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The Yalta Conference
• FDR, Churchill, Stalin plan for postwar peace
• Appease Stalin, set
up Communist government in Poland
• Europe allowed to “create democratic institutions of their own choice”
• Agree to occupy & divide Germany (and Berlin) – 4 zones
• New international peace
organization
1. In the Declaration of Liberated Europe, what three things did the Big Three promise to help the people of Europe do?
2. In what zone in the divided Germany was Berlin located?
Tensions Rise
• Stalin demands Germany pay for war
• Will pay with trade goods and products instead of cash
• No free elections in Poland, Romania pressured to establish communist government
• Yalta Conference a turning point in Soviet – American relations
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Why was Stalin so concerned about making Poland communist?
A. Invaders could easily enter Russia through Poland.
B. He did not want Poland to align with the U.S.
C. Poland consistently tried to invade Russian territory.
D. He believed all bordering countries should be communist.
Potsdam Conference
• British, French, U.S. control areas in Western Germany – Germany must recover economically or may
turn to Communism out of desperation
• Soviets control Eastern Germany – Want more money / goods from Germany
The Soviet Union
• Russian Revolution 1917
• Bolsheviks – overthrew the government and killed Russia’s royal family
• Karl Marx – Communist Manifesto 1848
• Marx wanted workers of the world to overthrow capitalism
The Soviet Union
• Capitalism: farms and businesses are privately owned by individuals with money or capital
• Marx thought wealthy capitalists took advantage of the labor of workers to make themselves better
The Soviet Union • Communism: workers would
own all farms and businesses and run them for the benefit of everyone
• Worker’s paradise
• Supposed to be a council of workers in charge but in the Soviet Union this became the central government
The Soviet Union
• Stalin wanted to make the Soviet Union a modern industrial nation
• Government took over all economic planning
• Soviet people were forced to work on government run farms and factories
The Soviet Union
• Stalin used police to protect his power
• Spies watched people
• If you opposed Stalin you were eliminated
• 8 million people killed during the 1930s
• Millions more put in labor camps
Differing Goals
SOVIETS
• Concerned about security
• Keep Germany weak – Create communist
barrier between them
• Encourage communism in other nations
USA
• Many American officials believed that the Depression had caused World War II.
• By 1945, FDR convinced that economic growth, democracy, and free enterprise were the key to peace.
Containment
• Long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies
• Wait for Soviets to fall apart
• Communism could be beaten without going to war
Truman Doctrine • U.S. policy to
support free nations that resist invasion by outsiders (Soviets)
• Greece & Turkey
Marshall Plan – Give money to help rebuild
economy – billions of dollars pumped into western Europe
The Iron Curtain
• Expansion in Europe & Asia
• Satellite Nations a buffer zone – Poland, Romania,
Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia
• Iron Curtain isolating Western Europe
The plan lasted from 1947 until 1952, during which time the United States sent about $13 billion in aid.
Figure 3
Third World
• US and democratic, industrialized allies became known as “First World” nations
• Soviet Union and allies were “Second World”
• “Third World” poorer, less developed nations in Latin America, Africa and Asia – A lot of these countries gained
independence from colonial rulers in the 1950s and 1960s
Allies
• The United States and Soviet Union had to convince people to join their side
• Many Third World countries remained nonaligned nations
Berlin Airlift
• Soviets block all roads linking Berlin w/ Western Germany
• Cut off food, fuel,
other supplies • Successful in
carrying more than 2 million tons of food & supplies to Berlin
The Berlin airlift marked the first major confrontation in the Cold War. For 11 months, beginning in June 1948, the Western allies took part in an unprecedented attempt to keep a city alive -- entirely from the air. Despite Soviet harassment, poor flying conditions and official discouragement, the air crews performed what many thought was impossible.
