases in French Military Bases in the Pacificthe Pacific

U.S. Response:U.S. Response: Embargo (Especially Oil)Embargo (Especially Oil)

Japan Saw As Partial Japan Saw As Partial War Declaration and War Declaration and Prepared for Attack on Prepared for Attack on the U.S.the U.S.

Japanese Emperor Hirohito

Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 19411941

Japanese Planned Japanese Planned Surprise Attack and Did Surprise Attack and Did Not Wait For American Not Wait For American Military Forces to Build Military Forces to Build Up and Attack Japan Up and Attack Japan FirstFirst

Two Waves of AttacksTwo Waves of Attacks 7:55 a.m.7:55 a.m. 8:50 a.m.8:50 a.m.

Total Losses:Total Losses: 2403 Killed2403 Killed 1100 Wounded1100 Wounded 18 Ships Sunk or 18 Ships Sunk or

DestroyedDestroyed 188 Planes Destroyed188 Planes Destroyed

Japanese Lose 29 Japanese Lose 29 Planes and 64 MenPlanes and 64 Men

The United States in World The United States in World War IIWar II

The American War Machine The American War Machine

Starts AgainStarts Again Japan Believed America Would Shudder and Japan Believed America Would Shudder and

Back Down From a Superior Japanese ForceBack Down From a Superior Japanese Force America Did Exactly the Opposite and America Did Exactly the Opposite and

Nationalism SoaredNationalism Soared Military MobilizationMilitary Mobilization

The Selective Service Act Increased & Eventually The Selective Service Act Increased & Eventually 16 Million Men & Women Served in WWII16 Million Men & Women Served in WWII

Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) Worked in Every Part of Military Service Except Worked in Every Part of Military Service Except

CombatCombat

Minorities Also Served in Segregated Units Minorities Also Served in Segregated Units and Saw Some Wartime Combatand Saw Some Wartime Combat

The Government TakesThe Government Takes Control of the Economy Control of the Economy

Wartime Production Increased in Factories and Wartime Production Increased in Factories and Fewer Consumer Products Were AvailableFewer Consumer Products Were Available Prices Looked as they Would Climb OutrageouslyPrices Looked as they Would Climb Outrageously

Office of Price Administration (OPA) Office of Price Administration (OPA) Goal: To Fight InflationGoal: To Fight Inflation How:How: 1)Freeze Prices on Most Consumer Goods1)Freeze Prices on Most Consumer Goods

2) Raised and Extended Income Taxes2) Raised and Extended Income Taxes Encouraged People to Purchase War BondsEncouraged People to Purchase War Bonds Encouraged Rationing (Meat, Shoes, Sugar, Coffee, Gasoline)Encouraged Rationing (Meat, Shoes, Sugar, Coffee, Gasoline)

War Production BoardWar Production Board Goal: To Ensure that the Armed Forces and War Goal: To Ensure that the Armed Forces and War

Industries Had the Resources Needed to Win the WarIndustries Had the Resources Needed to Win the War Converted Certain Industries to Wartime ProductionConverted Certain Industries to Wartime Production

Propaganda Propaganda Campaign of ‘Rosie Campaign of ‘Rosie the Riveter’ Got the Riveter’ Got Women into the Women into the WorkforceWorkforce

War Labor Board:War Labor Board: Worked to Maintain Worked to Maintain

Standard of Living for Standard of Living for Working AmericansWorking Americans

The Early War for the The Early War for the AmericansAmericans

The Allies Struggled Early in the WarThe Allies Struggled Early in the War Hitler’s ‘Wolf Packs’ Dominated Seas Hitler’s ‘Wolf Packs’ Dominated Seas

Sunk Millions of Tons of Supplies Headed to EuropeSunk Millions of Tons of Supplies Headed to Europe

Germany Laid Siege to Soviet UnionGermany Laid Siege to Soviet Union Were Stopped From Taking Moscow and Were Stopped From Taking Moscow and

Leningrad by Cold in 1941Leningrad by Cold in 1941 Attacked Southern Soviet Union in 1942 – Oil Attacked Southern Soviet Union in 1942 – Oil

