FORM AND STYLE

PAGE 32

FORM AND STYLE

of

THESIS MANUSCRIPT PRESENTATION

for

TECHNICAL ENGINEERINGPREFACE

This manual Form and Style of Thesis Manuscript Presentation will serve as guide in the preparation of undergraduate thesis manuscript. This was prepared to facilitate the writing of thesis manuscript and to standardize the presentation. Also, this manual will assist faculty members serving as advisers and technical critics in reviewing thesis manuscripts prepared by the students.

Discussions in some sections of this manual are accompanied with sample presentations. Forms needed in the manuscript presentation are also included for the users to see the actual format. Some of the forms presented in the appendix section are taken from the CEIT Research and Extension Manual.May the users of this manual, be a student writing his/her thesis or faculty reviewing thesis manuscripts, find it useful in their work.Cesar C. CarriagaTABLE OF CONTENTS

PageI. Organization of Thesis Manuscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

A. Preliminary Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

B. The Body (Text) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

C. The Reference Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

II. The Preliminary Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

A. Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

B. Approval Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

C. Biographical Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

D. Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

E. Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

F. Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

G. List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

H. List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

I. List of Appendix Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

J. List of Appendix Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3III. Body of Thesis

A. Introduction and Introductory Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

B. Review of Related Literatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

C. Material and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

D. Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

E. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

F. Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

G. Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

IV. Thesis Manuscript Technical Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8A. Paper Size and Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

B. Font and Pagination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8C. Chapter Title and Headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

D. Spacing and Indention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

E. Presentation of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

F. Presentation of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

G. Units of Measurements and Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

H. Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

I. Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

J. Commercial Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

K. Cover Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

V. Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14FORM AND STYLE OF THESIS MANUSCRIPT PRESENTATION

I. Organization of Thesis Manuscript

A thesis manuscript consists of the following parts:

A. Preliminary PagesTITLE PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES

B. The Body (Text)INTRODUCTION

Statement of the Problem

Importance of the Study

Time and Place of the Study

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Definition of Terms

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

LITERATURE CITED

C. The Reference Materials (Appendices)APPENDICES

Appendix Tables

Appendix Figures

Routing Slip and Other Attachments (recommendation for final oral review, application for oral review, certificate of completion, certificate of statistician and english critic, etc.)

II. The Preliminary PagesThe following are the preliminary pages of a thesis manuscript:

A. Title PageThe title page is the first page of a thesis manuscript. It presents the title, the submission statement which includes the school, the degree sought, the full name of author, and the month and year the thesis is completed. The title page has imaginary page i.

The title of thesis and name of the author are in capital letters and centered between the left and right margins. The title should be arranged in an inverted pyramid form if more than one line. The titles first line should appear one inch from the top of the page. Below the title is the submission statement followed by the degree sought and name of the author. Two lines below the name of the author is the month and year the thesis is completed. A sample format of a title page is shown in Appendix A.

B. Approval SheetThe approval sheet contains the name of the author, the thesis title, and provides spaces for the signatures and dates signed for advisers, technical critic, chairperson, research coordinator, the Dean, and the Director for Research indicating their acceptance. The title of thesis, the name of author, and the name of signatories are boldface. This page follows the title page and has imaginary page ii. A simple format of the approval sheet is shown in Appendix B.

C. Biographical SketchThe BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH contains personal information of the author. It also includes schools attended and date of graduation, and membership to organizations. The title should be placed one inch from the top of the page and centered between the left and right margins. The first line of the first paragraph starts two spaces below the title. This section follows the Approval Sheet and the first page has the page iii placed at the center, one inch from bottom of the page.D. Acknowledgment

The ACKNOWLEDGMENT follows the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. This section contains expression of appreciation for assistance and guidance provided by the adviser, technical critic, other members of faculty and staff, relatives, friends and others. The title should be placed one inch from the top of the page and centered between the margins. The full name of the author should be printed in capital on the right side of the page four spaces after the last line of the last paragraph (Appendix C).

E. Abstract

The title ABSTRACT is typed one inch from the top of the page and centered between the margins. Two spaces below the title is the first paragraph.

