Thesis Report on- Planning of Coastal Areas for Tsunami,Case Chinnangudi Nagapattinam,Tamil Nadu,...

POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING OF

COASTAL AREASCASE STUDY- CHINNANGUDI, NAGAPATTINAM

POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING OF

COASTAL AREAS,

CASE STUDY CHINNANGUDI-NAGAPATTINAAM.

A Thesis

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

MASTER OF PLANNING

In

Department of Planning

By Ravi Shankar.S.

Reg. No: 200461209

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI-25

MAY 2006

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DECLARATION I declare that this Thesis entitled “POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING OF

COASTAL AREAS, CASE STUDY CHINNANGUDI-NAGAPATTINAAM” is the result of

my work and prepared by me under the guidance of Mr. Pratheep Moses.K, and

that it has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associate

ship or fellowship of any other University or Institution previously. Due

acknowledgement have been made wherever anything has been borrowed from

other sources.

Date: Signature of the Candidate

Name : S. Ravi Shankar

Roll no: 200461209

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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this Thesis forming part of course work TP 161, of IV semester,

M.Plan, entitled “POST-TSUNAMI CONTEXT IN PLANNING OF COASTAL AREAS,

CASE STUDY CHINNANGUDI-NAGAPATTINAAM”, submitted by Ravi Shankar. S, to the School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University for the award of

Masters Degree in Planning is a bonafide record of her under my supervision.

Certified further that to the best of my Knowledge the work reported herein does

not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or

award was conferred on an earlier occasion for any other candidate.

Dissertation Guide Head of the Department

Mr. Pratheep Moses.K Dr.V.M.Marudachalam, Lecturer, Department of Planning,

Department of Planning. School of Architecture and Planning,

Anna University.

Dean

Examiner Prof. S.Ravi, School of Architecture and Planning,

Anna University.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely acknowledge the contribution made by my guide Mr. K. Pratheep Moses for his continuous and equanimity through out my study. I also like to

record my sincere thanks to our, Head of the department, Planning, SAP, and

Thesis coordinator, Dr.V.M.Marudachalam.

I have a great pleasure of extending my heartfelt gratitude to Prof.S.Ravi, Dean,

School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University, for giving me this

opportunity. I also extend my gratitude to the examiner Mr.Ragunath, Chief

Planner, Chennai Metropolitan development Authority for his constructive

criticism in the reviews.

Also I thank Prof. S.P.Sekar ,Prof. Abdul Razak and Mr.S.R.Masilamani, the

staff members of Department of Planning and Mr. J.Narayanaswamy for

channelising my thoughts for the completion of this study.

I extend my thanks to the few many that were behind the scenes and

encouraged me in the completion of this study. I express my sincere thanks to

my friends and classmates who have given me the moral support and

encouragement, when I needed it. I would like have a special mention for

Mr.Ramanamoorthy scientist, and his assistants Mr.Pary and Mr.Arul of

ICMAM_PD,NIOT. Prof. Ramesh and Mr.Senthil kumar of IOM, Anna

university.Prof.Krishnamoorthy of Madras University. Architect Ajith Haridas

and his colleagues of Elements design, Artist Mr.Kumaresan of Agam Studio,

Mr.Benny kuriocose & his team for doing tremendous work in making

Tarangambadi and Chinnangudi a better place.

Last but not the least I extend my thanks to my parents who always help me to

make my dream reality.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A wave formed due to displacement of the earth’s tectonic plates

below the sea traveled thousands of kilometers and wrecked havoc along

the coasts of several nations and awakened the entire world to its

existence – “THE TSUNAMI”.

The devastation caused by the recent Tsunami has posed

challenges in refurbishing the coastal communities, making it clear that

planning of coastal areas involve more care than the normal land use

planning.

Examination of published tsunami risk maps (FEMA, UNDP.NDM)

indicates that tsunami flood risk (and therefore damage to people and

structures) is traditionally assumed to be uniform within a given coastal

area. However, the recent tsunami showed that population and

infrastructure within a given flood zone are not uniformly at risk.

This is because risk, that is the probability of damage, is intimately

related to vulnerability, which measures the potential for damage.