FieldsFields Battle of Stalingrad (1942 – 1943)Battle of Stalingrad (1942 – 1943)

Soviet Union Furious at Allies – Didn’t Soviet Union Furious at Allies – Didn’t Open a Second Front to Help SovietsOpen a Second Front to Help Soviets

Stalingrad -- 1942

Movement of Fronts in Movement of Fronts in EuropeEurope Roosevelt & Churchill’s First Roosevelt & Churchill’s First Plan:Plan: Deal With Hitler First, Then Worry Deal With Hitler First, Then Worry

About JapanAbout Japan Operation Torch – November Operation Torch – November

19421942 Invaded North Africa @ Casablanca Invaded North Africa @ Casablanca

Among Other PlacesAmong Other Places Didn’t Believe Allies Had Enough Didn’t Believe Allies Had Enough

Power to Land in EuropePower to Land in Europe British and American Forces British and American Forces

Squeeze German Troops in Squeeze German Troops in Northern Africa Northern Africa Battle of El Alamein – Nov. 1942 Battle of El Alamein – Nov. 1942

(Turning Point of Campaign)(Turning Point of Campaign) Germans Surrender in North Germans Surrender in North

Africa – May 13, 1943Africa – May 13, 1943

Erwin Rommel

The “Desert Fox”

Commander of Operation Torch:

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Defeating ItalyDefeating Italy Casablanca Conference – Casablanca Conference –

January 1943January 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill Roosevelt and Churchill

Decide:Decide: Will Only Take Unconditional Will Only Take Unconditional

SurrenderSurrender Invasion of Italy to Get to Invasion of Italy to Get to

GermanyGermany Allied Troops Very Allied Troops Very

Successful & Make Way Successful & Make Way Up ‘Boot of Italy’Up ‘Boot of Italy’

The End of Mussolini:The End of Mussolini: Mussolini Was Stripped of Mussolini Was Stripped of

Power – July 25, 1943Power – July 25, 1943 ““At this moment, you are the At this moment, you are the

most hated man in Italy”most hated man in Italy” Germany Refused to Let Germany Refused to Let

Allies Out of Italy Allies Out of Italy Did Not Want Fighting to Get Did Not Want Fighting to Get

to Germanyto Germany Battle of Anzio – Early 1944Battle of Anzio – Early 1944

Roosevelt and Churchill @ Casablanca

Purpose of Italian Invasion:

•Open Mediterranean For Troops and Supplies

•Diverted German Divisions From Soviet and French Fronts

The Allies Try and Save The Allies Try and Save EuropeEurope

Operation Overlord – Operation Overlord – June 6, 1944June 6, 1944

Combined Allied Offensive to land on Normandy Combined Allied Offensive to land on Normandy Coast of France and Initiate 2 – Front Battle Coast of France and Initiate 2 – Front Battle Against Germans and Liberate EuropeAgainst Germans and Liberate Europe

Hitler Began Constructing the ‘Atlantic Wall’ in Hitler Began Constructing the ‘Atlantic Wall’ in 19431943 Normandy Coast Was Less FortifiedNormandy Coast Was Less Fortified

Largest Air / Sea Invasion in History on 5 Largest Air / Sea Invasion in History on 5 BeachesBeaches Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, SwordUtah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, Sword

Consisted of 5,000 Ships and 150,000 MenConsisted of 5,000 Ships and 150,000 Men Operation Fortitude – The Ultimate DeceptionOperation Fortitude – The Ultimate Deception

The Beginning of the End The Beginning of the End For HitlerFor Hitler

Successful D-Day Landing Allowed Allied Troops Successful D-Day Landing Allowed Allied Troops to Enter Europe (Despite Huge Casualties)to Enter Europe (Despite Huge Casualties) Germans: 30,000 Dead & 80,000 WoundedGermans: 30,000 Dead & 80,000 Wounded Americans: 29,000 Dead & 106,000 WoundedAmericans: 29,000 Dead & 106,000 Wounded

Liberated Paris in August, 1945 and Continued Liberated Paris in August, 1945 and Continued to Liberate Countries in Western Europeto Liberate Countries in Western Europe