The first paragraph contains the name of the author in capital letters and boldface followed by the title of the thesis in boldface, the degree sought, name of the School, the month and year of completion, and the complete name of the major adviser in single spaced.

The succeeding paragraphs provide brief information of the objectives of study, description of the methodology and important results and conclusions. The contents of the abstract should be limited to 400 words or less in double spaced (Appendix D).

F. Table of Contents

The TABLE OF CONTENTS includes the chapter titles, the first and second level headings and the pages where they are located. The page locations are placed at or near the right margin and separated from the chapter title/headings by light line (dot every two spaces). Chapter titles and first level headings that are longer than 4 inches are to be divided to two or more lines, placing the second and succeeding lines below with a three-space hanging indention. One space is to be maintained between entries (titles, headings, subheadings) in the table of contents (Appendix E).G. List of Tables

The LIST OF TABLES contains the titles of tables presented in the text. Table numbers and titles must be written exactly the same as in the text. The table numbers are to be arranged in column with Table as the title heading (Appendix F). One-inch space (10 characters) is to be maintained between the table number and the table title. The page locations of the tables are placed near the right margin and separated by the light line from the table title.

Titles of tables, figures, appendix tables and figures that are longer than 4 inches are to be divided to two or more lines, placing the second and succeeding lines below with a three-space hanging indention. When there are only two tables or figures presented, the listing in the preliminary page is not necessary.

H. List of Figures

The LIST OF FIGURES contains the captions of all the figures presented in the text. All figure numbers and titles must be written exactly the same as in the text. The presentation is the same as the LIST OF TABLES. The figure numbers are to be arranged in column with Figure as the title heading (Appendix G). One-inch space is maintained between the Figure title. The page locations of the figures are placed at the right margin and separated from the figure title by light line.I. List of Appendix Tables

The LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES contains the titles of all the tables presented in Appendix section. Table numbers and titles must be written exactly the same as in the Appendix section of the manuscript. The table numbers are to be arranged in column with Appendix Table as the title heading (Appendix H). One-inch space is to be maintained between the table number and the table title. The page locations of the tables are placed at the right margin and separated from the table title by light line.J. List of Appendix Figures

The LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES contains the titles of all the figures presented in the appendix section. All figure numbers and captions must be written exactly the same as in the Appendix section of the manuscript. The figure numbers are to be arranged in column with Appendix Figure as the title heading (Appendix I). One-inch space is to be maintained between the Figure number and the Figure title. The page locations of the figures are placed at the right margin and separated from the figure title by light line.III. Body of ThesisA. The Introduction and Introductory page

The INTRODUCTION provides a brief description of the problem and the aim of the study. It should be brief and should interest the reader in the remainder of the paper. It should be written in present tense. The introduction includes:

1. Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problem describes the problem to be investigated. It contains a general statement of the problem followed by the specific questions or subproblems. The problems are to be identified and defined clearly and precisely.

2. Importance of the Study

The importance of the study discusses the reasons why the research has to be undertaken. It answers the following questions: Why make the study? What benefits would be derived from it? Will the study add to knowledge? Will it have practical application?

3. Objectives of the Study

This section includes a statement of the purpose/s or objective/s of the study. Studies usually have a general and specific objectives. General objective is a statement of the long term target to be achieved, while a specific objective is a statement of the inquiry answers in the study. Objectives are listed in the order of importance.

4. Time and Place of the Study

This section includes the period when the study was conducted, from preparation of outline to the preparation of manuscript. The place of study includes the actual place where the study and data gathering were conducted.

5. Scope and Limitation

The scope and limitation describes what is to be investigated, what are the parameters to be evaluated. It also includes the weakness of the study beyond the control of the researcher.

6. Definition of Terms

This section defined terms, words, or phrases which have special or unique meaning in the study. Terms should be defined operationally that is, how they are used in the study. Definitions should be as brief and clear as possible.