Vulnerability in turn, is related to a series of parameters that include

amongst others: the presence of on and off-shore protective barriers ,

distance from the shore, depth of flood water, building construction

materials & standards, preparedness activities, socio-economic status

and means, level of understanding and hazard perception and amount of

warning and ability to move away from the flood zone.

This gap between the existing published risk maps and actual

ground realities has created a need to develop a planning tool

incorporating all relevant parameters, which will help us to address the

vulnerability issues at a settlement level.

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This objective has been achieved by creating a BUILDING

AND HUMAN VULNERABILITY INDEX. The Building vulnerability index

will include building materials, elevation, distance from the coast, number

of floors, age of the building, building surroundings and natural and artificial

barriers. The Human vulnerability index will include building vulnerability

and susceptibility of the population (gender and age). These indices are

tested on a representative coastal segment of Tamil Nadu -The study

area (chinnangudi, Nagapattinam district) based on a worst case scenario. The Worst case scenario establishes the probability that a

tsunami of particular magnitude will occur and therefore, that tsunami pose

a major threat to Tamil Nadu (Findings reveals that chances for tsunami to

reoccur in a persons life time is 39% and if so the worst case could be 8.7

Richter scale with a wave height of 4 meters with a inundation distance of

750 mts.)

The inferences from this analysis have given us the status of

existing as well the extreme vulnerability of buildings and human in the

study area.

Based on these inferences the planning issues pertaining to

resettlement like: type of resettlement, people perception, occupational

pattern, availability of land, building materials, natural and artificial barriers,

cost involved, etc. have been addressed in detail.

This study opens the scope for the development of further tools that

incorporates other diversified parameters which could be applied in

different places under various stimulated conditions.

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ACRONYMS

A

ADB Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines

ADMIN Australian Disaster Management Information Network

ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand

ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Japan

ADRRN Asian Disaster Reduction and Response Network

AEGDM ASEAN Experts Group on Disaster Management

APELL Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at the Local Level (UNEP)

ARPDM ASEAN Regional Program on Disaster Management

AUDMP Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program, ADPC, Thailand

B BCPR Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, UNDP (Formerly Emergency Response Division)

Benfieldhrc Benfield Hazard Research Centre, University College London, United Kingdom

C CARDIN Caribbean Disaster Information Network

CBDM Community Based Disaster Management

CCOP Coordinating Committee for Coastal and Offshore Geosciences Programmes In East and Southeast

Asia, Thailand

CDERA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency

CDPC Cranfield Disaster Preparedness Center, United Kingdom

CENAT Swiss Natural Hazards Competence Centre

CENDIM Centre for Disaster Management, Bogazici University, Turkey

CEPT Center for Environmental Planning and Technology, India

CERU European Centre On Urban Risks/Centre Européen Sur Les Risques Urbains, Portugal

CESE Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, India

CEUDIP Central European Disaster Prevention Forum

CHARM Comprehensive Hazard and Risk Management Program (Pacific Island States)

CINDI Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information, USA

CNCIDR China National Committee for International Disaster Reduction

CNDR Corporate Network for Disaster Reduction

CTGC Disaster Management Technical Council, Mozambique

D DDMC District Disaster Management Committee, Bangladesh

DEWA Division for Early Warning and Assessment, UNEP

DFID Department for International Development, United Kingdom

Dimp Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, University Of Cape Town, South Africa

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DIPECHO Disaster Preparedness, European Community Humanitarian Office

DISMAC Disaster Management Committee at National Divisional and Districts Levels, Fiji

DISMAN Disaster Management Database

DMB Disaster Management Bureau (DMB), Bangladesh

DMC Drought Monitoring Centers, Zimbabwe and Kenya

DMFC Disaster Mitigation Facility for the Caribbean

DMI Disaster Mitigation Institute, India

DMIS Disaster Management Information System, IFRC

DMISA Disaster Management Institute of Southern Africa, South Africa

DMMU Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, Zambia

DMT Disaster Management Teams

DMTP Disaster Management Training Programme, United Nations

DPCC National Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission, Ethiopia

