Thermal Issues in BrakingUnderstanding the ProblemDesigning brake systems to copePad-Disc InterfaceFriction MaterialsBrake FluidsBrake coolingRetarders
Braking Duty -Main ConcernsDUTY CONCERNCity running (250-350C) Lining and rotor wearAlpine Descent (600-700C)Fade, wear, vaporisation, pedal travelAutobahn Stops Disc cracking, hot judderFade test (e.g. AMS ) Fade, pedal travel
City DrivingCritical effect of temperature on brake wearFront Spoiler can severely reduce pad lifeSignificant effect on service intervals and cost of ownership
Alpine Descent TemperaturesGrossglockner Industry Standard10 miles 10 % gradient600-700C Discs150-200C Fluid
SoakDrivingFrontRearFront Fluid
Chart7
3736.52825.52018.50
4039.529.5262018.5800
45.54532282019
53.55336.531.52019
64.562.541362018.5
75.572444019.518.5
87.582.54843.52018.5
99.593.550.5472018.5
1121045450.520.519.5
123.5114.55753.520.519.5
136125.56057.520.519.5
147134.56360.520.519.5
158143.56663.520.519.5
168.51526966.520.519.5
177.5161717020.519.5
187169.573.5732019
19517776762019
202184.57979.52019
20819382.58320.519.5
214.5200.585.58620.519.5
222207.588892019
228214.590.5922019
233.5221.593.59520.519.5
238.5227.596.5982019.5
243.5233.599.51012019.5
249.5238104103.52019
256245107.5106.520.519.5
261.5251109.51102020
267.5256111.5112.520.520
271.5260.5113.5115.520.520
278264.5115.511820.520
283.5269.5117.5120.520.520
289.5274.5120.5123.52120
294.5278.5123126.52120
3002841261292120
305.5288.5128.513120.520
310.5294131.5134.52120
316299134.513721.520
321.5303.51371402120
326.5308.5141.514321.520.5
331.5314146.5145.521.520
336.5318.5150.5148.521.521
342.532315315121.520.5
348328156.5153.521.520.5
3543331601572221.5
359337.5162.515921.521
365.5342165.5162.52221.5
371347168165.522.521.5
377351.5169168.522.521.5
383.5356.5169.517122.521.5
389.5362171173.522.521.5
395367.5173.51752322
400371.5175177.522.522
405.5376.517718023.522.5
412381.517918223.522.5
417.5385.5181.5184.523.522.5
422.5390.51831872422.5
429.5394.5185.51892422.5
435.5398.5187190.52423
441.5403.5189192.524.523
447.5407.5195.5193.52523.5
452410.5197.5194.525.524
457413.520019625.524
460.5417.5202197.52624.5
466421203.519926.525
471.542420520126.525
477428206.5202.526.525.5
483430.5208.52042725.5
488.5434.521120627.526
492.5440.5212.52072826
496.5444.52142082826.5
500447215209.52826.5
501.5449.5216209.528.527
500.5452.5217.52082927.5
501454218.5209.529.528
501456219.521029.528
502.545622021229.528
501.5457.5221.52133028.5
503.546022321330.529
504.5462.5224.521530.529.5
505466.522621631.529.5
506.5468227217.531.530
508.5470228218.53230.5
511.5472229.5218.53230.5
514474.5230.5220.532.531
515.5476232221.53332
516.5478234222.533.532
518.5480235.52243432.5
521481237.522534.533
521.5482.5238.5226.53533.5
522.5485240227.53533.5
523.5486.5241.5228.535.534
525.5489243229.53634.5
526.5491.5244230.536.535
528492.5245.52313735
529.5494.5246.5232.53735.5
53149524723337.536
533497248233.53836.5
533.5498.5249.5234.538.537
534.5500250235.538.537.5
535.5502.5250.5235.539.538
536.5503.5251.52374038.5
537.5505252.5237.54038.5
538506253.5238.540.539
540507254.5239.54139.5
541.5508255.524141.540
542.5510.525624241.540.5
5445122572434241
545.5513.5257.524342.541.5
547.5516258243.54341.5
549.5518.5258.524643.542.5
550.5520258.52474442.5
552521259248.54443
553521259.525044.543.5
554.5523260250.54544
