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Theories, Laws, and other Dangerous Ideas
How are these four concepts related to each other?
List examples of scientific theories and laws….
Theories Laws
Theories LawsTheory of Plate Tectonics: Earth’s crust is divided into plates that move. Explains why earthquakes and volcanoes occur in certain zones.
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: F=maDescribes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
Kinetic Moleclar Theory: Matter consists of tiny particles in constant motion, whose speed is proportional to the absolute temperature. Explains gas laws.
Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRTDescribes the relationship between pressure, volume, moles, and temperature of a gas.
Germ Theory: Contagious diseases are caused by invisible microorganisms. Explains cause of many illnesses.
The law of independent assortment: Describes the principle that traits are passed on to offspring independent of each other
Atomic Theory: All matter is composed of elements made from indestructible particles called atoms. Explains why matter is conserved in chemical reactions.
Law of Superposition: Describes the general principle that in undeformed layers of rock, the oldest rock will be at the bottom.
Theories LawsTheory of Plate Tectonics: Earth’s crust is divided into plates that move. Explains why earthquakes and volcanoes occur in certain zones.
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: F=maDescribes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
Kinetic Molecular Theory: Matter consists of tiny particles in constant motion, whose speed is proportional to the absolute temperature. Explains gas laws.
Ideal Gas Law: PV=nRTDescribes the relationship between pressure, volume, moles, and temperature of a gas.
Germ Theory: Contagious diseases are caused by invisible microorganisms. Explains cause of many illnesses.
The law of independent assortment: Describes the principle that traits are passed on to offspring independent of each other
Atomic Theory: All matter is composed of elements made from indestructible particles called atoms. Explains why matter is conserved in chemical reactions.
Law of Superposition: Describes the general principle that in undeformed layers of rock, the oldest rock will be at the bottom.
Now Define the Terms
• Fact-
• Hypothesis-
• Theory-
• Law-
Scientific Fact: “In science ‘fact’ can only mean ‘confirmed to such a degree that it would be perverse to withhold provisional consent’.”
Stephen J. GouldScientific Hypothesis:1. A proposed answer to a research question
2. A tentative explanation for an observation or phenomena that can be tested through experimentation.
Scientific Theory: A general principle supported by a substantial body of evidence offered to provide an explanation of observed facts and as a basis for future discussion or investigation.
Lincoln, Boxshall, and Clark (1990)
Scientific Theory: A general principle supported by a substantial body of evidence offered to provide an explanation of observed facts and as a basis for future discussion or investigation.
Lincoln, Boxshall, and Clark (1990)
Scientific Law: A scientific law is a description of a natural relationship or principle, often expressed in mathematical terms.
Mystery Tube
Mystery Cans
How does it work?
Is there a hierarchy among the four original concepts?• Facts
• Theories
• Laws
• Hypotheses
Speculation
Absolute Truth
Speculation
Absolute Truth
HYPOTHESIS
FACTS
THEORY L A W
Potential Progression of Scientific Ideas
HYPOTHESIS
FACTS
THEORY L A W
Potential Progression of Scientific Ideas
• Explanatory principal• Based more on
inference
• Concise, descriptive principal• Based more on observation
Keep in mind that most hypotheses support EXISTING theories/laws
What makes these ideas dangerous (when applied to science):
What makes these ideas dangerous (when applied to science):• Facts are indisputable
• Hypotheses are educated guesses
• Theories are unsubstantiated ideas
• Laws are proven theories
What makes these ideas dangerous (when applied to science):• Facts are indisputable
• Hypotheses are educated guesses
• Theories are unsubstantiated ideas
• Laws are proven theories