Germany Splits
• Federal Republic of Germany (British, French, U.S. territories)
• German Democratic Republic (Soviet territory)
NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
– Military Alliance between Western Europe, U.S., Canada, Iceland
• Soviets respond with Warsaw Pact
– Military alliance of Eastern
European Communist countries
Figure 4
Warsaw Pact
• Soviets wanted to unite Berlin under a communist government even though the Blockade didn’t work
• 1949 West Germany became an independent nation with a democratic government
• 6 years later West Germany allowed NATO to rebuild its military
Warsaw Pact
• 1955
• Soviet Union creates their own alliance
• Called for military cooperation
• Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and East Germany
• If one was attacked the others would help
Loyalty Review Program
• 1947
• Truman
• 6 million federal employees screened for loyalty
• Suspicion could come from reading a certain book, belonging to various groups, traveling overseas, seeing certain films
Loyalty Review Program
• FBI scrutinized over 14,000 people
• 2,000 quit their jobs under pressure
• 212 were fired for “questionable loyalty”
HUAC and Anti-Communist Investigation
• Subversion: effort to weaken a society and overthrow its government
• FBI director J. Edgar Hoover went to HUAC and investigate the US government
• Wanted Congress to hold hearings on Communist subversion and “Communist sympathizers”
House Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC)
• Investigate Fascist groups in US
• J. Edgar Hoover (FBI)
wants expansion on
investigations
Hollywood Ten
• Ten members used
fifth amendment right
to protect themselves
and refused to testify
– chose jail time
instead
• Red Channels –
pamphlet listing 151
blacklisted members
of Hollywood
Alger Hiss • Served FDR
• Went to Yalta Conference
• Helped organized UN
• Accused of being Communist – denied it
• Accuser found papers that Hiss claimed he didn’t have
• Charged with perjury
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
• Convicted of giving Soviets atomic-energy secrets during WWII
• Executed for actions
• Internal Security Act (McCarran Act) – Communist Party members must register w/
federal govt.
– Immigrants sympathetic to communism closely watched
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
• How did they do it?
• David Greenglass – Ethel’s Brother in law
• Harry Gold – Philadelphia Chemist
• Julius – US Army Single Corps: avid communist; disclosed secrets
• Greenglass worked on Manhattan project – gave info to Rosenberg who gave info to Gold who worked in the espionage ring
• Gold passed to Anatoly Yakovlev who worked for the U.S.S.R
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
• Greenglass and Gold given lighter sentences for admitting to their actions
• Rosenberg’s claimed innocence up until they were electrocuted June 19, 1953
• Greenglass and Gold testified in their trials
McCarthyism
• Senator who accused hundreds of being communists
• The Party of Betrayal – Democrats corrupt &
protected Communists
• McCarthyism – damaged reputations w/o proof
• Downfall – accused military officials of misconduct
• Censure – Senated passed to keep him quiet
McCarran Act • 1950
• McCarthy and others fearful of Communism passed this
• Internal Security Act
• Illegal to establish a totalitarian government
• Required Communists to publish their records
• Truman vetoed – Congress Override
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
During the hearings in Hollywood, ten screenwriters, known as the “Hollywood Ten,” used which amendment right to protect themselves from self-incrimination?