554.5525.5260.525245.544.5
555.5527.526125345.545
555528.5261.5253.546.545.5
555.5529261.525446.545.5
5565302622564746.5
556531.5262.525647.546.5
557.5533262.52584847
558535.526425848.547.5
558.5538264.5257.54948
557.5541265.526349.548.5
557544266.526549.549
557.5548268266.55049.5
559.555126926850.550
563.5553.5270269.550.550.5
566554.527127151.551
569556272.52725251.5
570.5557.5273.5273.55252
572559.5274.5274.55352.5
574.5561.5275276.553.553
577.5563.5276277.553.553.5
579564277278.55454
579564.5277.5278.554.554.5
579.5565.5277.527954.555
580565.5277.5279.55555.5
580.55662772805656
580.5566.52772805656.5
581.5567.5277280.556.557.5
584568277281.55757.5
585.5569.5277.5281.557.558.5
588570.5277.5282.557.558.5
589.5572.5278.528358.559.5
592.5574.528028458.560
5935762812855960
595577.5282285.56061
596578.5283286.56061.5
598.5580.528428860.562
600.5582.5285288.56162.5
602.5584285.529061.563
604587.5287290.56263.5
605.5589.5288291.562.564
606.5591.5288.52926364.5
607.5592289292.563.565.5
608593289.52936465.5
609.5595290293.564.566.5
610.5596290.5294.56566.5
610.5598290.529565.567.5
610.559929129665.567.5
612600.5291.529766.568
612.5600.5292297.566.568.5
612.5601.5292297.56769.5
612.5602.529229867.569.5
613603292298.56870.5
614603.529230068.571
614.5604292.5300.56971.5
615.5605293.530169.572
616.5605294.53027072.5
618605.5295.5303.570.573.5
618604.5298.5304.57174
616.5604.5301.530671.574.5
616605.5303.5307.57274.5
615606305308.57275.5
614606.5306.5308.572.576
614608.5307.5306.573.576
613.5611308309.573.576.5
615614.5309.5310.57477.5
614.5616310.531174.577.5
615617.5311.53127578.5
615619.5312313.575.579
616.5622.53123157680
618623.53123167680.5
617.5623.5311.5316.576.581.5
618624311.53177781.5
618.5624311317.577.582.5
619623310.5316.577.582.5
620.56223103167883.5
619.5621.5309315.578.584
61962130831578.584.5
619.5621.5307.53157985
619.5623307315.579.585.5
619623.5306.5314.58086
619624.5306.5315.58086.5
619.5625.5306.531680.587
620626.5306.53168187.5
619.5627306.531681.588
620627306.531681.588.5
620627306.531681.589.5
620.5627306.5315.58289.5
619.5628306.5316.582.590
618.5629306.531782.590.5
618.5631307.5317.58391
619.5633.530831883.591.5
621635308.5318.58492
620.5636309318.58492
622.5637.5309.5319.584.593
624638.5309.53208593.5
625.5639309.5320.585.593.5
626.5640309.5321.585.594.5
627.56423103228694.5
628.5643310.532286.595
630.5643.5310.5322.586.596
631644310.532386.596
632645.5310.53238796.5
633648310.5323.587.597.5
634649.5310.53248897.5
636.5652310.5324.58898
639654.5310.532588.598.5
640.5655.5310.5325.588.599
640656.53103258999.5
638656.5309.5324.589.5100
638.5656.5308.532489.5101
638.5656307.5323.590101.5
638.5656.5306.5322.590.5101.5
639655.5305.5322.590.5102.5
640653.5305322.591102.5
641.5653304.5313.591.5103
642.5655304314.592104
643.5656.5303.532092104
646659303.5321.592.5105
648661303317.593105.5
649.5662.5302.532093.5105.5
650.5663.5302.532293.5106.5
651662.530232194106.5
652663301.532194.5107.5
652665301.5320.595108
653666.530132195.5108.5
654667300.5314.596109
655.5668300321.596109.5
656.566930032096.5110
658670.530132297110.5
659.5671.5301.5322.597.5111
662673.5302.5323.597.5111.5
665.5675.5303322.598112
666.5674304318.598.5112.5
667.5673305322.599113.5
668.5673305324100113.5
669.5672.5305.5322.5100114.5
671672305.5324100.5114.5
671672305324.5101115
672.5672.5305319.5101.5116
