Thermal Conductivity.docx

Thermal Conductivity - k - W/(m.K)

Material/Substance

Temperature - oC

25 125 225

Acetone 0.16

Acetylene (gas) 0.018

Acrylic 0.2

Air, athmosphere (gas) 0.024

Air, elevation 10000 m 0.020

Alcohol 0.17

Aluminum 205 215 250

Aluminium Brass 121

Aluminum Oxide 30

Ammonia (gas) 0.022

Antimony 18.5

Apple (85.6% moisture) 0.39

Argon (gas) 0.016

Asbestos-cement board 0.744

Asbestos-cement sheets 0.166

Asbestos-cement 2.07

Asbestos, loosely packed 0.15

Asbestos mill board 0.14

Asphalt 0.75

Balsa wood 0.048

Bitumen 0.17

Bitumen/felt layers 0.5

Beef, lean (78.9 % moisture) 0.43 - 0.48

Benzene 0.16

Beryllium 218

Bitumen 0.17

Blast furnace gas (gas) 0.02

Brass 109

Breeze block 0.10 - 0.20

Brick dense 1.31

Brick, insulating 0.15

Brickwork, common 0.6 -1.0

Brickwork, dense 1.6

Bronze 110

Butter (15% moisture content) 0.20

Cadmium 92

Calcium silicate 0.05

Carbon 1.7

Carbon dioxide (gas) 0.0146

Cement, portland 0.29

Cement, mortar 1.73

Chalk 0. 09

Chlorine (gas) 0.0081

Chrome Nickel Steel (18% Cr, 8 % Ni) 16.3

Chromium 94

Clay, dry to moist 0.15 - 1.8

Clay, saturated 0.6 - 2.5

Cobalt 69

Cod (83% moisture content) 0.54

Concrete, lightweight 0.1 - 0.3

Concrete, medium 0.4 - 0.7

Concrete, dense 1.0 - 1.8

Concrete, stone 1.7

Constantan 22

Copper 401 400 398

Corian (ceramic filled) 1.06

Cork board 0.043

Cork, regranulated 0.044

Cork 0.07

Cotton 0.04

Cotton wool 0.029

Carbon Steel 54 51 47

Cotton Wool insulation 0.029

Diamond 1000

Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel) 0.06

Diatomite 0.12

Earth, dry 1.5

Engine Oil 0.15

Ether 0.14

Ethylene (gas) 0.017

Epoxy 0.35

Ethylene glycol 0.25

Feathers 0.034

Felt insulation 0.04

Fiberglass 0.04

Fibre insulating board 0.048

Fibre hardboard 0.2

Fireclay brick 500oC 1.4

Foam glass 0.045

Freon 12 (gas) 0.007

Freon 12 (liquid) 0.09

Gasoline 0.15

Glass 1.05

Glass, Pearls, dry 0.18

Glass, Pearls, saturated 0.76

Glass, window 0.96

Glass, wool Insulation 0.04

Glycerol 0.28

Gold 310 312 310

Granite 1.7 - 4.0

Gravel 0.7

Gypsum board 0.17

Hairfelt 0.05

Hardboard high density 0.15

Hardwoods (oak, maple..) 0.16

Helium (gas) 0.142

Honey (12.6% moisture content) 0.5

Hydrochlor acid (gas) 0.013

Hydrogen (gas) 0.168

Hydrogen sulfide (gas) 0.013

Ice (0oC, 32oF) 2.18

Insulation materials 0.035 - 0.16

Iridium 147

Iron 80 68 60

Iron, wrought 59

Iron, cast 55

Kapok insulation 0.034

Kerosene 0.15

Krypton (gas) 0.0088

Lead Pb 35

Leather, dry 0.14

Limestone 1.26 - 1.33

Magnesia insulation (85%) 0.07

Magnesite 4.15

Magnesium 156

Marble 2.08 - 2.94

Mercury 8.3

Methane (gas) 0.030

Methanol 0.21

Mica 0.71

Milk 0.53

Mineral wool insulation materials, wool blankets .. 0.04

Molybdenum 138

Monel 26

Neon (gas) 0.046

Neoprene 0.05

Nickel 91

Nitrogen (gas) 0.024

Nylon 6 0.25

Oil, machine lubricating SAE 50 0.15

Olive oil 0.17

Oxygen (gas) 0.024

Paper 0.05

Paraffin Wax 0.25

Perlite, atmospheric pressure 0.031

Perlite, vacuum 0.00137

Plaster light 0.2

Plaster, metal lath 0.47

Plaster, sand 0.71

Plaster, wood lath 0.28

Plastics, foamed (insulation materials) 0.03

Platinum 70 71 72