DPCSS Disaster, Post-Conflict and Safety Section, UN-HABITAT

DPPC Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission, Ethiopia

DPPI Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Initiative

DRBA Disaster Recovery Business Alliance

DRRP Disaster Reduction and Recovery Programme, UNDP

DRM Disaster Reduction Management, Network of the World Institute for Disaster Risk Management

D&SCRN Disaster and Social Crisis Research Network (European Sociological Association)

DWS Disaster Warning System

E EC European Commission

ECE Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland

ECILS European Centre For Vulnerability Of Industrial And Lifeline Systems/Centre Européen Sur La

Vulnérabilité Des Réseaux Et Systèmes Industriels, Skopje (Former Yugoslavia Republic Of Macedonia)

ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECPFE European Centre for Prevention and Forecasting Of Earthquakes/Centre Européen Pour La

Prévention Et La Prévision Des Tremblements De Terre, Greece

EDM Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Japan

EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, USA

EHC Earthquake Hazard Centre, New Zealand

EHP/USGS Earthquake Hazards Program of the United States Geological Survey

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

ELSA European Laboratory for Structural Assessment – Earthquake Engineering, Ispra, Italy

EM-DAT Emergency Events Database (CRED, Catholic University of Louvain)

EMERCOM Emergencies and Natural Disasters Mitigation, Ministry of Civil Defense, Russian Federation

EMPRES Emergency Prevention System

ENDA Environment and Development Action in the Third World, Senegal

EPC Emergency Preparedness Canada

EPOCH European Programme on Climatology and Natural Hazards

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EQTAP Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technologies in the Asia-Pacific Region

EU European Union

EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement of the Council of Europe

EWARN Early Warning and Response Network, Southern Sudan

Ewss Early Warning Systems

F FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency, Government of USA

FIVIMS Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems, FAO

G GA General Assembly, United Nations

GADR Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, USA

GAV Vulnerability Analysis Group

GDIN Global Disaster Information Network

GESI Global Earthquake Safety Initiative, Japan

GHI Geohazards International, USA

GIS Geographic Information Systems

GLO-DISNET Global Disaster Information Network

GPS Global Positioning System

GSDMA Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, India

GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program

H HAZUS Natural Hazard Loss Estimation Methodology, FEMA

HDR Human Development Report, UNDP

HMU Hazard Management Unit, World Bank (Formerly DMF, Disaster Management Facility

HNDGDM Hungarian National Directorate General for Disaster Management

HPC-DMP High Powered Committee on Disaster Management Plans, India

HRRC Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center, Texas A &M University, USA

I IACNDR Inter-American Committee for Natural Disaster Reduction, OAS

ICDRM Institute for Crisis, Disaster and Risk Management, George Washington University, USA

IDMC Inter-Departmental Disaster Management Committee, South Africa

IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, 1990-1999

IDRN India Disaster Resource Network

ILO International Labour Organization

IMD India Meteorological Department

INCEDE International Centre for Disaster Mitigation Engineering, University Of Tokyo

INFRAID Infrastructure Damage Prevention, Assessment and Reconstruction Following a Disaster

ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

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ISFEREA Information Support for Effective and Rapid External Aid

ISPU Higher Institute Of Emergency Planning/Institut Supérieur De Planification d’Urgence,Archennes,

Belgium

ITIC International Tsunami Information Center, Hawaii

IIT Indian Institute of Technology, India

J

JRC Joint Research Committee

K KEERC Korea Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Seoul National University, Korea

KOVERS Compentence Center for Technical Risks, ETH, Switzerland

M MANDISA Monitoring, Mapping and Analysis of Disaster Incidents in South Africa

MDMR Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief, Bangladesh

N NANADISK-NET National Natural Disaster Knowledge Network, India

NCDM National Center for Disaster Management, India

NDMS National Disaster Mitigation Strategy, Canada

NEDIES Natural and Environmental Disaster Information Exchange System

NEMA National Emergency Management Association, USA

NEMO Network of State Hazard Mitigation Officers, USA

NHIA Natural Hazard Impact Assessment

NHRC Natural Hazards Research Centre, Australia

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

O OCDS Oxford Center for Disaster Studies

OCIPEP Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Preparedness, Canada,

OFDA/USAID Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance/US Agency for International Development

