Therapeutics in Dentistry(General Principles)

• Iyad Abou Rabii

1991

MRes (Master of Research)

PG Diploma Oral and Max-Fac Surgery

Docteur of Dental Surgery

1993

1998

1998

2001

2004

2005

PG Certificat (General Pharmacology)

PG Diploma (Pharmaceutical Engeneering)

PhD(Dental Pharmacology)

PG Certificat (Implant Dentistry)

2012 MSc (Medical Education)

2

Pharmacology Basics

• Indications

• Contra-indications

2

Pharmacology Basics

• Indications– The reasons for administering a medication

or performing a treatment

• Contra-indications– A factor that prevents the use of a

medication or treatment (eg. Allergies)

3

Pharmacology Basics

• Dose

• Mechanism of Action

3

Pharmacology Basics

• Dose– The amount of a drug to be administered at

one time

• Mechanism of Action– How a drug works

4

Pharmacology Basics

• Effects

• Side Effects

4

Pharmacology Basics

• Effects– The desired result of administration of a

medication

• Side Effects– Effects that are not desired and that occur in

addition to the desired therapeutic effects

6

Medication Names• Chemical Name

• Generic Name

• Trade Name

• Official Name

6

Medication Names• Chemical Name

– describes the drug’s chemical structure

• Generic Name – reflects the chemical name, but in shorter form

• Trade Name– the name the manufacturer uses to market the drug

• Official Name– the name used in the Pharmocopoeia

Routes of drug administration

• Enteral tract routes• Parenteral routes

Comparison of Enteral vs. Parenteral Routes

Enteral Routes

• Oral (PO)• Orogastric/nasogastric (OG/NG)• Sublingual (SL)• Buccal• Rectal (PR)

Parenteral Routes• Topical• Intradermal• Intranasal• Subcutaneous (SC)• Intramuscular (IM)• Intravenous (IV)• Endotracheal (ET)

• Sublingual injection

• Intracardiac (IC)• Intraosseous• Inhalational• Umbilical• Vaginal• Pulpal

No No singlesingle method of drug method of drug administration is ideal for all administration is ideal for all drugs in all circumstancesdrugs in all circumstances

Very Important

Very Important

Info!Info!

What are the essential components What are the essential components of a drug prescription? of a drug prescription?

Drug prescripti

on

Essential Components of Prescriptions

All written prescriptions should contain:

1) Patient's full name and address

2) Prescriber's full name, address, telephone number,

3) Date of issuance

4) Signature of prescriber

5) Drug name, dose, dosage form, amount

6) Directions for use

7) Refill instructions

The Medication Order (Prescription)

• Medication desired• Dose desired• Administration route• Administration rate

Before any Drug prescription

• Discuss with patient the possible consequences (god and bad)

• Prescribe drugs you know• Keep updated (BNF, Vidal…others)• Dose: consider age, physiology,

and pathology • Drug interactions

• The Dentist is legally responsible for the signed prescription

• Prescription should be indelible, dated, with full name and address of the patient

• Age of patient should be mentioned when under 12.

• Use generic drugs when possible

Prescribing

• Don`t use abbreviations for the drug names.• Define the quantity supplied• Directions should be in English with no use

of the abbreviations

Prescribing

Prescribing

• When writing the dose– Quantities of one gram is wrriten (1 g)– Less than 1 g is written in milligrams (500 mg)– Less than l mg should be written in microgram

100 microgram (not 0.1 mg)– Nanogram and microgram should not be

abbreviated

Clark’s Rule

Clark's Rule

Divide the child’s weight (in pounds) by 150 to get the approximate fraction of the adult dose to give to the child.

Example: For a 50 pound child give 50/150 (or 1/3) of the adult dose. Therefore, if the adult dose is 30 drops taken 3 times per day, the child’s dose will be 10 drops taken 3 times per day

(not 30 drops taken 1 time per day).

•

Essential Components of Prescriptions

All written prescriptions should contain:

1)Patient's full name and address

2)Prescriber's full name, address, telephone number,

3)Date of issuance

4)Signature of prescriber

5)Drug name, dose, dosage form, amount

6)Directions for use

7)Refill instructions

Essential Components of Prescriptions

Latin abbreviations Latin abbreviations

• Rx : abbreviation of the Latin word "recipe” x as a Rx : abbreviation of the Latin word "recipe” x as a substitute period.substitute period.

• # ac (ante cibum) # ac (ante cibum)

• means "before meals"means "before meals"

• # bid (bis in die) means # bid (bis in die) means

• "twice a day""twice a day"

Latin abbreviations Latin abbreviations

• # po (per os) # po (per os)

• means "by mouth"means "by mouth"

• # pc (post cibum) means # pc (post cibum) means

• "after meals""after meals"

• # prn (pro re nata) # prn (pro re nata)

• means "as needed"means "as needed"

Latin abbreviations Latin abbreviations • # q 3 h (quaque 3 hora)# q 3 h (quaque 3 hora)

• means "every 3 hours"means "every 3 hours"

• # qd (quaque die) # qd (quaque die)

• means "every day"means "every day"

• # qid (quater in die) means # qid (quater in die) means

• "4 times a day""4 times a day"

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