The first line of the introductory page contains the thesis title, written exactly the same as presented in the title page and in the approval sheet. The title is followed by a footnote in Arabic number one. The footnote number is underlined and is raised by half space followed by a slash character. Three spaces below the authors name is the footnote containing the following:

1/ An undergraduate thesis manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department of _________________, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in __________________. Contribution No. ___________. Prepared under the supervision of (Name of Major Adviser).

Three spaces below the footnote is the chapter title INTRODUCTION. The INTRODUCTION is boldface and centered between the margins of the page. The first paragraph starts two spaces below the title. A sample of the introductory page is shown in Appendix J.B. Review of Related LiteraturesThe REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES composed of discussion of facts and principles to which the study is related. It also includes discussions on studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the study is related.

When a reference cited in the text is authored by one or two persons who are not mentioned in the sentenced, the family name of the author(s) and the year of publication should appear at the end of the sentence enclosed in parenthesis. If there are more than two authors, then, only the family name of the senior author appears followed by et al. Which is italicized with a period after al.

Examples:Sediment transport capacity of a flow is mainly a function of flow parameters and sediment characteristics (Borah, 1989). Generally, it is proportional to the five-thirds power of both hydraulic gradient and the flow rate. (Beasley, 1979).

The amount of sediment moved depends on the transport capacity of the flow and the amount of sediment load of the flow and their interactions. Imbalances between the two will cause erosion and deposition (Meyer and Wishmeire, 1969).

The shear stress of laminar flow caused negligible or no erosion because the shear stress associated with such flow is very small compared the shear strengths of most soil. Only in turbulent flow that erosions occurs (Nearing et al., 1994).

If a certain article is cited in the next and the same of the author(s) forms part of the sentence, then only the year of publication is enclosed in parenthesis.

Examples:

David (1986) discussed the influenced of wind action, slope and surface configuration on energy of falling rain.

Mutchler and Young (1975) suggested that a water depth of more than three times the median raindrop size essentially eliminated detachment by raindrop impact.Daniel et al. (1945) reported that soil loss are not directly proportional to the total amount of rainfall but were more closely associated with rainfall intensity.

More examples of review of related literatures are presented in Appendix H.

C. Materials and Methods This section presents the materials to be used in the study. It also presents the data to be gathered and the procedure to be followed in order to accomplish the objectives of the study. It includes the study population, research design, sample size, method of data collection and the analysis to be used. Materials and methods should be written in past tense.D. Results and Discussion This section presents the pertinent data collected and the results of the analyses. It also includes the discussion and the interpretations of the observations and results of the data analyses. Discussion of results should be written in past tense, however, use present tense when describing the work (established knowledge) of other people. Tables and figures are used to present data collected. Tables and figures must be properly labeled so that it can independently speak for itself. The sample presentation of tables and figures are presented in section IV (Technical details of Manuscript) of this manual.

E. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

1. Summary

The summary is a complete and detailed statement of the contents of the thesis. It includes the statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, brief description of the methods used and the findings. Findings are statements of significant information provided by the analyzed data obtained from the study.

2. Conclusion

This is the abstraction, general statements and generalizations of the findings. Conclusion should be brief and short, yet it conveys all the necessary information resulting from the study.3. Recommendation

This is an appeal to solve or help solve the problems discovered in the investigation. This usually contains an appeal for there research on the same topic but of different methodology or to be conducted is different conditions to verify or amplify the findings of the study.F. Literature Cited

The LITERATURE CITED contains the list of authors or/and articles referred to anywhere in the text. The list should be arranged in alphabetical order using authors surname.

The citation should contain the authors name in upper case (capital), if there are co-authors only the name of the first author shall start with the surname followed by the initials of the first and middle names. Only the surname of the first author is arranged alphabetically. The name of co-author shall start with initials of the first and middle names followed by the spelled out surnames. Comma is used to separate names. The name of author(s) is followed by the year of publication. Title of book, Edition and the Publisher and place of publications. The second and succeeding lines are placed below with a five-space hanging indention. Literature cited is single spaced and typed double-spaced between citations.Examples:1. Book

SCHWAB, G.O., R.K. FREVERT, T.W. EDMINSTER, and K.K. BARNES. 1966.Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

2. Journal

References from journals contain name(s) of the author, year of publication, title of article, name of journal (italicized), volume and pages covered by the article.