Allied and Soviet Forces Pushing Germany Back Allied and Soviet Forces Pushing Germany Back Within BordersWithin Borders Operation Bagration – Soviet Attack From EastOperation Bagration – Soviet Attack From East Battle of Kursk – Largest Tank Battle in History Battle of Kursk – Largest Tank Battle in History

(Soviet Victory)(Soviet Victory) By March, 1944 – Soviets Enter Poland and Don’t By March, 1944 – Soviets Enter Poland and Don’t

Allow Germans to Move Troops to Western FrontAllow Germans to Move Troops to Western Front

The Battle of the BulgeThe Battle of the BulgeOctober, 1944October, 1944

Hitler Realized What Was Going On and Hitler Realized What Was Going On and Stockpiled Weapons For One Last Attack to Stockpiled Weapons For One Last Attack to Defend German HomelandDefend German Homeland Goal: To Capture Port of Antwerp to Destroy Goal: To Capture Port of Antwerp to Destroy

Supply LineSupply Line Attacked and Split U.S. and British Lines w/ Attacked and Split U.S. and British Lines w/

Tanks and Forced Line to ‘Bulge’Tanks and Forced Line to ‘Bulge’ Hitler Believed Lines Would Break and Split, but Hitler Believed Lines Would Break and Split, but

Eventually Troops Secured Lines and Nothing Eventually Troops Secured Lines and Nothing Changed in Lines of EuropeChanged in Lines of Europe

Was Basically the End for GermanyWas Basically the End for Germany Lost Most of Supplies: Men, Tanks, Airplanes & Lost Most of Supplies: Men, Tanks, Airplanes &

MoraleMorale

The Surrender of The Surrender of GermanyGermany

The Germany Military Was in Shambles w/ No The Germany Military Was in Shambles w/ No Supplies and the Economy Was DestroyedSupplies and the Economy Was Destroyed Added: Enemies Closing in and Bombing Homeland Added: Enemies Closing in and Bombing Homeland

GermanyGermany Soviet and Allied Troops Began to Liberate Soviet and Allied Troops Began to Liberate

Concentration Camps and See What Hitler Had Concentration Camps and See What Hitler Had DoneDone

Hitler:Hitler: Made Final Decree to German People:Made Final Decree to German People:

Blamed Jews for Starting WarBlamed Jews for Starting War Blamed Generals for Losing WarBlamed Generals for Losing War

Shot Himself and Wife (Eva Braun) Took Poison – Shot Himself and Wife (Eva Braun) Took Poison – Bodies BurnedBodies Burned

Dwight Eisenhower Accepted Unconditional Dwight Eisenhower Accepted Unconditional Surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945 Surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945 V – E DayV – E Day

•Unfortunately for Franklin Roosevelt, He Never Got to See V-E Day

•He Died of a Stroke in Warm, Springs Georgia on April 12, 1945

•Harry S. Truman Was Sworn in the Next Day as the 33rd President of the United States

The Battle in the PacificThe Battle in the Pacific

Losses While Dealing Losses While Dealing With HitlerWith Hitler

The Allies Suffered Many The Allies Suffered Many Losses While Dealing Losses While Dealing With Hitler in EuropeWith Hitler in Europe Doolittle Raids – Some Doolittle Raids – Some

Recourse from Pearl Recourse from Pearl HarborHarbor

Americans Withdraw Americans Withdraw From Many Pacific From Many Pacific Islands Under Islands Under Leadership of Douglas Leadership of Douglas MacArthurMacArthur

Some Forces Withdrew Some Forces Withdrew and Were Captured Near and Were Captured Near BataanBataan ‘‘Bataan Death March’Bataan Death March’

Photo of the Bataan Death March

Japanese Expansion to May, 1942

The Battle of the Coral SeaThe Battle of the Coral SeaMay, 1942May, 1942

The Japanese Had Control of Almost the Entire The Japanese Had Control of Almost the Entire South Pacific and Were Now Moving South South Pacific and Were Now Moving South Toward Australia and New Zealand – Especially Toward Australia and New Zealand – Especially Now the Solomon Islands in the Coral SeaNow the Solomon Islands in the Coral Sea

