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The Outer Zodiacal Light Bill Reach Caltech (now) USRA/SOFIA (June 2010)
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Page 1: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

The  Outer  Zodiacal  Light  

Bill  Reach  Caltech  (now)  

USRA/SOFIA  (June  2010)  

Page 2: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Why  Study  the  Smaller  Bodies?  

① Tracer  of  gravita<onal  poten<al  

② Sample  of  material  from  solar  nebula  and  major  bodies  

③ Transport  of  material  and  construc<on  of  major  bodies  

Page 3: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

5 AU H2O ice

Solids devolatilized Icy planetesimals

Page 4: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Cometary  Material  in  Present    Solar  System  

Terrestrial planets & asteroids

Cometary core

Accreted nebular gas

Cometary+asteroidal veneer

Gas Giants

Heavy core

Kuiper Belt Ice Giants

Cometary moon

Zodiacal cloud

Page 5: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Zodiacal  Light   Interstellar  Medium  

Veritas  asteroid  family  debris  bands  

Karin  asteroid  family  debris  bands  

Page 6: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Infrared  Zodiacal  Light  (view  from  1  AU)  •  dominates  sky  brightness  from  1  to  100  microns  

•  Structures  include  bands,  warp,  terrestrial  anisotropy  

•  From  width  of  the  zodiacal  cloud,    >90%  Jupiter  family  comets  (Nesvorny  et  al  2009)  

Page 7: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Observa<ons  from  Spaceprobe  

•  From  fixed  plaXorm,  only  measure  integrals  along  line  of  sight,  not  readily  inverted  

•  Inner  zodiacal  light  best  measured  by  Helios  spaceprobes,  0.3-­‐1  AU  eccentric  orbit  photopolarimeter  (Leinert  et  al.)  in  1970’s  

•  Azimuthal  asymmetries  near  1  AU  probed  by  Spitzer  (new;  next  slides)  

•  Zodiacal  light  only  measured  out  to  3.5  AU  by  Pioneer  10  

•  Prime  real  estate  s<ll  available  outside  3.5  AU,  to  measure  “outer  zodiacal  light”  

Page 8: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!
Page 9: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Resonant  structures  in  Zodiacal  Cloud  •  Smooth  cloud  traces  mean  orbital  elements  

– Node  randomized  by  Jupiter  in  106  yr  so  only  secular  long-­‐<me-­‐averaged  perturba<ons  survive  

•  Resonant  effects  in  comoving  frame  with  planet  

•  Spitzer  Earth  Ring  experiment  

•  Frame  comoving  with  Earth  

•  Contours  of  the  COBE/DIRBE  zodiacal  cloud  model  

•  Trajectory  of  Spitzer  (thick)  with  crosses  every  year  

•  Able  to  probe  azimuthal  structure  of  zoiacal  cloud  

Page 10: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Observed  brightness  of  North  Pole  

Sinusoidal  varia<on  due  to  inclina<on  of  zodiacal  plane,  and  eccentricity  of  orbits  

Infrared/Zodiacal  Light  

Page 11: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

observed  MINUS  sinusoid  

Residual  varia<on  due  to  longitudinal  asymmetry  of  zodiacal  cloud  

Page 12: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Observa<ons  from  Spaceprobe  

•  From  fixed  plaXorm,  only  measure  integrals  along  line  of  sight,  not  readily  inverted  

•  Inner  zodiacal  light  best  measured  by  Helios  spaceprobes,  0.3-­‐1  AU  eccentric  orbit  photopolarimeter  (Leinert  et  al.)  in  1970’s  

•  Azimuthal  asymmetries  near  1  AU  probed  by  Spitzer  (new;  next  slides)  

•  Zodiacal  light  only  measured  out  to  3.5  AU  by  Pioneer  10  

•  Prime  real  estate  s<ll  available  outside  3.5  AU,  to  measure  “outer  zodiacal  light”  

Page 13: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Outer    Zodiacal  Light  

•  Need  to  get  beyond  5  AU   Next  fron<er  Collisional  evolu<on  of  Kuiper  Belt  

Page 14: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Exozodiacal  Light  

•  Debris  disks  around  other  stars  are  dynamically  analogous  to  Solar  System  Kuiper  belt  – Studying  extrasolar  debris  can  reveal  what  the  solar  system  might  (have)  looked  like  

Zodiacal  and  exozodiacal  light  Observa<ons  allow  a  link  between    The  solar  system  and  exoplanetary  Systems.  