674.5674304.5321.5101.5116
676.5677.5304322102.5117
677.5678.5304324102.5117.5
678.5678.5304324103117.5
680680304324.5104118.5
681.5681.5304324104118.5
682.5682303.5325.5104.5119.5
682.5682.5303.5324.5105.5120
683.5685.5302.5318.5105.5120.5
683.5688302319.5106121
684689301.5322.5106.5121.5
685.5690300312106.5122
686.5688.5300318.5107122.5
688689.5299321.5107.5123
689689298.5322.5108124
690689.5298.5320.5108124.5
690.5688.5298323108.5125
691.5686.5298321.5109125.5
691.5684.5298300109.5126
691685301321.5110126.5
690.5684.5304312.5110.5126.5
690685.5307.5325.5110.5127
689686.5310325.5111127.5
688.5688.5312318.5111.5128
688.5689.5314.5328.5112128
689.5688.5315.5326.5112129
690.5689.5316330112129.5
692690.5316332112130.5
694692.5317333.5112.5131
695693.5317333.5113131.5
695694316.5332113132
692.5691.5314.5329.5113.5132
690.5686.5313327113.5133
689685.5310.5324.5114.5134
689.5684.5308322.5114.5134.5
689.5684306.5321114.5135
690.5684305319115135
690.5685.5304317.5115.5135.5
691684.5304314.5115.5136
690684304316116136.5
690683.5303.5316116137
691683.5302.5316.5116137
692.5684302.5316116137.5
692.5684.5303.5312116.5138.5
690.5684305.5316116.5138.5
691684.5306.5311117138.5
691683.5308310117139
692.5684308.5314.5117139
692.5682.5308.5316.5117139.5
692.5680.5306.5316.5117.5140
690.5678303312117.5140
688671300313.5118140
682.5668296309.5119141
677.5665292303120141.5
671.5660292300121142
665.5655290.5297121.5142.5
659650.5288.5283122.5144.5
654.5646286.5285122.5144.5
650.5641.5284282.5123.5145
645636.5282280.5124145.5
640632280278.5125146.5
635627.5277.5276.5126147
631623276274.5127148
625618273.5272127.5148.5
619.5614.5271.5270128149.5
613.5610269.5268128.5150
610606.5269267.5130.5153
603.5601.5265.5264129.5152
598.5596.5263.5261.5130153
594.5590.5261.5259130.5153.5
590.5585.5260257.5130.5154
585.5579.5258256131154.5
581574.5256.5253.5132155.5
576.5569.5254.5252132156
572.5565253.5250.5132.5157
567.5560251249133.5157.5
563556249.5247.5134158.5
558.5550248245135159
554545.5246.5244135.5160
549540244.5242.5136.5160
545536.5242.5241.5137161
540.5533242240.5139163
536528.5240239140164
531.5524.5238237.5140.5164.5
526.5520235.5235141165
522.5515.5233.5233.5141.5165.5
516.5510.5230.5230.5141165
512.5506.5230229.5141.5166
506503229.5229.5143.5168
500498.5228.5228143.5168
494494227226.5144169
489.5490226226145169.5
485486.5225224.5145.5170.5
480482.5223222.5146170.5
476478.5222221146.5171
471.5474.5221219.5147172
467.5471219.5218148172
464468218.5217148.5172.5
459.5464217.5216149.5173.5
454.5461216.5214.5149.5173.5
450457215213150173.5
444451.5212.5210149.5172.5
440.5449.5213210.5151.5174.5
434.5445.5211208152174.5
428441.5210206.5152.5175
423438209205.5153.5175.5
418.5434207.5204154.5175.5
415430.5206.5202.5154.5176
411.5427.5205.5201154.5176.5
409424204200155177
405419.5201197154175.5
404418.5201.5197.5156177.5
400.5415.5200.5196156178
397.5412.5199194.5156178
394.5410.5198193.5156.5178.5
391.5408.5197192.5157179
388406195191157178.5
386404194.5190.5157.5179.5
382.5401193.5189157.5179.5
380398.5192.5189158180
377.5395191181.5158.5182.5
375.5393190.5178.5158.5182.5
373390.5190177.5158.5182
370.5388189184159181.5
367385188182.5159.5182
364382187182.5160183
359.5379186.5181.5160.5183.5
356376185.5180.5161183.5
352373184179.5161.5184
346368.5181.5177160182.5
344.5368182.5177.5161.5184
342.5365.5181.5177162184