U.S. Intelligence Reports Japanese Carriers U.S. Intelligence Reports Japanese Carriers Moving to Coral Sea and Sends USS Yorktown Moving to Coral Sea and Sends USS Yorktown and USS Lexingtonand USS Lexington

Five Day Battle Fought Entirely With Airplanes Five Day Battle Fought Entirely With Airplanes From CarriersFrom Carriers

SignificanceSignificance Japanese Suffered Defeat For First Time in WarJapanese Suffered Defeat For First Time in War Japanese Invasion / Conquest of Australia StoppedJapanese Invasion / Conquest of Australia Stopped

The Battle of MidwayThe Battle of MidwayJune 4 – 5, 1942June 4 – 5, 1942

The Japanese Next Focus The Japanese Next Focus Was on Midway IslandWas on Midway Island Just Northwest of HawaiiJust Northwest of Hawaii Goal: To Eliminate American Goal: To Eliminate American

Fleet in the PacificFleet in the Pacific U.S. Planes Spot Japanese U.S. Planes Spot Japanese

Carriers on Way to Island and Carriers on Way to Island and Bomb Before Planes Can Get Bomb Before Planes Can Get Off DeckOff Deck

Is Great Victory for American Is Great Victory for American MilitaryMilitary Some Said it Avenged Pearl Some Said it Avenged Pearl

HarborHarbor Protected West Coast From Protected West Coast From

AttackAttack

Admiral Chester Nimitz

Commander of Naval Forces in the Pacific

The March to Japan The March to Japan BeginsBegins

After Hitler Was Stopped, Allied Forces After Hitler Was Stopped, Allied Forces Could Focus on JapanCould Focus on Japan Started the ‘Island Hopping Campaign’Started the ‘Island Hopping Campaign’ Allied Forces Had to Dislodge Japanese Control Allied Forces Had to Dislodge Japanese Control

From Every Controlled Island in the PacificFrom Every Controlled Island in the Pacific Began @ Guadalcanal in the Solomon Began @ Guadalcanal in the Solomon

Islands Islands Focus on Henderson Field (Muddy Airstrip)Focus on Henderson Field (Muddy Airstrip) Japanese Couldn’t Re-Supply TroopsJapanese Couldn’t Re-Supply Troops

American Submarines Did Not Allow American Submarines Did Not Allow Japanese Military to Move Troops Where Japanese Military to Move Troops Where Needed to Attacked IslandsNeeded to Attacked Islands

Nimitz and MacArthur

Planning for the Island Hopping

Campaign

•MacArthur in Charge of Ground Attacks

•Nimitz in Charge of Naval Attacks

The Victories @ Midway and Coral Seal

Allowed For Campaign to

Begin, Pushing Japan Back to

Confines of Formed

Boundaries

Moving Through The Moving Through The IslandsIslands

American Troops Invaded and Retook the American Troops Invaded and Retook the Philippines and Liberated Prisoners of War Philippines and Liberated Prisoners of War

Next Step: Iwo JimaNext Step: Iwo Jima Island Close Enough to Use as Base For Heavy Bombers Island Close Enough to Use as Base For Heavy Bombers

to Attack Mainland Japanto Attack Mainland Japan One of Most Heavily Fortified Islands w/ About 20,000 One of Most Heavily Fortified Islands w/ About 20,000

Troops in Tunnels and Underground FortificationsTroops in Tunnels and Underground Fortifications Focal Point of Battle on Island is Mt. SirabachiFocal Point of Battle on Island is Mt. Sirabachi Results: Americans Take Island w/ Huge CasualtiesResults: Americans Take Island w/ Huge Casualties

Over 6,000 American DeathsOver 6,000 American Deaths ¼ of All Medals of Honor of WWII Are Given @ Iwo Jima¼ of All Medals of Honor of WWII Are Given @ Iwo Jima