Plutonium 6.7

Plywood 0.13

Polyester 0.05

Polyethylene HD 0.42 - 0.51

Polypropylene 0.1 - 0.22

Polystyrene, expanded styrofoam 0.03

Polystyrol 0.043

Polyurethane foam 0.03

Porcelain 1.5

Potato, raw flesh 0.55

Propane (gas) 0.015

PTFE 0.25

PVC 0.19

Pyrex glass 1.005

Quartz mineral 3

Rock, solid 02-Jul

Rock, porous volcanic (Tuff) 0.5 - 2.5

Rock Wool insulation 0.045

Rubber, natural 0.13

Salmon (73% moisture content) 0.50

Sand, dry 0.15 - 0.25

Sand, moist 0.25 - 2

Sand, saturated 02-Apr

Sandstone 1.7

Sawdust 0.08

Sheeps wool 0.039

Silica aerogel 0.02

Silicone oil 0.1

Silver 429

Slag wool 0.042

Slate 2.01

Snow (temp < 0oC) 0.05 - 0.25

Sodium 84

Softwoods (fir, pine ..) 0.12

Soil, with organic matter 0.15 - 2

Soil, saturated 0.6 - 4

Steel, Carbon 1% 43

Stainless Steel 16 17 19

Straw slab insulation, compressed 0.09

Styrofoam 0.033

Sulfur dioxide (gas) 0.0086

Sugars 0.087 - 0.22

Teflon 0.25

Timber 0.14

Tin Sn 67

Titanium 22

Tungsten 174

Uranium 27.6

Urethane foam 0.021

Vacuum 0

Vermiculite 0.058

Vinyl ester 0.25

Water 0.58

Water, vapor (steam) 0.016

Wheat flour 0.45

Wood across the grain, white pine 0.12

Wood across the grain, balsa 0.055

Wood across the grain, yellow pine, timber 0.147

Wood, oak 0.17

Wool, felt 0.07

Wood wool, slab 0.1 - 0.15

Xenon (gas) 0.0051

Zinc Zn 116

Absorption coefficients of common building materials and finishes

Floor materials125 Hz

250 Hz

500 Hz 1 kHz 2 kHz 4 kHz

carpet 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.25 0.45

Concrete (unpainted, rough finish) 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

Concrete (sealed or painted) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Marble or glazed tile 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

Vinyl tile or linoleum on concrete 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

Wood parquet on concrete 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07

Wood flooring on joists 0.15 0.11 0.1 0.07 0.06 0.07

Seating materials125 Hz

250 Hz


Benches (wooden, empty) 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Benches (wooden, 2/3 occupied) 0.37 0.4 0.47 0.53 0.56 0.53

Benches (wooden, fully occupied) 0.5 0.56 0.66 0.76 0.8 0.76

Benches (cushioned seats and backs, empty) 0.32 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.48

Benches (cushioned seats and backs, 2/3 occupied) 0.44 0.56 0.65 0.72 0.72 0.67

Benches (cushioned seats and backs, fully occupied) 0.5 0.64 0.76 0.86 0.86 0.76

Theater seats (wood, empty) 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.08

Theater seats (wood, 2/3 occupied) 0.34 0.21 0.28 0.53 0.56 0.53

Theater seats (wood, fully occupied) 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.76 0.8 0.76

Seats (fabric-upholsterd, empty) 0.49 0.66 0.8 0.88 0.82 0.7

Seats (fabric-upholsterd, fully occupied) 0.6 0.74 0.88 0.96 0.93 0.85

Reflective wall materials125 Hz

250 Hz


Brick (natural) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07

Brick (painted) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03

Concrete block (coarse) 0.36 0.44 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.25