LAFLEN, J.M., W.J. ELLIOT, J.R. SIMANTON, C.S. HOLZHEY, and K.D. KOHL. 1991. WEPP Soil Erodibility Experiments for Rangeland and Cropland Soils. J. Soil and Water Conservation. 46:39-44.

3. Proceedings

For proceedings, include the name(s) of author(s), year of publication, title of article, name of proceedings, place of publication and pages.

SMITH, R.E. 1976. Simulating Erosion Dynamics with Deterministic Distributed Watershed Model. Proceedings of the Third Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference. Water Resources Council Washington, D.C. pp 1:163-173

4. Bulletins/Monographs

References from Bulletins/Monographs contain name(s) of the author(s), year of publication, title of publication, publisher and pages.

PCCARD. 1982. The Philippines Recommends for Irrigation Water Management. PCCARD Technical Bulletin Series No. 50. Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development, Los Baos, Laguna. Pp 50-55.

5. Thesis/Dissertation

For thesis and dissertation, include the name of the author, year, title of thesis/dissertation, type of work (e.g. Undergraduate Thesis, PhD Dissertation). Name of College/University, address and pages covered. CREENCIA, R.F. 2003. Design and Evaluation of Low cost Hydroponics System for Lettuce Production. Undergraduate Thesis. Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite. pp 30-35.

6. Anonymous Author

ANONYMOUS. 2004. How Rain Intensity Affects Soil Erosion. 3rd Edition. Winnie Publishing Company. Dingalan, Aurora. Pp 12-20.

7. Popular Magazines, Newspaper

ARIAS, P.R. 2004. Endangered Species List Growing. Manila Bulletin. November 9, Vol.383 No. 9. p B-12.

8. Internet

ROSANGELA, S.S. 2001.Computer Aided Instruction of Foreign Languages: the case of Beginning Brazilian Portugese. URL:http://. Date Accessed: June 1, 2004.G. Appendices

The APPENDICES contains data, information, and procedures used in the preparation of the results and discussions, and materials and methods. It is not included in the main presentation because it would break the continuity of the text presentation. Included in this section are standard procedures used in the study, questionnaires, master tables, and figures. Contents of appendix section support the information and help reader understand the materials presented in the text.

IV. Thesis Manuscript Technical Details

A. Paper Size and Margin

Thesis manuscript should be presented on a standard size short bond paper (8 x 11 in). The left margin is 1.5 in and the top, bottom, and right margins are one inch.

B. Font and Pagination

Times New Roman font is to be used in the text of the manuscript with font size of 12 points. The page of the manuscript should be numbered consecutively, beginning with the first page of the INTRODUCTION as number one using Arabic Numerals. Page numbers are place on the top right corner of the page. Beginning of chapters (e.g. INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, MATERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION, AND LITERATURE CITED) have imaginary page numbers. Preliminary pages are numbered using small Roman numerals starting with the title page as i. Title page are Approval Sheet have imaginary page numbers.C. Chapter Title and Headings

Beginning of chapters should start on new page. Chapter titles are capitalized, boldface, centered between margins, and written on the first line of the page. It consists of the following: INTRODUCTION; REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE; MATERIALS AND METHODS; RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS; SUMMARY; CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION, AND LITERATURE CITED.

The first level headings are boldface and begin at the left margin. The first letters of all the important words are capitalized. Headings more than 4 inches long are divided to two or more lines placing the second and succeeding lines below with a 3-space hanging indention.

The second level headings (paragraph heading) are underlined, and indented five spaces. Only the first letter of the first word and that of proper noun are capitalized and ends with a period. The text begins on the same line.