Mt. SirabachiMt. Sirabachi

•American Troops @ Mt. Sirabachi

•Photo Taken by Joe Rosenthal

The Battle of OkinawaThe Battle of OkinawaJune, 1945June, 1945

The Island of Okinawa Was the Final Major The Island of Okinawa Was the Final Major Island Allied Forces Had to Take Before Island Allied Forces Had to Take Before Mainland JapanMainland Japan Island Had 4 Major Airstrips for Operation DownfallIsland Had 4 Major Airstrips for Operation Downfall

Was the Largest Land – Air – Sea Battle in Was the Largest Land – Air – Sea Battle in HistoryHistory

Results:Results: Americans Successfully Take Island w/ Many Americans Successfully Take Island w/ Many

CasualtiesCasualties Japanese Lose Over 100,000 Troops Many of Who Japanese Lose Over 100,000 Troops Many of Who

Commit Commit SeppukuSeppuku Told Story for Future Possible Invasion of Told Story for Future Possible Invasion of

Japanese MainlandJapanese Mainland

Japanese Protection of Japanese Protection of HomelandHomeland Throughout the Throughout the

Island Hopping Island Hopping Campaign, The Campaign, The Japanese Became Japanese Became More and More More and More DesperateDesperate 4/22/1943 – Japan 4/22/1943 – Japan

Announced Captured Announced Captured American Pilots Will American Pilots Will Be Given “One Way Be Given “One Way Tickets to Hell”Tickets to Hell”

10/25/1944 Begin to 10/25/1944 Begin to Use Kamikaze AttacksUse Kamikaze Attacks

Eventually Use 2,257 Eventually Use 2,257 Kamikaze Attacks Kamikaze Attacks Throughout the WarThroughout the War

Finding a Way to End the Finding a Way to End the WarWar

The Potsdam Conference – July, August, 1945The Potsdam Conference – July, August, 1945 Allied Meet and Warn Japan That They, “Must Allied Meet and Warn Japan That They, “Must

surrender or suffer complete and utter destruction”surrender or suffer complete and utter destruction” Surrender Must Come w/ Emperor Stepping DownSurrender Must Come w/ Emperor Stepping Down

Planned Invasion of JapanPlanned Invasion of Japan The Allies Saw How the Japanese Were Willing to The Allies Saw How the Japanese Were Willing to

Protect Islands Around Japan – Didn’t Know What Protect Islands Around Japan – Didn’t Know What They Would Do @ HomelandThey Would Do @ Homeland

Churchill Predicted Invasion of Japan Would Cost 1 Churchill Predicted Invasion of Japan Would Cost 1 Million American and ½ Million British LivesMillion American and ½ Million British Lives

Allies Looked for Another Way to End WarAllies Looked for Another Way to End War

The Development of the The Development of the Atomic BombAtomic Bomb

Roosevelt Created the Office Roosevelt Created the Office of Scientific Research and of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) in Development (OSRD) in 19411941 Developed New Technologies – Developed New Technologies –

Radar, Sonar, Etc.Radar, Sonar, Etc. German Scientists Now in U.S. German Scientists Now in U.S.

Warned About German Warned About German Capacity to Create New Capacity to Create New Weapon of Mass DestructionWeapon of Mass Destruction

The Manhattan ProjectThe Manhattan Project Top Secret American Project to Top Secret American Project to

Develop an Atomic BombDevelop an Atomic Bomb Over 600,000 People Worked Over 600,000 People Worked

on Development of Bomb, Yet on Development of Bomb, Yet No One Knew What They Were No One Knew What They Were DoingDoing

Total Cost: $1.8 BillionTotal Cost: $1.8 Billion

Director of Research for the Manhattan Project:

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Results of the Manhattan Results of the Manhattan ProjectProject

Produced Three Atomic BombsProduced Three Atomic Bombs 1) Gadget 2) Little Boy 3) Fat Man1) Gadget 2) Little Boy 3) Fat Man

Test to See if Bombs WorkedTest to See if Bombs Worked Where: Alamogordo, New Mexico – AKA Where: Alamogordo, New Mexico – AKA Trinity Test SiteTrinity Test Site Result: Bomb WorkedResult: Bomb Worked