OGP/NOAA Office of Global Program/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

OSDMA Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority, India

OSIRIS Operational Solutions for the Management of Inundation Risks in the Information Society

OXFAM Development, relief, and campaigning organization

P PDC Pacific Disaster Center

PLANAT National Platform for Natural Hazards, Switzerland

PREVIEW Project for Risk Evaluation, Vulnerability, Information and Early Warning

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PTWS Pacific Tsunami Warning System

PTWC Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre, Hawaii, USA

R RADIUS Risk Assessment Tools For Diagnosis of Urban Areas against Seismic Disasters

RCC Regional Consultative Committee on Regional Cooperation in Disaster Management, Bangkok,

Thailand

RDMP Risk Disaster Management Programme, UN-HABITAT

S SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Nepal

SIFFS South Indian Federation of Fisherman Societies

SPDRP South Pacific Disaster Reduction Program

T TRM Total Disaster Risk Management (RCC Strategy)

U UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

UNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Now UN-HABITAT)

UNCRD/DMPHO United Nations Center For Regional Development/Disaster Management Planning Hyogo

Office, Japan

UNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination Team

UNDHA-SPO United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs-South Pacific Office

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNDP-SPO United Nations Development Programme-South Pacific Office

UNDRO Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNEP/DEPI United Nations Environment Programme/Division of Environmental Policy Implementation

UNEP/DEWA United Nations Environment Programme/Division of Early Warning and Assessment

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNISPACE United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space

UN-OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

UNV United Nations Volunteers

V VAG Vulnerability Analysis Group

VAM Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping, WFP

VAT Vulnerability Assessment and Techniques

VCA Vulnerability and Capacities Assessment

W WVR World Vulnerability Report, UNDP

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GLOSSARY ACCEPTABLE RISK: The level of loss a society or community considers acceptable given existing social,

economic, political, cultural, technical and environmental conditions.

In engineering terms, acceptable risk is also used to assess structural and non-structural measures

undertaken to reduce possible damage at a level, which does not harm people, and property, according to

codes or "accepted practice" based, among other issues, on a known probability of hazard. ASSURANCE INDICATORS: Generic characteristics of ERM that allow the emergency risk manager to

qualitatively assess there degree-of-readiness for catastrophic events.

BUILDING CODES: Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, construction, materials, alteration

and occupancy of any structure to insure human safety and welfare. Building codes include both technical

and functional standards. CAPACITY: A combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or

organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.

Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled personal

or collective attributes such as leadership and management. Capacity may also be described as capability.

CAPACITY BUILDING: Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructures within a community

or organization needed to reduce the level of risk.

In extended understanding, capacity building also includes development of institutional, financial,

political and other resources, such as technology at different levels and sectors of the society. CLIMATE CHANGE: The climate of a place or region is changed if over an extended period (typically

decades or longer) there is a statistically significant change in measurements of either the mean state or

variability of the climate for that place or region.

Changes in climate may be due to natural processes or to persistent anthropogenic changes in

atmosphere or in land use. Note that the definition of climate change used in the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change is more restricted, as it includes only those changes which are attributable

directly or indirectly to human activity. COPING CAPACITY: The means by which people or organizations use available resources and abilities to

face adverse consequences that could lead to a disaster.

In general, this involves managing resources, both in normal times as well as during crises or

adverse conditions. The strengthening of coping capacities usually builds resilience to withstand the effects

of natural and human-induced hazards.

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CO-ORDINATION: The bringing together of organizations and resources to ensure effective disaster

management. COMMUNITY: A group of people with a commonality of association, generally defined by location, shared

experience, or function.

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: A service, facility or a group of services or facilities, the loss of which will

have severe adverse effects on the physical, social, economic or environmental well being or safety of the

community.

CONSEQUENCE: The outcome of a situation or event expressed qualitatively or quantitatively, being a loss,

injury, disadvantage or gain. In the ERM context, consequences are generally described as the effects on

persons, stakeholders, communities, the economy and the environment. DISASTER: A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human,

material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to

cope using its own resources.