Concrete block (painted) 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.08

Concrete (poured, rough finish, unpainted) 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

Doors (solid wood panels) 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04

Glass (1/4" plate, large pane) 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02

Glass (small pane) 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02

Plasterboard (12mm (1/2") paneling on studs) 0.29 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

Plaster (gypsum or lime, on masonry) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Plaster (gypsum or lime, on wood lath) 0.14 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

Plywood (3mm(1/8") paneling over 31.7mm(1-1/4") airspace) 0.15 0.25 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.08

Plywood (3mm(1/8") paneling over 57.1mm( 2-1/4") airspace) 0.28 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.08

Plywood (5mm(3/16") paneling over 50mm(2") airspace) 0.38 0.24 0.17 0.1 0.08 0.05

Plywood (5mm(3/16") panel, 25mm(1") fiberglass in 50mm(2") airspace) 0.42 0.36 0.19 0.1 0.08 0.05

Plywood (6mm(1/4") paneling, airspace, light bracing) 0.3 0.25 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1



Absorptive wall materials125 Hz

250 Hz


Drapery (10 oz/yd2, 340 g/m2, flat against wall) 0.04 0.05 0.11 0.18 0.3 0.35



Drapery (14 oz/yd2, 476 g/m2, pleated 50%) 0.07 0.31 0.49 0.75 0.7 0.6

Drapery (18 oz/yd2, 612 g/m2, pleated 50%) 0.14 0.35 0.53 0.75 0.7 0.6Fiberglass board (25mm(1") thick)

0.06 0.2 0.65 0.9 0.95 0.98

Fiberglass board (50mm(2") thick) 0.18 0.76 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99



Open brick pattern over 75mm(3") fiberglass 0.4 0.65 0.85 0.75 0.65 0.6

Pageboard over 25mm(1") fiberglass board 0.08 0.32 0.99 0.76 0.34 0.12



Performated metal (13% open, over 50mm(2") fiberglass) 0.25 0.64 0.99 0.97 0.88 0.92

Ceiling material125 Hz

250 Hz


Plasterboard (12mm(1/2") in suspended ceiling grid) 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.08

Underlay in perforated metal panels (25mm(1") batts) 0.51 0.78 0.57 0.77 0.9 0.79

Metal deck (perforated channels,25mm(1") batts) 0.19 0.69 0.99 0.88 0.52 0.27

Metal deck (perforated channels, 75mm(3") batts) 0.73 0.99 0.99 0.89 0.52 0.31

Plaster (gypsum or lime, on masonary) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Plaster (gypsum or lime, rough finish or timber lath) 0.14 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

Sprayed cellulose fiber (16mm(5/8") on solid backing) 0.05 0.16 0.44 0.79 0.9 0.91

Sprayed cellulose fiber (25mm(1") on solid backing) 0.08 0.29 0.75 0.98 0.93 0.76

Sprayed cellulose fiber (25mm(1") on timber lath) 0.47 0.9 1.1 1.03 1.05 1.03

Sprayed cellulose fiber (32mm(1-1/4") on solid backing) 0.1 0.3 0.73 0.92 0.98 0.98

Sprayed cellulose fiber (75mm(3") on solid backing) 0.7 0.95 1 0.85 0.85 0.9

Wood tongue-and-groove roof decking 0.24 0.19 0.14 0.08 0.13 0.1

Miscellaneous surface material125 Hz

250 Hz


People-adults (per 1/10 person) 0.25 0.35 0.42 0.46 0.5 0.5

People-high school students (per 1/10 person) 0.22 0.3 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.45

People-elementary students (per 1/10 person) 0.18 0.23 0.28 0.32 0.35 0.35

Ventilating grilles 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4

Water or ice surface

Silica Glass (SiO2)

Transmission Range :0.18 to 2.2 μm (3 μm for IR grades)

Refractive Index :1.47012 at 4 μm (1)

Reflection Loss :7.0% at 0.4 μm (2 surfaces)

Absorption Coefficient :10 x 10-6 cm-1 at 1 μm

Reststrahlen Peak :n/a

dn/dT :+11.9 x 10-6 /°C

dn/dμ = 0 :1.3 μm

Density :2.203 g/cc

Melting Point :1600 °C (softening)

Thermal Conductivity :1.38 W m-1 K-1

Thermal Expansion :0.55 x 10-6 /°C at 300K

Hardness :Knoop 500 with 200g indenter

Emissivity Values for Common Materials [Emissivity Values Page 1] [Emissivity Values Page 2]

[Measured Normal Emissivities] Material Wavelength Emit.