The succeeding levels of headings follow the format of the number-letter sequence. Only the first letter of the first word and that of proper noun are capitalized. The number-letter sequence is shown in the example below:

Example: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

}

} 2 spaces

Factors Affecting Soil Erosion

} 1 space

Climate. In the tropics, the primary agent of soil erosion is water usually in the form of rainfall. The interaction of raindrop size, velocity, depth and duration of the storm control the erosive power of rainfall. The erosive . . .

I. Erosion is . . .

A. Rainfall Characteristics . . .

1. Rainfall duration . . .

Topogragraphy. The topographic characteristics that have great influenced on run off and erosion are the degree and the length of slope. Of the two slope characteristics, the slope steepness is usually the dominant factor from the . . .D. Spacing and Indention

Text are typed in double except the footnotes, table and figure, titles contents on tables, and Literature Cited which are to be written in single space. First level headings are typed single spaced two lines after a chapter title or after the last line of a paragraph. Text in a paragraph should start two spaces after a chapter title and one space after

a first level heading. One space should be maintained between paragraphs.

The first line of a paragraph is indented five spaces and the subsequent lines are flushed to the left margin.

E. Presentation of Tables

Tables present numerical findings arranged in rows and columns. Computer program listings are also to be presented in tables. Tables could be placed along with the text or in separate page. If placed along with text, maintain three spaces after and before the text. Tables are presented after it is mentioned in the text. If possible, only summary tables should be presented. Entries may either be single-or double-spaced. The units of quantity in the column heading are enclosed in parenthesis.

Each table should have a descriptive full subject title above preceded by the word Table and table number in Arabic numerals followed by a period. Tables are numbered consecutively in the order of appearance in the text. The title should be written in the first level heading format and vertically aligned with the table. Long titles are divided, placing the second and succeeding lines below aligned with the first line (example 3 below).

Tables should be presented with the double lines on the top and bottom parts. The top double line should be placed two spaces below the title.

Example:Table1. Weekly Plant height of Lettuce (cm)

Plant Age (Week)

TREATMENT

1 2 3 4 5 6

Foam as holder

5.587.4510.5315.7218.8021.87

Mixed charcoal rice hull +

Coir dust + compost

5.717.7312.7316.8019.8423.95

For long tables that cannot be accommodate in one page can be continued to the next page with title heading of Table (number). continued . For every large tables, the size may be reduced by photography, but be sure that the reduced version is legible.Example:Table1. Weekly Plant height of Lettuce (cm)

Plant Age (Week)

TREATMENT

1 2 3 4 5 6

Foam as holder

5.587.4510.5315.7218.8021.87

Charcoaled rice hull

5.717.7312.7316.8019.8423.95

(next page)

Table 2. continued . . .

Plant Age (Week)

Treatment

1 2 3 4 5 6

Coir dust

4.796.5511.39 15.11 17.98 22.23

Compost

5.717.7312.73 16.80 19.84 23.95

When tables are too wide and cannot be divided into two or more separately numbered tables, it may be presented in landscape or lengthwise, so that the left side of the table is at the bottom of the page and the right side is at the top.

Footnotes in the table should be indicated by either small letters or asterisk. Small letters or asterisks for footnote reference are raised by half space. Footnote below the table are indented five spaces, typed in single space and typed double spaces between footnotes.

Example:Table 3. Projected Population and Water demand of Selected Municipalities of Cavite in 2005 (JICA, 1995)

MunicipalityPopulation*Water Demand (x 1000 )

DomesticCommercialInstitutional bIndustrial c

Vol%Vol%Vol%Vol%

Dasmarias418,03417,21967.51,5266.04581.86,29424.7

Indang56,1641,75986.820510.1623.00.0

G.M.A114,7744,19165.74196.61262.01,64125.7

Mendez22,43178988.1829.2252.80.0

Silang149,3424,19182.654510.61643.21863.6

Estimated by National Statistics office, 1995a Commercial water includes small cottage industries based on LWUA methodology manual.b Unit consumption is set at 3.0m/day per 1,000 population.

c Large water users.