A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of

vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk. DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT: The systematic management of administrative decisions, organization,

operational skills and abilities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society or

individuals to lessen the impacts of natural and related environmental and technological hazards.

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION: The systematic development and application of policies, strategies and

practices to minimize vulnerabilities, hazards and the unfolding of disaster impacts throughout a society, in

the broad context of sustainable development.

EARLY WARNING: The provision of timely and effective information, through identified institutions, that

allows individuals exposed to a hazard to take action to avoid or reduce their risk and prepare for effective

response. EMERGENCY: An event, actual or imminent, which endangers or threatens to endanger life, property or the

environment, and which requires a significant and coordinated response. In the ERM context for critical

infrastructure, an event that extends an organization beyond routine processes.

ENVIRONMENT: Conditions or influences comprising built, physical and social elements, which surround or

interact with stakeholders and communities.

ERM - EMERGENCY RISK MANAGEMENT: A systematic process that produces a range of risk treatments

that reduce the likelihood or consequences of events.

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FORECAST: Definite statement or statistical estimate of the occurrence of a future event (UNESCO, WMO).

This term is used with different meanings in different disciplines. GEOLOGICAL HAZARD: Natural earth processes or phenomena that may cause the loss of life or injury,

property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.

Geological hazard includes internal earth processes or tectonic origin, such as earthquakes, geological fault

activity, tsunamis, volcanic activity and emissions as well as external processes such as mass movements:

landslides, rockslides, rock falls or avalanches, surfaces collapses, expansive soils and debris or mud flows.

Geological hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS): A computerized database for the capture, storage, analysis

and display of location defined information. Commonly, a GIS portrays a map on which this information is

overlaid.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS): GPS is a worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a

constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. The satellites are reference points to calculate

positions accurate to a matter of meters. By using advanced forms of GPS, measurements are better than a

centimeter. In effect, each square meter on the planet has a unique address.

HAZARD: A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of

life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hazards can

include latent conditions that may represent future threats and can have different origins: natural (geological,

hydro meteorological and biological) or induced by human processes (environmental degradation and

technological hazards). Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each

hazard is characterized by its location, intensity, frequency and probability.

HAZARD ASSESSMENT OR HAZARD VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS: The process of estimating, for

defined areas, the probabilities of the occurrence of potentially damaging phenomenon of given magnitudes

within a specified period of time. A systematic approach used to analyze the effectiveness of the overall

(current or proposed) security and safety systems at a particular facility. Hazard assessment involves

analysis of formal and informal historical records, and skilled interpretation of existing topographical

graphical, geological geomorphologic, hydrological, and land-use maps. The analysis first determines the

objectives of the facility’s physical protection system. Next, it identifies the physical protection elements in

place (or proposed) to prevent or mitigate security concerns. Finally, it analyzes the system design against

the objectives in a systematic, quantitative manner in order to determine if the physical protection system is

effective and acceptable for that facility. Similar Terms Vulnerability Analysis, Risk Assessment, Threat

Assessment.

HAZARD MITIGATION: The process of alleviating hazards or reducing the risk of hazards by the use of

proactive measures. (FEMA’s Disaster Mitigation Act) Any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the

long-term risk to human life and property from hazards.

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HUMAN VULNERABILITY: A human condition or process resulting from physical, social, economic and

environmental factors, which determine the likelihood and scale of damage from the impact of a given

hazard. INTERDEPENDENCY: The essential external organizational, systems or technical connectivity associated

with critical infrastructure operations LAND-USE PLANNING: Branch of physical and socio-economic planning that determines the means and

assesses the values or limitations of various options in which land is to be utilized, with the corresponding

effects on different segments of the population or interests of a community taken into account in resulting

decisions. Land-use planning involves studies and mapping, analysis of environmental and hazard data,

formulation of alternative land-use decisions and design of a long-range plan for different geographical and

administrative scales. Land-use planning can help to mitigate disasters and reduce risks by discouraging

high-density settlements and construction of key installations in hazard-prone areas, control of population

density and expansion, and in the sitting of service routes for transport, power, water, sewage and other

critical facilities.