Page 15: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Kuiper  Belt  origin  of  Interplanetary  Dust  

•  Liou,  Zook,  &  Dermoj  (1996)  

•  Modeling  dynamical  evolu<on  of  grains  from  KBOs,  including  resonances  and  perturba<ons  

•  Interstellar  grain  collisions  are  more  rapid  than  mutual  KB  grain  collisions  

•  ISD  may  shajer  KB  par<cles  >10  um  before  they  reach  the  inner  solar  system  

Page 16: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Dust  Density  predic<ons    for  Outer  Solar  System  

• Moro-­‐Mar<n  and  Malhotra  (2003)  

•  Collisional  produc<on  rate  106-­‐108  g/s  (Stern  1996,  Landgraf  2002)  

•  KB  dust  cloud  mass  ~  1022g  •  Rela<vely  high  eccentrici<es  when  passing  Earth,  like  comets  

Page 17: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Zodiacal  Light  Predic<ons  for  spaceprobe  

•  Use  the  Voyager  1  spacecran  trajectory  (as  an  example)  

•  eclip<c  pole    •  an<solar  direc<on  

•  Illustra<ve  calcula<on:  power-­‐law  zodiacal  cloud  extrapola<on,  plus  gaussian  torus  at  Kuiper  Belt  

Page 18: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Outer  Zodiacal  Light:  radial  profile  

•  Same  as  previous  slide,  but:  

•  Density  es<mate  from  Jewij  &  Luu  and  Moro-­‐Mar<n  &  Malhotra.    

• Much  wider  distribu<on  of  KB  dust  (spiraling  inward  due  to  PR  drag)  

Page 19: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Tagalong  science  

Page 20: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Composi<on  of  IDPs  •  Infrared  spectra  measure  mineralogy  of  parent  bodies  

•  Comeplement  laboratory  work  on  IDPs  and  STARDUST  

Page 21: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Par<cle  Size  Distribu<on  •  For  power-­‐law  n(<m)~m-­‐α  

– Most  mass  in  largest  par<cles  if  α<1  – Surface  area  in  large  par<cles  if  α<2/3  

•  Halley  &  Wild2  α=0.75-­‐0.88  – Applies  to  m<1  µg  – Mass  in  large,  area  in  small  

•  Large  par<cle  excess  – Double  power-­‐law  fit  

•  Radio  Doppler  – 20-­‐40  mg  par<cle  shined  attude  (Anderson  et  al  2004  JGRE  109)  a~2  mm  

Green  et  al  2004  JGRE  109  

Page 22: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Applica<on  to  Stardust  data  •  Mass  ra<o  

– Observe:  mmax/m1>100,  m2/m1  ~  300  –   M2/M1~600  – Bulk  of  mass  in  “bump”  

•  Area  ra<o:  

–  Observe:  m1/mmin>106  –   A2/A1<7  –  Significant  area  in  “bump”  –  Coma  due  to  large+small  par<cles  

32

min

132

1

2

1

2

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛≈

α

mm

mm

AA

Page 23: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

Planetary  Science  Ques<ons  

1. What  is  the  origin  of  interplanetary  dust  in  the  inner  and  outer  solar  system?  

2.  How  does  the  interplanetary  dust  interact  with  the  outer  planets?  

3. What  is  the  composi<on  of  inner  and  outer  solar  system  material?  

4.  How  does  the  solar  system  dust  cloud  relate  to  exoplanetary  systems?  

Page 24: The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light · The$Outer$Zodiacal$Light! Bill$Reach$ Caltech!(now)! USRA/SOFIA!(June!2010)!

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