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“The East Offering Its Riches to Britannia” by Spiridione Roma (1778). • In the foreground two women, each representing parts of the world “conquered” by the Company, namely India and China, queue to offer goods to Britannia.
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   “The  East  Offering  Its  Riches  to  Britannia”  by  Spiridione  Roma  (1778).    •  In  the  foreground  two  women,  each  representing  parts  of  the  world  “conquered”  by  the  Company,  namely  India  and  China,  queue  to  offer  goods  to  Britannia.            

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   •  The  swarthy  figure  representing  India  presents  pearls,  which  Britannia  eagerly  takes  up.    

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   •  China  offers  a  Ming  vase,  and  a  tea-­‐chest  is  at  her  knees.  •  The  shadowy  figures  behind  her  are  bearing  bundles  of  raw  cotton.    

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   •  Mercury  (Roman  messenger  god  of  "eloquence,  skill  and  thieving")  stands  aloft,  supervising  the  scene.                        

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•  On  the  horizon  in  this  allegorical  painting,  Roma  depicts  an  East  India  Company  ship,  identifiable  by  its  East  India  Company  flag,  the  cross  of  St.  George  and  stripes.  

 

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•  Old  Father  Thames  sits  bottom  left,  symbolizing  London,  and  London’s  power.  

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  

An  anonymous  commentary:  “The  painting  is  fascinating  as  an  object  of  historical  analysis  in  particular  for  what  it  says  about  imperialism  generally  and  British  imperialism  of  the  late  eighteenth  century  specifically.    The  painting  dates  from  about  the  time  Britain  lost  America  but  was  beginning  to  establish  itself  as  the  dominant  power  in  India.    The  image  was  painted  on  the  ceiling  of  a  room  of  the  building  occupied  by  the  East  India  Company.      The  seated  figure  is  Britannia  helping  herself  to  the  wealth  placed  before  her  by  an  Indian  woman.    Note  the  aloof  and  slightly  supercilious  look  on  Britannia’s  face.    Directing  the  tribute  bearers  is  Mercury,  the  Roman  messenger  god.    This  may  suggest  divine  sanction,  a  recurring  theme  in  most  imperial  ideologies  including  that  of  the  British  Empire.    The  choice  of  a  Roman  god  may  also  recall  the  Roman  Empire  and  make  a  claim  on  behalf  of  the  British  Empire  as  a  kind  of  successor.    The  look  on  Mercury’s  face  as  he  gazes  upon  the  subjects  of  empire  does  not  seem  too  friendly,  once  again  suggesting  where  the  favor  of  the  gods  lay—or  indeed  did  not  lie.  

The  lion  seated  beneath  Britannia  is  a  symbol  on  Britain  and  British  power  and  also  gazes  in  an  intimidating  manner  at  the  Indian  woman  holding  up  the  basket  of  jewels.    The  Indian  woman  bearing  tribute  seems  cowed  down,  resigned  and  generally  not  too  happy—perhaps  accurately  reflecting  how  the  subjects  of  Empire  felt  about  things.    Intriguingly,  the  tribute  bearers  include  a  Chinese  woman.    At  this  particular  time,  China  was  not  under  British  domination.    One  can  therefore  take  the  inclusion  of  the  Chinese  among  the  tribute  bearers  as  a  statement  of  future  intention.    The  old  man  seated  to  the  left  is  the  River  Thames  looking  quite  relaxed  and  even  a  little  indifferent  to  what  is  going  on—pperhaps  implying  the  almost  natural  character  of  what  was  going  on  (another  leitmotif  of  imperial  ideology).    Why  Britannia  is  shown  with  part  of  her  upper  body  uncovered  and  India  shown  with  her  entire  upper  body  uncovered  may  be  explained  in  terms  of  the  artistic  conventions  of  the  time  in  allegorical  depictions  of  women,  once  again  harking  back  to  conventions  of  Greco-­‐Roman  art—as  also  seen  in  the  nudity  of  the  two  principal  male  figures.    It  is  sometimes  said  that  the  British  acquired  their  empire  in  a  fit  of  absent  mindedness.    The  evidence  as  shown  in  this  painting,  dating  from  a  time  when  the  British  imperial  expansion  in  India  was  really  just  beginning  may  ,  however,  suggest  that  the  early  founders  of  the  British  Empire  were  not  absent  minded  at  all  but  knew  exactly  what  they  wanted.”  