340362.5180.5177162184.5
337.5360179175162184.5
336358.5178.5175162.5185
333.5356177173.5162.5185
331.5354.5177173.5163185.5
329.5352175.5172.5163185.5
327.5350.5175172163186
326348173.5171162.5186
323345172169161.5185
320343171168161.5185.5
318.5342.5171168.5163186.5
316.5340170.5167.5163186.5
314.5337.5169.5166.5163187
313.5336169.5166.5164187.5
310333.5169165164187.5
305.5330166.5162.5163187
303328.5166.5158.5165190
299325.5164.5159.5163187.5
298.5324.5165156165190.5
295.5322.5164.5155165189
292.5320163.5154165189
289.5318.5163153165189
288316.5161.5152165188.5
286.5314.5161.5151165.5189
285.5313.5160.5151165.5189
284312160150165.5189
282.5310159149.5165.5189
280306.5157147.5164187
279305.5156147164187
277.5303155.5146.5164187.5
276.5301.5155145.5164187.5
274.5300154.5145164187.5
273.5298.5153.5144164187.5
272297153144164187.5
270.5295.5152.5143163.5187.5
268.5294151.5142.5164187.5
268292151142164187.5
266290.5150140164.5191
264289149.5139164.5190.5
261.5287148.5140.5163.5189
258.5285.5148140163.5188.5
255284147.5139164188.5
252.5283146.5138.5164.5188.5
248281.5146137.5164.5188
246.5280145.5137164.5188
246.5279145.5137.5165189
245278.5145.5137165.5189.5
244.5277.5144.5137165.5189
242.5275.5144136165189
241.5273.5143.5135165189
240.5272142.5135165189
239.5270.5142134165189
237.5269141133164188.5
236268140132.5164189
235266.5140132164189
233.5265.5139.5131163.5189
233264138.5131164189
232263.5138.5129.5164.5191.5
230.5262138129.5165190.5
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229259137129.5164.5191
225.5256134.5128.5161.5187.5
225256135129.5163189
222255134129163188.5
220254134128.5163188.5
218.5253133.5128163188.5
216.5252132.5127.5163188
213.5250131.5126.5162187.5
212.5248.5130.5126.5161.5187
211247130.5126.5161.5187.5
208.5244.5129.5125.5161187
207243129125161187
205.5241.5129125161187
204.5240128124.5160.5187
202237.5126.5122.5159.5185.5
202237.5127123160186
200235125.5121.5158.5185.5
199.5234125121.5158.5185.5
199233124.5120.5158.5185.5
198231.5124120158.5185
195.5230123.5119.5158185
195229.5122.5119157.5184.5
194.5228122.5118.5157.5184.5
194.5227.5121.5118157184.5
193.5226121.5117.5157184
193225121117.5156.5184
191224120116.5156.5184
190223120116156184
188.5222119116156184
187.5221.5119114156186
186.5220118.5115.5155.5184.5
185.5219118115.5155183.5
184.5218.5117.5113.5155.5185.5
185.5219118116155.5184.5
185218.5117.5116155.5183.5
185218117.5116155.5184
184217117115154.5183.5
184216.5117115155184
183215.5116.5114.5154.5183.5
182.5214.5116114.5154.5183
182213.5115113.5154182.5
180211.5113.5112152.5181.5
180.5212114.5113153182
180211114113153182
178.5211113.5112.5152.5182
178210.5113112152.5182
177209112.5112152181.5
176.5208.5112.5112152181.5
175208.5112111.5151.5181.5
174207.5112.5111151181.5
172205110.5110150180
172205.5111.5111151180
170.5204.5111110.5150.5180
169.5203.5110.5110.5150180
168202.5110.5110149.5180
166.5202110109.5149.5180
164.5201109.5109.5149179.5
163200109.5109148.5179
162.5199109108148178.5
161196.5107.5107146.5177
160.5197.5108108148178
160.5196108107.5147177.5
159.5196107.5105.5147.5179.5
158194.5107106.5146.5177.5
157.5193107106.5146177
156190.5106.5106146176
154.5189106105.5145.5175.5
153.5187106105.5145175
152.5186.5105.5105144.5174.5
152185.5105.5104144174
151184104101.5143.5174.5
151184104103142.5173
151.5184.5104.5104143.5173.5