F. Presentation of Figures

Figures may consist of pictures, drawings, diagrams, photographs, blue prints, maps, graphs and charts. Figures are numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals in the order of appearance in the text. They are presented right after it is mentioned in the text. The Figure caption should be placed two spaces below and centered with the figure. Long captions should be cut to two or more lines placing the second and succeeding lines below vertically aligned with the titles first line.Example:Description

Jun

1-30

2008Jul

1-31Aug

1-31Sep

1-30Oct

1-31Nov

1-30Dec

1-31Jan

1-31

2009Feb

1-28Mar

1-31

Gathering Data

Title Approval

Outline Approval

System Development

Testing & Debugging

System Evaluation

Figure1. Gantt Chart of Computerized Enrollment System of CvSU-NC

When figures are too large (e.g. maps, design drawing of structures and machines) to fit on a standard page, it may be photographically reduced as long as the material remains easily readable, or may use papers larger than the standard size (e.g. drawing or tracing papers) provided that it will be properly folded when it is inserted to the manuscript. G. Units of Measurements and numbers

The system international (SI) or metric system should be used in all measurements. Units that are not preceded by numbers should be written in whole word (e.g. meters, kilograms). Units that are preceded by numbers are to be abbreviated (100ml).

Numerals are used to expressed : mixed fraction (2 ), hours of the days, use colon to identify hours, minutes and seconds (6:30 a.m.), and dates (June 17, 2005). Numerals are always use except:

1. number 1 which is always written as one

2. numbers at the beginning of a sentence

3. numbers less than ten which are not allowed by units of measurements

H. Equations

Equations are indented 15 spaces (characters) from the left margin. Long equations are divided into two or more lines after the plus or minus sign. Equations are numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals enclose in parenthesis placed at or near the right margin. However, equation number is not necessary if a manuscript contains less than five equations.Example:

Y = 2.345 + 4.543 X + 0.342 X -

0.342 X + 12.123 X - 563.231 X

(10)

I. Abbreviations

Use of abbreviations should be minimized. If cannot be avoided, use only the standard abbreviations. Units of measure that are not preceded by a number should not be abbreviated. The singular and plural forms of an abbreviation are the same. Define each abbreviation at its first occurrence in the text. When first mentioned, the abbreviations should be enclosed in parenthesis.

Abbreviations of SI units are written in lower case (small) letters for terms like hours (hr), meters (m), and seconds (s). When a unit is named after a person, the abbreviation (but not the spelled form) is capitalized, example: watt(W), pascal (Pa), Newton(N). J. Commercial Products

Mention of brand name of commercial products in the text should be avoided. Commercial products should be identified by chemical or generic names, and/or descriptions. Where the product was part or essential in the outcome of the study, the propriety name and manufacturers name and address should be included in a lettered footnote.

K. Cover Material

Thesis manuscript should be hard bound with blue color cover. The title, the word THESIS, the authors name, and the school name CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY are all to be printed in capital letters. The name of the college College of Engineering and Information Technology and Indang, Cavite and the month and year of submission are to be printed in lower case, except the first letter of the important words which are capitalized (Appendix I). The title is printed 1 inches below the top of the cover.

On the side of the bound thesis are to be printed with double bar one inch from both ends, and the word THESIS, the course and family name of the author(s), and the year of completion. All letters are capitalized and printed in gold (Appendix J).

COMPUTERIZED ENROLLMENT SYSTEM OF CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY NAIC CAMPUS}}}}} } 10-12 spaces

}}}}}}Undergraduate Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of the

Cavite State University Naic CampusBucana, Naic, Cavite

}}}} } 10 spaces}}}}}In partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Computer Science

}}}} } 8-10 spaces}}}}}JOVEMER V. AGUDOMARVIN Y. POBLETE

October 2008

Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY NAIC CAMPUS

Bucana, Naic, Cavite

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT}

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Thesis of : JOVEMER V. AGUDO, MARVIN Y. POBLETETitle: COMPUTERIZED ENROLLMENT SYSTEM OF CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY NAIC CAMPUS

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A P P R O V E D:

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}______________________________

______________________________ Adviser

Date

Technical Critic

Date

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______________________________