A. 1st Amendment
B. 5th Amendment
C. 12th Amendment
D. 14th Amendment
Hydrogen Bomb
• Arms race sped up • H-Bomb to be 100x more
powerful than A-Bomb • Robert Oppenheimer - one
of A-bomb creators urges caution in use
• Soviets also test
• Turned to religion to get through
• “One Nation Under God” added to Pledge of Allegiance
• “In God We Trust”
to U.S. Coins
Nuclear War Hysteria
Mutual Assured Destruction
• 1960 both superpowers could launch nuclear missiles at each other
• Clear neither side could win this arms race
• MAD – Soviet leaders would not attack the US if it meant an attack on their country
Limited Test Ban Treaty
• Banned nuclear testing to the air, ocean and outer space
• Could test under ground
• Hoping this was a step away from war
• Both sides still spent a lot of money on new weapons
• “Duck and Cover” program for kids
• Fallout posed threat to atmosphere and people everywhere
• Created fallout shelters stocked with food
Nuclear War Hysteria
COLD WAR CONFLICTS
Cold War Heats Up
• Proxy Wars – conflict between nations or within a single country – superpowers back opposite sides without fighting each other directly
• US and Soviet Union provided their proxies with weapons, advisers and troops if needed
The Forgotten War
The Korean War
North Korea
• Communist state
• Soviets occupied after war
• Provided weapons & money
South Korea
• Backed by United Nations
• General MacArthur in charge
After WWII ended – Japanese territories divided up – including Korea
Korean War • June 25, 1950 N. Korea
invaded South Korean forces and drove them back – wanted to unite the country in communism
• Truman saw this as a test of the containment policy and ordered American naval and air power into action
Korean War • Called on the United Nations
to act
• With the pledge of UN troops, Truman ordered MacArthur to send American troops from Japan to Korea
Korean War • Sept 15, 1950
MacArthur ordered a daring invasion behind enemy lines at the port of Inchon
• Took N. Korea by surprise
• N. Korea had to retreat behind 38th parallel
Korean War • Truman gave order to
pursue the N. Koreans beyond the 38th parallel
• MacArthur pushed the North Koreans north to the Yalu River, the border with China
Korean War • Communism had been
contained without a 3rd World War
• 54,000 Americans died
• Cost $20 billion
• A million Koreans lost their life
Chinese Revolution • Mao Zedong – Communist
• Chiang Kai-shek – Nationalist government
• During WWII put this on hold to resist the Japanese
• After WWII the civil war continued
• Neither side could make great gains to win nor would either side compromise
Chinese Revolution
• U.S. sent Nationalist government $2 billion to prevent a Communist revolution
• Nationalist had poor economic planning and squandered the money
• By 1949 the Communists captured Beijing and support for Nationalists declined
Chinese Revolution
• Oct 1949 – People’s Republic of China: Communist
• Shocked many Americans
• Sept 1949 – Soviets had test 1st atomic weapon
• In 1950 – USSR and China signed a formal friendship agreement
• Feared they would support communist revolutions in other countries
Japan • Chinese revolution brought about change of
policy in Japan
• End of WWII MacArthur took control of Japan
• Wanted to introduce democracy and keep Japan from threatening war again
• When China fell to communism also started industrializing Japan – like Germany, viewed this as the key to defending Asia
China Enters the War • China saw the UN troops as a threat –
warned them to halt their advance
• China crossed the Yalu River and drove the UN forces back across the 38th parallel
• MacArthur was angry and demanded the approval to expand the war against China
• Asked for a blockade of Chinese ports, use of Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist forces in China and the bombing of Chinese cities with atomic weapons
Truman fires MacArthur • Truman did not want to extend the war into
China
• MacArthur persisted and publically criticized Truman
• April 1951 Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination
• Truman wanted to fight a limited war- contain communism
• Soviet & U.S. troops leave Korea
• North Korea invades – UN sends troops
• China joins with Korea – MacArthur wants
to bomb Chinese cities
– Truman fires him- no more bombs, can’t extend war into China
– Wants limited war – just contain communism
The 38th Parallel
Armistice Ends Fighting • Mid-1951 UN forces pushed the Chinese and
N. Korean forces across the 38th parallel
• Small battles
• July 1951 peace talks begin at Panmunjom
• War became increasingly unpopular in the U.S.