Blast Equal To 20,000 Tons of TNT & Flash of Explosion Seen 180 Blast Equal To 20,000 Tons of TNT & Flash of Explosion Seen 180 Miles AwayMiles Away

Areas of Destructiveness:Areas of Destructiveness: ½ Mile: Everything Vaporized (3000-4000 Degrees C)½ Mile: Everything Vaporized (3000-4000 Degrees C) 1 Mile: 90% Casualties – All Buildings Destroyed1 Mile: 90% Casualties – All Buildings Destroyed 1.75 Miles: 65% Fatalities – Rivers Flow Counter Current1.75 Miles: 65% Fatalities – Rivers Flow Counter Current 2.5 Miles: 50% Fatalities – Burn Damage -- Suffocation2.5 Miles: 50% Fatalities – Burn Damage -- Suffocation

Trinity Explosion .16 Seconds After

Detonation

Little Boy

Fat Man

The Question of Nuclear The Question of Nuclear WarfareWarfare

A Huge Debate Developed Now About the A Huge Debate Developed Now About the Use of Nuclear Warfare That Hitler Was Use of Nuclear Warfare That Hitler Was DefeatedDefeated

Arguments For Use:Arguments For Use: Fear of U.S.S.R.Fear of U.S.S.R. Destruction of JapanDestruction of Japan Save American LivesSave American Lives

Arguments Against UseArguments Against Use Ethical / Humanity ReasonsEthical / Humanity Reasons Einstein Was One of the Biggest Opponents of Einstein Was One of the Biggest Opponents of

UsingUsing

The Bombs at WorkThe Bombs at Work

Truman Ultimately Decided to Use the Bombs Truman Ultimately Decided to Use the Bombs Against Japan as They Refused to SurrenderAgainst Japan as They Refused to Surrender

Aug. 6, 1945 – B-29 Bomber Flown by Paul Aug. 6, 1945 – B-29 Bomber Flown by Paul TibbetsTibbets Dropped ‘Little Boy’ Over HiroshimaDropped ‘Little Boy’ Over Hiroshima

66,000 Killed Instantly & 200,000 Later66,000 Killed Instantly & 200,000 Later

Aug. 9, 1945 – B – 29 Bomber Named Aug. 9, 1945 – B – 29 Bomber Named “Bock’s Car”“Bock’s Car” Dropped “Fat Man” Over NagasakiDropped “Fat Man” Over Nagasaki More Powerful Bomb But Fewer CasualtiesMore Powerful Bomb But Fewer Casualties

39,000 Killed Instantly & 100,000 Later39,000 Killed Instantly & 100,000 Later

Mushroom Cloud From Bomb @ Nagasaki

Nagasaki After the Bomb

Hiroshima After the Bomb

Photo of Injuries Sustained Due to the

Atomic Bomb

The Surrender of JapanThe Surrender of Japan Emperor Hirohito Emperor Hirohito

Said He Couldn’t Said He Couldn’t Bear to See His Bear to See His People Suffer Any People Suffer Any More & Ordered More & Ordered Surrender Papers Surrender Papers to Be Drawn Upto Be Drawn Up

Japan Japan Surrendered – Surrendered – August 14, 1945 August 14, 1945 on USS Missouri on USS Missouri in Tokyo Bayin Tokyo Bay V-J DayV-J Day

WWII in ReviewWWII in Review

46 – 55 Million Dead46 – 55 Million Dead 35 Million Wounded35 Million Wounded 3 Million Missing3 Million Missing 30 Million Soldiers Dead30 Million Soldiers Dead

300,000 American300,000 American 23 Million Soviet23 Million Soviet

6 Million Jews Killed as Part of “Final 6 Million Jews Killed as Part of “Final Solution”Solution”

6 Million Others Physically Handicapped6 Million Others Physically Handicapped

The Rebuilding Process The Rebuilding Process After WarAfter War

The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill Met @ Yalta b/f Germany Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill Met @ Yalta b/f Germany

Surrendered (but Surrender Was on the Way) to Surrendered (but Surrender Was on the Way) to Discuss Fate of Postwar WorldDiscuss Fate of Postwar World

