TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75Affiliated Institution of G.G.S.IP.U, Delhi

Development CommunicationTheories and Paradigms of Development

Paper ID-24201Paper code-BJMC201

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

Unit I

Topic - II Theories and Paradigms of Development

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

Theories and Paradigms of Development3

• The central task of the development theory is to explain why some countries are underdeveloped and how these countries can develop.

• These theories have been grouped on the basis of vision and direction of development, i.e. the world view of development, visualized by these theories.

• These theories can be sub-divided on the basis of certain shared analytical approaches, i.e. paradigms common to these theories.

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

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The world view of development

Dev. is Harmonious

Unilinear

MainstreamOr Interventionist Paradigm

Development is Contentious

Non - Interventionist or Counter – Revolution Paradigm

StructuralistParadigm

Orthodox Paradigm

Non- Unilinear

Neo – MarxistParadigm

Populist Paradigm

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

Unilinear Word view of Development

It means that underdevelopment is a condition preceding development.

All developed countries are late comers to the process of development, which had already taken place in the developed West. The Western developed countries followed some kind of processes, and, they have achieved a kind of standard of living.

Due to these reasons, the Western Countries have become the role models of development for the underdeveloped and developing countries.

Therefore, the development is becoming more like the West or like the already developed countries.

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

Types of Unilinear Theories

Theories follow under the unilinear world view can be divided into two categories: a) Development is Harmonious and non - contentious and b) Development is contentious.

a) Dev. is Harmonious: According to this perspective, development process benefits all rich as well as poor people, and rich as well as poor countries. There is more harmony between different groups of people and different countries.

b) Dev. is contentious: These theories refer to the rich exploiting the poor as much as the rich countries exploiting the poor.

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TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

Mainstream Paradigm: This perspective advocates state intervention or active role of the Government as an essential requirement for development. Most of the modern theories of development that have emerged during the post war years come under this paradigm. This may be called as the ‘Mainstream Paradigm’.

Counter-Revolution Paradigm: It emphasizes on non-intervention by the state or non involvement of the government, and advocates the efficiency of market (the forces that determine demand, supple and the cost, pricing, and production of goods, commodities and services) in promoting development, which favours free market for developments.

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Types of Unilinear Theories

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

Types of Unilinear Theories

The Structuralist Paradigm: It suggests that under- development is a consequence of the internal as well as the international structure (system of production). Internally, the less developed countries are totally dependent upon the production and export of primary products (raw materials like oil, sugar, tea, rubber etc.). On the international front, developed countries (capitalist West) produce and export “manufactured” goods.

• These theories suggest that if the less developed countries want development, they are required to change the structure (system) of production increasingly in favour of manufactured goods through capital based technology and industrialization.

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

Types of Unilinear Theories• The Orthodox Marxist Paradigm: It considers that conflict and

contradictions in the development of capitalism are inevitable, and that these can only be resolved through a revolution, which will then lead to the next phase of development.

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

Types of Non-Unilinear theories• Populist Paradigm: The theories under the “populist” approach

question either the need or possibility of the less developed countries developed countries developing on the lines of the already developed capitalist countries. The Gandhian thinking on appropriate development for country like India, and some contributions from some one like E.F. Schumacher wrote Small is Beautiful, may be considered as part of the ‘populist paradigm’.

Gandhi emphasized the importance of Gram Swaraj and said that development in a country like India should make the village as the centre, and provide employment and livelihood through a network of cottage and village industries.

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

Types of Non-Unilinear theories

Neo – Marxist Paradigm: The essence of paradigm lies in the fact that, at present, the less developed countries cannot develop like the west. It stresses the interconnectedness of development and under development, of traditional and modern, and indeed many other social and political and economic factors.

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIESSector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75

THANK YOUBy Shruti Chopra