• Eisenhower elected in 1952 – determined to end the war
Figure 5
• Promised to end communism – by creating a strong economy
• End Korean War – use massive retaliation if necessary
– “Nukes more bang
for the buck”
Eisenhower Wins 1952 Election
• Key to winning Cold War was military and economy
• U.S. had to show that free enterprise could produce a better society than communism
• Nuclear weapons = More Bank for the Buck
• A traditional army would be too expensive
• Small wars (like Korea) would be unpopular and too expensive
• Wars had to be prevented in the first place – threaten nuclear war
• Eisenhower cut military spending from $50 billion to $34 billion by reducing the army
More Bang for the Buck
Ike achieves goal
• Korean War comes to end by July, 1953
• No peace treaty ever signed
• Demilitarized zone separates two countries
• Troops still in South Korea to defend border
P.S. Stalin dies, Nikita
Khrushchev takes over (not
much better)
Brinkmanship
• Go to the brink of war and force the other side to back down
• Some thought was too dangerous
Taiwan Crisis
• Communists control mainland China
• Chinese Nationalists control Taiwan and several small islands off China’s coast
• China (communist) wanted Taiwan
Taiwan Crisis
• Eisenhower saw as a threat to the communist barrier
• Said we would protect Taiwan at all costs
• Warned that an attack on Taiwan would be resisted by US Naval forces and possibly Nukes
• China backed down
Suez Crisis • 1955
• Middle East
• Eisenhower wanted to prevent Arab nations from aligning with the Soviets
• Secretary of State Dulles said we should help Egypt finance the construction of a dam on the Nile River
Suez • Egypt had bought weapons from Communist
Czechoslovakia – Congress didn’t want to approve helping with the dam
• Dulles had to withdraw his offer to help construct the dam
• Egyptian troops seized control of the Suez Canal from the Anglo-French company that had controlled it
• Egyptians wanted to use the canal’s profits to pay for the dam
Soviet
Pressured by the US the British and French called off
the invasion
Soviets won a major battle by supporting Egypt
Arab nations began accepting Soviet aid
Suez
• British and French troops
invaded Egypt
• Eisenhower was furious
with Britain and France
• Soviets threatened rocket
attacks on Britain and
France and sent troops to
help Egypt
• Eisenhower put U.S.
nuclear forces on alert
Covert Operations • CIA
• Hidden operations to discover Communist revolutions within countries
• Developing Nations: many looked to the Soviets for help industrializing
• To help stop developing nations from moving into the Communist camp Eisenhower wanted to provide them with financial aid
• In some cases, the CIA ran cover operations to overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them with pro-American leaders
Iran • 1953 Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh
• He had nationalized the Anglo-Iranina Oil Company
• Wanted to make an oil deal with the Soviet Union
• Pro-American shah (king) of Iran tried to force Mossadegh out of office but failed
• CIA sent agents to organize street riots and arrange a coup that ousted Mossadegh and returned the shah to power
Guatemala • 1950- Jacon Arbenz Guzman elected president
of Guatemala – communist
• America had Fruit Company farms in Guatemala
• After Guzman took office his program took over large estates
• 1954 – Czechoslovakia (communist) delivered arms to Guatemala
• CIA responded by training the opposition and arming them
• CIA- trained forces invaded and Guzman left office
Eastern Europe • 1953 Stalin Died
• 1956 Khrushchev took power
• Delivered a secret speech to Soviet officials
• US obtained copy and distributed to Eastern Europe
• Khrushchev attacked Stalin and his policies
• Hungary had an uprising – Eastern Europe was frustrated with Communism
• Soviets attacked Hungary and put down the rebellion
Eisenhower Doctrine • President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt
• Hero to Arab people after Suez situation
• Wanted to unite all Arab people into a united nation
• Eisenhower and Dulles worried this would lay groundwork for the Soviets to control the Middle East
Eisenhower Doctrine • Eisenhower asked Congress to use military
force whenever he thought it was needed in the Middle East to resist Communist nations
• Extended the Truman Doctrine into the Middle East
Eisenhower Doctrine • July 1958
• Left wing rebels – backed by Nasser and the Soviets seized power in Iraq
• Lebanon was nervous they were next
• President ordered 5,000 marines to Beirut, the Lebanese capital
• Once the situation was stable, U.S. withdrew
Cuba
• Since Spanish American War the U.S. had a naval base and influence in Cuba
• 1959 – Castro took control of the island
• Communist
• Eisenhower breaks off relations with Cuba
Bay of Pigs
• April 17, 1961
• 1,400 Cuban exiles
• Invaders killed and captured
• Embarrassed JFK
Missile Crisis
• U.S. spy planes see missiles in Cuba
• Could destroy much of the U.S.