Views @ Conference:Views @ Conference: Stalin: Punish Germany HarshlyStalin: Punish Germany Harshly Churchill: Complete OppositeChurchill: Complete Opposite Roosevelt: MediatorRoosevelt: Mediator

Break Germany into 4 Military Controlled Sections and Break Germany into 4 Military Controlled Sections and Eventually Make Back into Free and Combined GermanyEventually Make Back into Free and Combined Germany

Roosevelt Wanted Stalin as FriendRoosevelt Wanted Stalin as Friend To Join in War Against JapanTo Join in War Against Japan Participate in International Meeting in San Francisco Participate in International Meeting in San Francisco

United NationsUnited Nations

The Nuremberg War The Nuremberg War TrialsTrials

A Series of War Trials Were Developed A Series of War Trials Were Developed After the War to Punish NAZI Officials for After the War to Punish NAZI Officials for Crimes Against HumanityCrimes Against Humanity Result of Evidence Found in Concentration Result of Evidence Found in Concentration

CampsCamps 12 Initial Officials Sentenced to Death 12 Initial Officials Sentenced to Death

and Many Others Sentenced to Jail Termsand Many Others Sentenced to Jail Terms Principle Established:Principle Established:

It is Not an Excuse to “Follow Orders” to Kill It is Not an Excuse to “Follow Orders” to Kill Another Human BeingAnother Human Being

The HolocaustThe HolocaustHolocaust: Systematic Murder of 11 Million

People Across

Europe – More Than Half Were

Jews

The Elimination of Jews in The Elimination of Jews in GermanyGermany

The Targeting of JewsThe Targeting of Jews Hitler Specifically Targeted Hitler Specifically Targeted

Jews for Economic Problems Jews for Economic Problems and Defeat in WWIand Defeat in WWI

Nuremberg Laws (1935)Nuremberg Laws (1935) Stripped Jews of Personal Stripped Jews of Personal

Property, Jobs, and Property, Jobs, and CitizenshipCitizenship

Forced Jewish People to Forced Jewish People to Wear Star of DavidWear Star of David

Kristallnacht – Nov. 9 – Kristallnacht – Nov. 9 – 10, 193810, 1938 NAZI Destruction of Jewish NAZI Destruction of Jewish

Businesses and SynagoguesBusinesses and Synagogues

Hitler’s “Final Solution”Hitler’s “Final Solution” Hitler’s “Final Solution” Was the Deliberate Hitler’s “Final Solution” Was the Deliberate

and Systematic Killing of the Entire Jewish and Systematic Killing of the Entire Jewish Population (Genocide)Population (Genocide) Why: Aryans Were a Superior People and the Purity Why: Aryans Were a Superior People and the Purity

of the Master Race Must Be Preservedof the Master Race Must Be Preserved Those Who Hitler Condemned:Those Who Hitler Condemned:

Gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Homosexuals, Mentally Ill, Physically DisabledHomosexuals, Mentally Ill, Physically Disabled

Forced Relocation: Forced Relocation: Hitler’s ‘Security Squadron’ or SS Rounded Up Jews Hitler’s ‘Security Squadron’ or SS Rounded Up Jews

and Moved them to Ghetto’s or Segregated Jewish and Moved them to Ghetto’s or Segregated Jewish Areas in Poland and then in Other AreasAreas in Poland and then in Other Areas

PHOTO OF THE WARSAW GHETTO

The Final StageThe Final Stage

The NAZI’s Developed Concentration The NAZI’s Developed Concentration Camps, First in Poland, and then Camps, First in Poland, and then Throughout Europe for Holding and Throughout Europe for Holding and Eliminating the Jew’s of EuropeEliminating the Jew’s of Europe

Types of Camps:Types of Camps: Labor CampsLabor Camps Death CampsDeath Camps

Originally Developed for Political Enemies Originally Developed for Political Enemies in Germany – Plan Just Shifted to Jewsin Germany – Plan Just Shifted to Jews

Camps Also Used for Medical Experiments Camps Also Used for Medical Experiments / Research/ Research

NAZI Concentration and NAZI Concentration and Death CampsDeath Camps