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Theory for Practice: Theory for Practice: Positive Psychology Positive Psychology
and Leadershipand Leadership
James O. PawelskiJames O. Pawelski
Director of Education and Senior Director of Education and Senior ScholarScholar
Positive Psychology CenterPositive Psychology Center
University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of Pennsylvania
Harvard UniversityHarvard University
April 26, 2006April 26, 2006
William JamesWilliam James
Intellectual Intellectual knowledge vs. knowledge vs. experiential experiential knowledgeknowledge
New branch of New branch of psychology to study psychology to study optimal human optimal human functioningfunctioning
PreviewPreview
Philosophical introduction to positive Philosophical introduction to positive psychologypsychology
Psychological introduction to positive Psychological introduction to positive psychologypsychology
Application of positive psychology to leadershipApplication of positive psychology to leadership EducationEducation BusinessBusiness LawLaw MedicineMedicine
Is the glass half full, or half Is the glass half full, or half empty?empty?
Optimism in PsychologyOptimism in Psychology
A focus on good things.A focus on good things.
An expectation of good things.An expectation of good things.
A particular explanatory style.A particular explanatory style.
Optimism in PhilosophyOptimism in Philosophy
““This is the best of This is the best of all possible all possible worlds.”worlds.”
The glass is as full The glass is as full as it can get.as it can get.
Relative optimismRelative optimismG. W. G. W.
LeibnizLeibniz
Pessimism in PhilosophyPessimism in Philosophy
““This is the worst This is the worst of all possible of all possible worlds.”worlds.”
The glass is as The glass is as empty as it can empty as it can get.get.
Relative Relative pessimism.pessimism.
SchopenhauSchopenhauerer
Some New Thought Some New Thought and Eastern Viewsand Eastern Views
There is no such thing as evil.There is no such thing as evil.
The glass is completely full.The glass is completely full.
Absolute optimism.Absolute optimism.
Severe DepressionSevere Depression
There is no such thing as good.There is no such thing as good.
The glass is completely empty.The glass is completely empty.
Absolute pessimism.Absolute pessimism.
Who is right?Who is right?
Who cares?Who cares?
Clues from Etymology Clues from Etymology
Optimism – from Latin Optimism – from Latin optimusoptimus (best)(best)
Pessimism – from Latin Pessimism – from Latin pessimus pessimus (worst)(worst)
Meliorism – from Latin Meliorism – from Latin meliormelior (better)(better)
MeliorismMeliorism
““The doctrine that the world, or The doctrine that the world, or society, may be society, may be
improved and suffering alleviated improved and suffering alleviated through rightlythrough rightly
directed human effort.”directed human effort.”-Oxford English -Oxford English
DictionaryDictionary
William JamesWilliam James
Optimists—the salvation of the world is inevitableOptimists—the salvation of the world is inevitable
Pessimists—the salvation of the world is Pessimists—the salvation of the world is impossibleimpossible
““Meliorism treats salvation as neither inevitable Meliorism treats salvation as neither inevitable nor impossible. It treats it as a possibility, which nor impossible. It treats it as a possibility, which becomes more and more of a probability the becomes more and more of a probability the more numerous the actual conditions of salvation more numerous the actual conditions of salvation become.”become.”
Two Kinds of MeliorismTwo Kinds of Meliorism
Two Kinds of MeliorismTwo Kinds of Meliorism
Two Kinds of MeliorismTwo Kinds of Meliorism
Mitigative MeliorismMitigative Meliorism
-Focused on getting less of what we -Focused on getting less of what we don’t want.don’t want.
Two Kinds of MeliorismTwo Kinds of Meliorism
Mitigative MeliorismMitigative Meliorism
-Focused on getting less of what we -Focused on getting less of what we don’t want.don’t want.
-e.g. appendicitis-e.g. appendicitis
Two Kinds of MeliorismTwo Kinds of Meliorism
Mitigative MeliorismMitigative Meliorism
-Focused on getting less of what we -Focused on getting less of what we don’t want.don’t want.
-e.g. appendicitis-e.g. appendicitis
Constructive MeliorismConstructive Meliorism
-Focused on getting more of what we -Focused on getting more of what we do want.do want.
Two Kinds of MeliorismTwo Kinds of Meliorism
Mitigative MeliorismMitigative Meliorism
-Focused on getting less of what we -Focused on getting less of what we don’t want.don’t want.