 

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Neptune  Resigning  to  Britannia  the  Empire  of  the  Sea  (1847)  

   

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   “Rule  Britannia”    •  “Rule  Britannia”  is  not  the  national  anthem  of  Britain,  “God  Save  the  Queen”  is  (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tN9EC3Gy6Nk&feature=related)    YouTube  clip  of  “Rule  Britannia”:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhAkDjJjr_s    •  It  was  written  for  a  masque  (“proto-­‐ballet”),  but  today  is  known  for  the  song  •  Written  in  time  of  war  w/  France  •  Chorus:  Britain’s  will  never  be  slaves  (presumably  to  France)  •  Strauss,  Beethoven  Handel,  and  Wagner  all  composed  music  to  go  with  the  poem    •  Suggested  that  the  government  channel  money  into  building  a  standing  army.    The  idea  wasn’t  well    

liked;  Cromwell  had  the  last  standing  army—Britons  feared  it  could  be  used  on  them.    Notice    how  this  notion  makes  its  way  into  America’s  founding  documents.  

•  Instead,  England  has  a  very  good  navy  (which  makes  sense  because  if  you  have  a  good  navy  to    

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protect  your  cute  little  island,  you  will  never  need  an  army).    “Blue-­‐water”  navy  even  today.    •  Britannia  is  the  personification  of  England  •  Often  seen  carrying  a  trident  (mythological  symbol  of  water  power  –  think  Triton/Poseidon)        

       •  She  is  equivalent  to  the  United  States’  Columbia  

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 Columbia  

 •  Lady  Liberty  has  replaced  Columbia  as  American  personification;  American  “received”  her  from  France  in  the  form  of  the  Statue  of  Liberty    

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 Some  final  fun  facts  about  the  British  Empire:    •  Largest  colonial  empire  in  history.    By  the  end  of  the  19th  century  “The  Empire”  included  nearly  one  fifth  of  the  land  surface  and  one  quarter  of  the  world’s  population.    •  It  shaped  the  world;  parts  of  Africa  and  Asia  still  mirror  a  strong  British  impact  in  culture.    •  In  16th  century  England  began  to  outdo  her  rivals;  there  was  a  struggle  between  Spain,  Portugal,  Dutch,  France  and  England  for  commercial  and  naval  supremacy.    Britain’s  advantages:      •  Geographical  position  as  an  island,  seafaring  nation,  large  and  superior  sea-­‐going  community.    •  Establishment  of  trading  links  and  acquisition  of  new  territories  were  common  interests,  British  government  supported  by  private  enterprise.    •  England  gave  up  her  conflicts  with  European  rivals  to  focus  on  overseas  expansion.        •  Trade  was  the  most  influential  motivation  of  colonization  in  order  to  gain  enrichments;  trading  companies  got  privileges  of  setting  in  overseas  countries—taxation  and  administration  followed  (e.g.  “East  India  Company”  –  1600,  “Virginia  Company”  –  1606).      •  The  so  called  “First  Empire”  (1600-­‐1776)  ended  with  the  loss  of  the  13  American  colonies  in  the  War  of  Independence;  however  The  Empire  reached  its  zenith  in  the  19th  century  when  Queen  Victoria  was  proclaimed  Empress  of  India  in  1876/7.      

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•  In  1931  The  Empire  underwent  a  transformation  into  the  Commonwealth.    In  the  1950s  and  1960s  Britain  granted  independence  to  many  colonies.    

     

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