151184104103.5143173.5
149183104103142.5173
146.5180.5102101.5141.5171.5
143.5179102102.5141.5169.5
143.5179.5102.5102142172
138.5178102.5103142169.5
138.5178101.5101.5141.5171
137.5177.5101101141.5170.5
137177.5100.5100.5141170.5
136.5177100100140170.5
136.5176100100140170
135175.599.5100139.5170
1351759999.5139169.5
134173.598.598139171
133172.598.598.5138169.5
131.51719897.5137.5169
130.5169.597.597.5137168.5
129.516897.597136.5168
129.5167.59796135.5168
129.516796.596135.5167.5
129.5166.59696135167
129.516694.594.5133.5166
1291659594.5133.5165.5
LF
RF
RR
LR
LF Fluid
RF Fluid
Time (mins)
Alpine Temperatures (C)
Sheet1
25.20
25.2800
Sheet1
3736.52825.52018.50
4039.529.5262018.50
45.54532282019
53.55336.531.52019
64.562.541362018.5
75.572444019.518.5
87.582.54843.52018.5
99.593.550.5472018.5
1121045450.520.519.5
123.5114.55753.520.519.5
136125.56057.520.519.5
147134.56360.520.519.5
158143.56663.520.519.5
168.51526966.520.519.5
177.5161717020.519.5
187169.573.5732019
19517776762019
202184.57979.52019
20819382.58320.519.5
214.5200.585.58620.519.5
222207.588892019
228214.590.5922019
233.5221.593.59520.519.5
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261.5251109.51102020
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1291659594.5133.5165.5
LF
RF
RR
LR
LF Fluid
RF Fluid
Time (mins)
Alpine Temperatures (C)
Sheet2
Sheet3
Autobahn StopsUp to 300 kw initial heat input600-700C DifferentialDisc crackingHot judder (Blue spotting)
Fade e.g. AMS Stopping distances0102030405060708075 Spider 2.0 V6Spider 2.0 TSA4 1.8A4 2.8 (veh 2)A6 2.6A8 4.2318ti COMPACT320i328i (veh 1)523i (E39)535i (E39)728iAlpina B8 4.6M3VOYAGER 2.4SEVOYAGER 3.3SEZX Break 1.9 TDESPERO 1.8NEXIA 1.5 GLCuore GLXDistance (m)COLD HOT 40 m
Minimising the thermal input- Designing brake systems to cope
Avoid excessive duty on any brakeOptimising brake distribution
Braking DistributionCommercial VehiclesPredominance and load sensing valves Coupling force control to spread duty levels with advent of brake by wireCars and light CommercialsFront brakes have high dutyNeed to maximise rear braking duty
High Rear ThresholdsRearFront FluidFrontHigh rear thresholds (e.g. arising from integral PCRV in RWC)- resulting in excessive front duty Large differential between Front and rear axles
Chart1
37.535.52726.535.532.52726.5
3835.52726.535.532.52726.5
38.5362827.535.532.52726.5
43.53929283532.52726.5
53.54830.529.53532.52726.5
595631.529.53532.52726.5
67.565.532.5303532.52726.5
807634.531.53532.52726.5
92893732.53532.52726.5
10410038.53334.53226.526
117.51154134.5353226.526.5
128.5126.542.53534.53226.526
1401394437353226.526.5
151.5150.54638.534.53226.526.5
162160484034.53226.526.5
170.5169.549.540.53532.526.526.5
180.5180.551.541.5353226.526.5
190.5189.553.542.53532.526.526.5
19919955.544353226.526.5
207.520857.545.5353226.526.5
214.5218.559.546.53532.526.526.5
221.5229.561.547.534.53226.526.5
230.5241.56449.53532.526.526.5
238.5253.566.550.53533.527.526.5
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Page &P
LHF Disc
RHF Disc
LHR Drum
RHR Drum
LHF Fluid
RHF Fluid
LHR Fluid
RHF Fluid
Time (mins:secs)
Temperature (C)
Chart2
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&A
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Time (mins:secs)
Temperature (C)
Chart3
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