-e.g. appendicitis-e.g. appendicitis
Constructive MeliorismConstructive Meliorism
-Focused on getting more of what we do -Focused on getting more of what we do want.want.
-e.g. physical fitness-e.g. physical fitness
Two Kinds of MeliorismTwo Kinds of Meliorism
Mitigative MeliorismMitigative Meliorism
-Focused on getting less of what we don’t -Focused on getting less of what we don’t want.want.
-e.g. appendicitis-e.g. appendicitis
Constructive MeliorismConstructive Meliorism
-Focused on getting more of what we do -Focused on getting more of what we do want.want.
-e.g. physical fitness-e.g. physical fitness
Different but related approachesDifferent but related approaches
Which Is Better?Which Is Better?
Mitigative Meliorism?Mitigative Meliorism?
Constructive Meliorism?Constructive Meliorism?
Which Would You Which Would You Choose?Choose?
Which Would You Which Would You Choose?Choose?
Red CapeRed Cape Mitigative MeliorismMitigative Meliorism
Which Would You Which Would You Choose?Choose?
Red CapeRed Cape Green Cape Green Cape Mitigative MeliorismMitigative Meliorism Constructive Meliorism Constructive Meliorism
Balanced MeliorismBalanced Meliorism
Continuum—complex situations may call for both Continuum—complex situations may call for both mitigative and constructive approachesmitigative and constructive approaches
Sometimes—shift toward mitigative meliorism is Sometimes—shift toward mitigative meliorism is neededneeded John Dewey—fighting propaganda, unjust powerJohn Dewey—fighting propaganda, unjust power
More often—shift toward constructive meliorism More often—shift toward constructive meliorism neededneeded PoliticsPolitics PsychologyPsychology
Department of PeaceDepartment of Peace
Congressman Dennis Kucinich, Congressman Dennis Kucinich, Walter Cronkite, and othersWalter Cronkite, and others
Secretary of PeaceSecretary of Peace To promote peace in our homes, in To promote peace in our homes, in
our nation, and around the world.our nation, and around the world. Vs. Defense DepartmentVs. Defense Department War on TerrorWar on Terror
PsychologyPsychology
Mainstream PsychologyMainstream Psychology MitigativeMitigative Focuses on helping us get less of what Focuses on helping us get less of what
we don’t wantwe don’t want
Positive PsychologyPositive Psychology ConstructiveConstructive Focuses on helping us get more of what Focuses on helping us get more of what
we do wantwe do want
A (Very) Brief Introduction A (Very) Brief Introduction to Positive Psychologyto Positive Psychology
Spearheaded by Martin SeligmanSpearheaded by Martin Seligman American Psychological Association (1998)American Psychological Association (1998) Presidential InitiativePresidential Initiative
Hundreds of researchers around the Hundreds of researchers around the worldworld International ConferencesInternational Conferences Burgeoning LiteratureBurgeoning Literature
Education Education Largest course at Harvard this termLargest course at Harvard this term First degree program started (Penn, 2005)First degree program started (Penn, 2005)
Three Pathways to Three Pathways to HappinessHappiness(Seligman)(Seligman)
1. The Pleasant Life1. The Pleasant Life
Positive subjective experiencePositive subjective experience
The Importance of Cultivating Positive The Importance of Cultivating Positive EmotionsEmotions Fredrickson: Broaden-and-Build TheoryFredrickson: Broaden-and-Build Theory
Positive EmotionsPositive Emotions About the past (gratitude, forgiveness)About the past (gratitude, forgiveness) About the present (mindfulness, savoring)About the present (mindfulness, savoring) About the future (hope, optimism)About the future (hope, optimism)
2. The Engaged Life2. The Engaged Life
Positive Individual TraitsPositive Individual Traits
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)(DSM)
Values in Action Classification of Values in Action Classification of Strengths and Virtues (VIA)Strengths and Virtues (VIA)
VIA Classification of Character VIA Classification of Character StrengthsStrengths
(Peterson and Seligman)(Peterson and Seligman)WisdomWisdom
-Creativity-Creativity-Curiosity-Curiosity-Judgment-Judgment-Love of Learning-Love of Learning-Perspective-Perspective
CourageCourage-Bravery-Bravery-Industry-Industry-Authenticity-Authenticity-Zest-Zest
LoveLove-Intimacy-Intimacy-Kindness-Kindness-Social -Social IntelligenceIntelligence
JusticeJustice-Citizenship-Citizenship-Fairness-Fairness-Leadership-Leadership
TemperanceTemperance-Forgiveness-Forgiveness-Humility-Humility-Prudence-Prudence-Self-Control-Self-Control
TranscendenceTranscendence-Awe-Awe-Gratitude-Gratitude-Hope-Hope-Humor-Humor-Spirituality-Spirituality
3. The Meaningful Life3. The Meaningful Life Positive InsitutionsPositive Insitutions
3. The Meaningful Life3. The Meaningful Life Positive InsitutionsPositive Insitutions
Using your Signature Strengths in the Using your Signature Strengths in the service of something larger than yourselfservice of something larger than yourself
-Community-Community-School-School-Church-Church-Nation-Nation-World-World
Positive InterventionsPositive Interventions
Is it possible to cultivate more Is it possible to cultivate more happiness?happiness?