______________________________

Department Chairman Date College Research Coordinator Date

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______________________________

______________________________

Dean

Date

Director for Research Date

ACKNOWLEDGMENT}

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The author wishes to . . . _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

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MARVIN Y. POBLETE

ABSTRACT}

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CREENCIA, RODLEY F., Design and Evaluation of Low-Cost Hydroponics System for Lettuce Production. Undergraduate Thesis. Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering. Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite. April, 2003. Adviser: Engr. Cesar C. Carriaga.}

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A study was conducted to design and evaluate a low-cost hydroponics system for lettuce production. . .TABLE OF CONTENTS} } 2 spacesPage

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Time and Place of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

History oh Hydroponics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Basic Requirements of Hydroponics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Lettuce Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Construction of the Hydroponics System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Experimental Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Cost and Return Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

RESULTS AND DICUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Description of the Low-Cost Hydroponics

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Performance of the Lettuce Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Plant Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Number of Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

LIST OF TABLES

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Page 1Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2Weekly Yield of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3Mean Final Root Length of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

4Cost of System Installation and Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5Summary of Breakdown of the Cost and

Return of the system for one growing

season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31LIST OF FIGURES

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} 2 spacesFigure

Page 1Isometric View of the Low-cost Hydroponic

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2Different Parts and Components of Low-cost

Hydroponic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

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Table

Page 1Average Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2Mean Plant Yield of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES

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Figure

Page 1General View of the Experimental Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2Photographic View of the Low-cost

Hydroponic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3Weekly Plant Height of Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF LOW-COST HYDROPONICS

SYTEM FOR LETTUCE PRODUCTION 1/ }

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}

Rodley F. Creencia}

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1/ An undergraduate thesis manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department of Agricultural Food Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering. Contribution No. AE-2002-2003-2-003-01. Prepared under the supervision of Engr. Cesar C. Carriaga.} } 3 spaces}

INTRODUCTION} } 2 spaces

Hydroponics is the practice of growing plants in liquid nutrient culture rather than in soil with or without the use of an artificial medium (Jensen, 1985). It is simply a highly efficient way to provide water and foods to plants.

} 2 spacesImportance of the Study

In hydroponics cultivation, plants are grown directly in the nutrient solution or in different plant supports to which the solution has been added. While demand for substantial increase in vegetable production has risen worldwide, it is well . . . } 2 spacesObjectives of the Study

The objectives of the study . . .

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

} } 2 spacesHistory of Hydroponics

The science of growing plants without soil is called hydroponics. It is derived from the greek word hydro, which means water, and ponos, which means labor (Gibbons, 1998)

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According to Hoagland (1938), between 1925 to 1935, extensive development took place in modifying the methods of the plant physiologist to large-scale crop production..

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In 1929, Dr. Yu of the University of California succeeded in growing tomato vines of 7.5 m height in nutrient solutions. He named this new production system hydroponics a word . . . } 2 spacesEnvironmental Influences

Action is important factor that influences the root and plant growth (Jones, 1997). Oxygen is . . . 20 kg (7.89 kg)

W = 7.89 kg = 20 kg or 0.020 m

7.89 kg = 20 kg4.34 L

W

W = 20 kg (4.34 L) = 11 L

7.89 kgMixture 1:2:4Trial Mix: 0-100%

Abs V = 20 kg (1) = 0.0165 m

1.21 x 1000 kg1 m

Abs V = 20 kg (4) = 0.052 m

1.53 x 1000 kg1 m

= 0.052 x 0% = 0

Abs V = 20 kg (4) = 0.0899 m

0.045 x 1000 kg1 m

= 0.0899 x 100% = 0.0899 m

Abs V = 20 kg (2) = 0.027 m

1.5 x 1000 kg1 m

= 0.027 x 50% = 0.013 m

Abs V = 20 kg (4) = 0.028 m

1.41 x 1000 kg1 m

= 0.028 x 50% = 0.014 m

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Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Appendix D

Appendix E

Appendix F

Appendix G

Appendix H

Appendix I

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Appendix I

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