By:

Dr.Abdulghani Sa’adon/Medical Educator

“Academic medicine is in crisis across the world. Medicine's capacity to research, think, and teach is collapsing just at the time when science, social trends, and globalization are offering great opportunities—and threats.

BMJ  2003;327:1001-1002 (1 November), Editorial

Objectives:To define learning and theory.

To explain general learning theories and modern theories in medical education.

To describe students learning style

What is Learning?

Learning can be described as a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an individual based on his/her experiences or discoveries

Learning theoriesLearning theories are conceptual frameworks that describe how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Learning brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views.

Varieties of theories of learning are

available for trainers to use in

medical education, it is very

important to identify the principles of

learning and understand how

individual differences affect the

learning process.

Index of learning theories, grouped in categories Paradigms: behaviorism , cognitivism ,constructivism

1-Cognitivist

• Internal restructuring of thought• Activities guide increased capacity forthought• Linking new knowledge to old• Learning to learn, reflection on learningCritical thinking, problem solving

What is about the experience?

2-Behaviorists

• Enable learners to change behavior basedon external stimuli• Teacher arranges environment to producedesired results

Behavioral objectives

– Competency based measures– Emphasize skill development + trainingObjectives/ Clinical Skills Curriculum, OSCE/Simulations

3-Constructivist

• Knowledge is formed within learners bymaking meaning from experiences.• Meaning, understanding, assigningsignificance• Changing perspectives, negotiatingmeaning“Make this inward journey to leadership, to discover who you are”

Three generation of reform/Where is Iraq model?

ee generations of reform

4-Andragogy The theory was originally named by a German high school teacher named Alexander Kappa in 1833.The term was not understood as we know it today until an academic named Malcolm Knowles defined the term in 1966 to differentiate it from the science of teaching children which is pedagogy. Knowles believed that adults learn differently than children, and they in turn need their own field of learning

Moving from Pedagogy to Andragogy is really quite unique. Unlike Pedagogy in Andragogy the adult learners :

independent and self directing.have experience.integrate learning to the demand of their

everyday life;interested in immediate problem centered

approaches motivated more by internal than external

drives.

Knowles states that adult learners are self motivated (intrinsically), He fails to mention extrinsic motivation and especially, the role of the teacher as major source of motivation reflection can be seen to enhance adult learning by increasing motivation to learn. Not all adult learners are equally intrinsically motivated, and this further highlights the inadequacy of andragogy with respect to motivation

So we have reflection and motivation:

•Experiential learning theory (Kolb 1984)

•Motivation

5-Kolb's model therefore works a four-stage cycle:

Concrete Experience - (CE)

Reflective Observation - (RO) Abstract Conceptualization - (AC)

Active Experimentation - (AE)

6-Theories of human motivation

focus exclusively on levels of motivation. This theory differentiates between 2 primary kinds of motivation:

1 – Controlled

2 – Autonomous

. Controlled motivation depends either on explicit or implicit rewards or punishment, or on people's internalized beliefs about what is expected of them. Learning in controlled situations { in which students act under pressure and anxiety} is likely to be rote, short-lived, and poorly integrated into students' long-term values and skills.

In contrast, autonomous motivation, as its name implies, is personally endorsed and reflects what people find interesting and important. While controlled motivation involves compliance with pressures, autonomous motivation involves behaving with a sense of volition, agency, and choice. Autonomously motivated learning leads to better educational outcomes .

7-Bloom’s Taxonomy

Cognitive: the most-used of the domains, refers to knowledge structures (although sheer “knowing the facts” is its bottom level). It can be viewed as a sequence of progressive contextualisation of the material. (Based on Bloom, 1956)

Affective: the Affective domain has received less attention, and is less intuitive than the Cognitive. It is concerned with values, or more precisely perhaps with perception of value issues, and ranges from mere awareness (Receiving), through to being able to distinguish implicit values through analysis. (Kratwohl, Bloom and Masia (1964))

Psycho-Motor: Bloom never completed work on this domain, and there have been several attempts to complete it. One of the simplest versions has been suggested by Dave (1975): it fits with the model of developing skill put forward by Reynolds (1965), and it also draws attention to the fundamental role of imitation in skill acquisition.

8-Millers’ Triangle :

Miller (1990) uses a triangle to describe the levels of competence. In every step the underlying level is the building block for the next level.

9-HOLISTIC LEARNING THEORY

The basic premise of this theory is that the individual personality consists of many elements ... specifically the intellect, emotions, the body impulse (or desire), intuition and imagination that all require activation if learning is to be more effective.

LEARNING THEORIES

Carl Rogers and others have developed the theory of facilitative learning.

The basic idea of this theory is that learning will occur by the educator acting as a facilitator,

Theory believes that human beings have a natural eagerness to learn,

10-FACILITATION THEORY ( THE HUMANIST APPROACH ):

11-Social learning theory

Learning that occurs within a social context.

It considers how people learn from one

another, encompassing such concepts as

observational learning, imitation, and

modeling. Although many species of

animals can probably learn by imitation,

social learning theory deals primarily with

human learning.

Social Learning has become known as a bridge between the behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it addresses attention, memory, and

motivation

Learning Styles

1• Perceptual orientations

2• Information processing habits

3• Personality

1-Perceptual orientations

– Visual

– Auditory

– Reading

– Kinesthetic/Tactile

For Auditory Learners

• Learn by Stories,

Discussions

• Study by Retelling

For Auditory Learners

• Learn by Stories,Discussions

• Study by Retelling

Kinesthetic/tactile• Learn by doing, applying,

examples, roleplay

• Study by practice answering, recall

applications/field trips

For readers/writers• Learn by

– Lists– Definitions– Glossaries

– Textbooks and detailed handouts• Study by Rewriting

2-Information processing habits

• Habits aid in perceiving, thinking, problemsolving and remembering

3-Personality:

• Affects motivation and ways of valuingexperiences

So much