Three blessings exerciseThree blessings exercise
Gratitude visitGratitude visit
Identify your signature strengths Identify your signature strengths and use them in a new way.and use them in a new way.
StudyStudy(Seligman, et al.)(Seligman, et al.)
Steen Happiness IndexSteen Happiness IndexExerciseExercise PrePre PostPost 1 Week1 Week 1 Month1 Month 6 6
MonthsMonths
MemoryMemory 58.5 61.6 58.3 57.6 58.758.5 61.6 58.3 57.6 58.7
BlessingsBlessings 57.1 58.8 59.9 62.2* 62.4*57.1 58.8 59.9 62.2* 62.4*
GratitudeGratitude 58.5 64.7* 61.8* 60.9* 59.058.5 64.7* 61.8* 60.9* 59.0
StrengthsStrengths 57.2 58.6 59.4* 62.1* 61.2*57.2 58.6 59.4* 62.1* 61.2*
Positive Psychology and Positive Psychology and LeadershipLeadership
Self-DevelopmentSelf-Development Subjective well-beingSubjective well-being Character strengthsCharacter strengths Meaning and PurposeMeaning and Purpose
Development of OthersDevelopment of Others Subjective well-beingSubjective well-being Character strengthsCharacter strengths Meaning and PurposeMeaning and Purpose
Call for LeadersCall for Leaders
What is your intended career?What is your intended career?
How can you apply positive How can you apply positive psychology perspectives in your psychology perspectives in your career?career?
How might you use constructive How might you use constructive meliorism to transform your meliorism to transform your profession?profession?
EducationEducation
John Yeager, Ed.D.John Yeager, Ed.D. Director of Character Excellence, Director of Character Excellence,
Culver AcademiesCulver Academies
HumanitiesHumanities PhilosophyPhilosophy LiteratureLiterature HistoryHistory Religious StudiesReligious Studies
BusinessBusiness
Giselle NicholsonGiselle Nicholson Full-time MAPP studentFull-time MAPP student MicrofinanceMicrofinance
Appreciative InquiryAppreciative Inquiry Gallup OrganizationGallup Organization
LawLaw
Dave Shearon, J.D.Dave Shearon, J.D. Executive Director of Tennessee Executive Director of Tennessee
Commission of Continuing Legal Commission of Continuing Legal Education and SpecializationEducation and Specialization
Law school is depressing (Sheldon Law school is depressing (Sheldon and Krieger)and Krieger)
Seeing the worstSeeing the worst Pessimistic thinkingPessimistic thinking Flexible optimismFlexible optimism
MedicineMedicine
Peter Minich, M.D., Ph.D.Peter Minich, M.D., Ph.D. Center for Clinician LeadershipCenter for Clinician Leadership Training physicians to be leadersTraining physicians to be leaders
Chris Feudtner, M.D., Ph.D.Chris Feudtner, M.D., Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics,
University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of Pennsylvania Hope in palliative careHope in palliative care
For More InformationFor More Information
Introduction to Positive Psychology: Introduction to Positive Psychology: Authentic HappinessAuthentic Happiness (Seligman)(Seligman)
Positive Psychology Center: Positive Psychology Center: www.positivepsychology.orgwww.positivepsychology.org
VIA Signature Strengths Survey: VIA Signature Strengths Survey: www.authentichappiness.orgwww.authentichappiness.org
Master of Applied Positive Psychology: Master of Applied Positive Psychology: www.pennpositivepsych.orgwww.pennpositivepsych.org
Office Hours: 2:00-4:00 this afternoonOffice Hours: 2:00-4:00 this afternoon
MAPP StudentsMAPP Students
[email protected]@sas.upenn.edu
Remember Your Green Remember Your Green Cape!Cape!