Asbestos: board 0.96

Asbestos: fabric 0.78

Asbestos: paper 0.93

Asbestos: slate 0.96

Brick: alumina 2-5.6 0.68

Brick: common 2-5.6 .81-.86

Brick: common, red 0.93

Brick: facing, red 2-5.9 0.92

Brick: facing, yellow 2-5.6 0.72

Brick: fireclay 0.85



Brick: masonry 5 0.94

Brick: red 0.90

Brick: waterproof 2-5.6 0.87

Carbon: candle soot 0.95

Carbon: graphite, filed surface 0.98

Carbon: purified 8-14 0.80

Cement: 8-14 0.54

Charcoal: powder 8-14 0.96

Chipboard: untreated 2-5.6 0.90

Clay: fired 8-14 0.91

Concrete 0.92

Concrete: dry 5 0.95

Concrete: rough 2-5.6 .92-.97

Enamel: laquer 8-14 0.90

Fabric: Hessian, green 0.88

Fabric: Hessian, uncolored 2-5.6 0.87

Fiberglass 0.750

Fiber board: porous, untreated 2-5.6 0.85

Fiber board: hard, untreated 2-5.6 0.85

Filler: white 2-5.6 0.88

Firebrick 2-5.6 0.68

Formica 6.5-20 0.937

Glass 8-14 0.92

Glass: chemical ware (partly transparent) 6.5-20 0.97

Glass: frosted 8-14 0.96

Glass: frosted 0.70

Glass: frosted 0.67

Glass: polished plate 0.94

Granite: natural surface 5 0.96

Graphite: powder 8-14 0.97

Gravel 6.5-20 0.28

Gypsum 8-14 .085

Hardwood: across grain 2-5.6 0.82

Hardwood: along grain 2-5.6 .68-.73

Ice 8-14 0.97

Iron: heavily rusted 2-5.6 .91-.96

Lacquer: bakelite 8-14 0.93

Lacquer: dull black 8-14 0.97

Lacquer: white 8-14 0.87q

Lacquer: white 0.92

Lacquer: matte black 0.97

Lacquer: shiny, black, on metal 0.87

Lampblack 8-14 0.96

Limestone: natural surface 5 0.96

Mortar 2-5.6 0.87

Mortar: dry 5 0.94

Oil, lubricating (thin film on nickel base) Nickel base alone 0.05

Film thickness = 0.001 0.27



Thick coating 0.82

P.V.C. 2-5.6 .91-.93

Paint: 3M, black velvet coating 9560 series optical black

3 @1.00

Paint: 3M, black velvet coating 9560 series optical black

10 @1.00

Paint: Acme, quality spray enamel, #801 brilliant black

3 .0959

Paint: Acme, quality spray enamel, #801 brilliant black

10 0.945

Paint: Aquadag, 4 coats on copper aluminum 0.490

Paint: aluminum 0.450

Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #113 light blue 3 0.95

Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #113 light blue 10 0.960

Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #102, gold leaf 3 0.98

Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #102, gold leaf 10 0.98

Paint: cadmium yellow 0.33

Paint: chrome green 0.70

Paint: Chromatone stabilized silver finish (Alumatone)

3 0.26

Paint: Chromatone stabilized silver finish (Alumatone)