LATENT RISK: A risk that is presented but not yet apparent.

LIKELIHOOD: Used as a qualitative description of probability and frequency.

MITIGATION: Acts or efforts to lesson the consequences of an event. These may be carried out before,

during or after an event.

MONITOR: To check, supervise, observe critically, or record the progress of an activity, action or system on

a regular basis in order to identify change.

NATURAL HAZARDS: Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that may constitute a

damaging event.

NATURAL DISASTER: A serious disruption triggered by a natural hazard causing human, material,

economic or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of those affected to cope.

NATURAL DISASTER, SLOW ONSET: A disaster event that unfolds alongside and within development

processes. The hazard can be felt as an ongoing stress for many days, months or even years. Drought is a

prime example.

NATURAL DISASTER, RAPID ONSET: A disaster that is triggered by an instantaneous shock. The impact

of this disaster may unfold over the medium- or long-term. An earthquake is a prime example.

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PHYSICAL RESOURCE: The process of engaging stakeholders and communities by analyzing and

documenting courses of action and testing them for efficiency and effectiveness.

PREPAREDNESS: Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of coping with the

effects of emergencies.

PREVENTION: Measures to eliminate or reduce the likelihood or consequences of an event. This also

includes reducing the severity or intensity of an event so it does not become an emergency.

PREPAREDNESS: Measures to ensure that communities and organizations are capable of coping with the

effects of emergencies.

PLANNING: The analysis of requirements and the development of strategies for resource utilization.

RECOVERY: Measures supporting individuals, communities and organizations in the reconstruction or

restoration of critical infrastructure, emotional, economic and physical well being.

RELIEF: A critical control that avoids people over stressing themselves during emergencies.

RESIDUAL RISK: The remaining level of risk after risk treatment measures have been taken.

RESILIENCE: The ability to maintain function after sustaining loss. Factors contributing to resilience include

existing control measures, duplicated or redundant assets or systems, knowledge of alternatives and the

ability to implement them.

RESPONSE: Measures taken in anticipation of, during and immediately after, emergencies to ensure the

adverse consequences are minimized.

RETROFITTING (OR UPGRADING): Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant and resilient to

the forces of natural hazards.

Retrofitting involves consideration of changes in the mass, stiffness, damping, load path and

ductility of materials, as well as radical changes such as the introduction of energy absorbing dampers and

base isolation systems. Examples of retrofitting include the consideration of wind loading to strengthen and

minimize the wind force, or in earthquake prone areas, the strengthening of structures. RISK: The chance of an event that will have an impact. It is measured in terms of consequences and

likelihood. In ERM - a concept used to describe the likelihood of harmful consequences arising from the

interaction of sources of risks, communities and the environment.

RISK ACCEPTANCE: An informed decision to accept a particular residual risk.

RISK ANALYSIS: A systematic use of information to determine likelihood and consequences of events.

17

RISK AVOIDANCE: An informed decision to completely eliminate the sources of a particular risk or not

become involved in a particular risk.

RISK CONTROL: The implementation of policies, standards, procedures and physical changes to eliminate

or minimize adverse consequences.

RISK EVALUATION: The process used to determine risk management priorities by evaluating and

comparing the level of risk against predetermined standards, targets or other criteria.

RISK IDENTIFICATION :The process of determining what can happen, why and how.

RISK LEVEL: The relative measure of risk as defined by the combination of likelihood and consequence.

Usually expressed in terms of extreme, high, moderate and low.

RISK MANAGEMENT: The culture, processes and structures that are directed towards the effective

management of potential opportunities and adverse effects.

RISK REDUCTION: A selective application of techniques to reduce the likelihood or consequences of risk.

RISK RETENTION: Intentionally or unintentionally retaining the consequences of risk within the

organization.

STRUCTURAL / NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES: Structural measures refer to any physical construction

to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, which include engineering measures and construction of

hazard-resistant and protective structures and infrastructure.