• President Kennedy told Soviets to remove them
• Naval blockade of Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from delivering more missiles
Missile Crisis
• Soviet ships continue toward U.S. – thought to have more missiles
• Got very close but then turned around
• Kennedy agreed to remove missiles from Turkey
Sputnik • Khrushchev supported a peaceful
coexistences with communism and capitalism
• He did accuse “capitalist countries” of starting a “feverish arms race”
• 1957 – Sputnik
• Khrushchev threatened “We will bury capitalism… Your grandchildren will live under communism”
Sputnik • Khrushchev demanded the Allied troops
leave West Berlin
• Dulles rejected his demands
• Brinkmanship won out
• Khrushchev visited the US in late 1959
• Successful meeting
• Eisenhower and Khrushchev agreed to meet in Paris at a summit the following year
Sputnik • 1960 Soviets shot down American U-2 spy
plane
• Eisenhower claimed it was a weather plane that strayed off course
• Eisenhower refused to apologize and Khrushchev broke up the summit
The 1950s
GI Bill of Rights
• Govt. loans to start businesses & buy homes & farms
• Even to attend college
Suburbanization
• Levittown, NY – Planned residential community
• Simple, similar-looking homes
• To escape crime, provide better life for kids, affordable homes
• Baby Boom – 1945-1961 – Young couples
delayed starting new life until after WWII
– GI Bill
Conformity
• Business leaders, society frowned upon free-thinkers
• People wanted the approval of those around them
The Fair Deal
• Full employment • Minimum wage • Nat’l health insurance • Social Security benefits
• Affordable housing
• Enviromental / Public works
• Civil Rights Legislation
From right to left:
1 - East Berlin
2 - Border area
3 - Backland Wall
4 - Signal fence
5 - Different kind of barriers
6 - Watch towers
7 - Lighting system
8 - Column track
9 - Control track
10 - Anti-vehicle trenches
11 - Last Wall, known as the "Wall"
12 - Border
13 - West Berlin
The whole border area was on the territory of East Berlin/East Germany.
The border between East and West Berlin was after the last Wall. This
last Wall is known as the Berlin Wall. However, the Berlin Wall was a
complex system of walls, fences, watchtowers and barrieres The area
between the Backland Wall (3) and the Last Wall (11) was the so-called
death strip.
The Changing Workplace
• Growth of white-collar jobs
• Multinational corporations expand overseas to save money
• Franchises open chains stores
http://www.roadode.com/classicindex.shtml
Radio changes identity
• Television could produce soap operas, comedies, dramas
• Radio stations broadcasted recorded music, news, weather, sports, and talk shows
• Automobiles saved radio industry
Rock „n‟ Roll
• Alan Freed – Cleveland DJ
• Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry
• Elvis – most popular musician, strong stage presence – Sullivan Show featured Elvis
– Gyrating hips…filmed from waist-up
• Many adults disliked it – Immoral, gibberish,
– Challenged racial beliefs
– Led to generation gap
The Beat Movement
• Beats (Beatniks) – white writers and artists – Jack Kerouac, Allen
Ginsberg
• Tired of sterility and conformity of American life
• Laid foundations for cultural rebellion of the ’60s
Television of the ‟50s
• I Love Lucy • Toast of the Town • The $64,000 Question • The Lone Ranger • Dragnet
• Movie attendance dropped
• Cinemascope brought viewers back – panoramic screens with color