10 0.305

Paint: cobalt blue Paint: Dupont Duco #71 wrought iron black 3 0.982

Paint: Dupont Duco #71 wrought iron black 10 0.897

Paint: Dutch Boy, 46H47, National lead high heat black

10 0.90

Paint: Krylon, flat black 3 0.95

Paint: Krylon, flat black 10 0.956

Paint: Krylon, flat white #1502 3 0.992

Paint: Kylon, flat white #1502 10 0.989

Paint: Krylon, ultra flat black 5 0.97

Paint: Microbond, 4 coats on magnesium 0.844

Paint, oil: average of 16 colors 0.94

Paint: oil, black, flat 2-5.6 0.94

Paint: oil, black, gloss 2-5.6 0.92

Paint: oil, gray, flat 2-5.6 0.97

Paint: oil, gray, gloss 2-5.6 0.94

Paint: oil, various colors 8-14 0.94

Paint: plastic, black 2-5.6 0.95

Paint: plastic, white 2-5.6 0.84

Paint: TiO2, gray 0.870

Paint: TiO2, white 0.940

Paper: black 0.90

Paper: black, dull 0.94

Paper: black, shiny 8-14 0.90

Paper: cardboard box 5 0.81

Paper: green 0.85

Paper: red 0.76

Paper: white 2-5.6 0.68

Paper: white 8-14 0.90

Paper: white bond 0.93

Paper: yellow 0.72

Paper: tar 8-14 0.92

Pipes: glazed 2-5.6 0.83

Plaster 2-5.6 .86-.90

Plaster: rough coat 0.91

Plasterboard: untreated 2-5.6 0.90

Plastic: acrylic, clear 5 0.94

Plastic: black 2-5.6 0.95

Plastic: white 2-5.6 0.84

Plastic paper: red 2-5.6 0.94

Plastic paper: white 2-5.6 0.84

Plexiglass: Perpex 2-5.6 0.86

Plywood 2-5.6 .83-.98

Plywood: commercial, smooth finish, dry 5 0.82

Plywood: untreated 2-5.6 0.83

Polyproplene 2-5.6 0.97

Porcelain: glazed 8-14 0.92

Quartz 8-14 0.93

Redwood: wrought, untreated 2-5.6 0.83

Redwood: unwrought, untreated 2-5.6 0.84

Rendering: gray 2-5.6 0.92

Rokide A 0.770

Rubber 8-14 0.95

Rubber: stopper, black 5 0.97

Sand 0.90

Shellac: black, dull 0.91

Shellac: black, shiny, on tin plate 0.82

Shingles: asphalt, sm, ceramic coated Skin, human 0.98

Snow 8-14 0.80

Soil: dry 0.92

Soil: frozen 6.5-20 0.93

Soil: saturated with water 0.95

Styrofoam: insulation 5 0.60

Tape: electrical, insulating, black 5 0.97

Tape: masking 5 0.92

Tile: floor, asbestos 5 0.94

Tile: glazed 2-5.6 0.94

Varnish: flat 2-5.6 0.93

Wallpaper: slight pattern, light gray 2-5.6 0.85

Wallpaper: slight pattern, red 2-5.6 0.90

Water: 8-14 0.98

Water: distilled 0.98

Water: ice, smooth 0.96

Water: frost crystals 0.98

Water: snow 0.85

Wood: oak, planed 0.90

Wood: paneling, light finish 0.87

Wood: planed 8-14 0.85

Wood: spruce, polished, dray 5 0.86

Material EmissivityBlack Coatings & Materials Anodize Black 0.88Carbon

Filament 0.53

Rough Plate 0.77

Lampblack 0.84Carbon Black Paint NS-7 0.88Catalac Black Paint 0.88

Chemglaze Black Paint Z3O6 0.91Delrin Black Plastic 0.87Ebanol C Black 0.73

Ebanol C Black-384 ESH* UV 0.75

EOI Mid-Temperature Black Coating (Up to 200 °C) 0.965 ± 0.005

EOI High-Temperature Black Coating (Up to 1400 °C) 0.93 ± 0.02GSFC Black Silicate MS-94 0.89GSFC Black Paint 3l3-1 0.86Hughson Black Paint H322 0.86Hughson Black Paint L-300 0.84

Martin Black Paint N-15O-1 0.94Martin Black Velvet Paint 0.943M Black Velvet Paint 0.91Paladin Black Lacquer 0.75Parsons Black Paint 0.91Polyethylene Black Plastic 0.92

Pyramil Black on Beryllium Copper 0.72Tedlar Black Plastic 0.90Velesat Black Plastic 0.85

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Thermal Conductivity.docx

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