Non-structural measures refer to policies, awareness, knowledge development, public commitment,

and methods and operating practices, including participatory mechanisms and the provision of information,

which can reduce risk and related impacts. SOURCE OF RISK: A real or perceived event, situation or condition with a real or perceived potential to

cause harm or loss to stakeholders, communities or environment.

TROPICAL CYCLONE: Tropical disturbance in which the maximum of the average wind speed is estimated

to be in the range 64 to 89 knots (118 to 165 km/h, force 12 in the Beaufort scale).

VULNERABILITY: The susceptibility of stakeholders, communities and environment to consequences of

events. The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes,

which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.

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CONTENTS Pg No

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 05

ACRONYMS 07

GLOSSARY 12

LIST OF TABLES 21

LIST OF MAPS 22

LIST OF CHARTS 23

LIST OF FIGURES 23

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 24

1.1 General introduction 24

1.2 December 2004 Tsunami 25

1.3 Need for the Study 25

1.4 Aim & Objectives 26

1.5 Scope & Limitation 26

1.6 Methodology 26

Chapter 2: ESTIMATING WORST CASE SCENARIO 27

2.1 Previous records of Tsunami 28

2.2 Indian Context 30

2.3 Previous records on the Indian Ocean 31

2.4 Identifying fault lines which makes TN coast vulnerable 32

2.5 Exposure To Tsunami 36

2.6 Recurrence of Tsunami 36

2.7 Conclusions 38

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Chapter 3: IDENTIFICATION OF STUDY AREA 39

3.1 Tsunami on Tamil Nadu coast 39

3.2 Districts affected By Tsunami 39

3.3 Study Area 40

3.4 Reasons for Choosing the Study Area 41

Chapter 4: ABOUT STUDY AREA 42

4.1 Location and Regional Setting 42

4.2 Geography And Topography 44

4.3 Evolution of the Settlement. 44

4.4 Demography 46

4.5 Occupational Pattern 47

4.6 Housing Typology 51

4.7 Infrastructure Facilities 52

Chapter 5: IMPACT OF TSUNAMI 54

5.1 Demographic Profile After Tsunami 54

5.2 Response To Tsunami 54

5.3 Peoples Perception 56

5.4 Views on Resettlement Planning 58

Chapter 6: VULNERABILITY INDICES 59

6.1 Identification of Inundation Zone 59 6.2 Identification of parameters that Affect the Vulnerability of

Buildings and Human. 60

6.3 Calculating Standardization Score 63

20

6.4 Calculating Vulnerability Indices 68

6.5 Analysis of existing and worst case scenario 70

Chapter 7: ISSUES AND PROPOSALS 71

7.1 Building vulnerability 71

7.2 Human vulnerability 71

7.3 Resettlement views 72

7.4 Proposals 76

Chapter 08: ANNEXURE 84

ANNEXURE 1 84

ANNEXURE 2 87

ANNEXURE 3 90

ANNEXURE 4 91

ANNEXURE 5 106

Chapter 09: REFERENCES 121

21

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Five largest earthquakes in the world since 1900.

Table2.2. A global list of some historical tsunami deaths.

Table2.3 list of tsunami that affected India.

Table 2.4 Run-up level during recent tsunami at selected locations along Tamil

Nadu coast.

Table 2.5 Summary of events analyzed.

Table 2.6 List of Low / Medium / High Probability events.

Table 2.7 showing possible worst case earth quakes.

Table 2.8 Vulnerabilities against tsunami disaster along the Indian ocean in case

of the 2004 event.

Table 2.9 Estimated casualties by the hypothetical tsunami scenarios.

Table 2.10 showing natural hazard probabilities during periods of various lengths.

Table3.1 showing recent tsunami wave and its impact on population in Tamil Nadu

coastal districts.

Table3.2 showing profile of Nagapattinam District.

Table 3.3a scale of tsunami disaster In Nagapattinam.

Table 3.3b breakup of dead in Nagapattinam.

22

LIST OF MAPS

Map 1.1 shows impact of tsunami on the Indian ocean.

Map 2.1 showing potential population affected in tsunami inundation zone.

Map 2.2 showing major earth quakes in Indian ocean region.

Map 2.3 showing possible fault lines in the Indian ocean.

Map 2.4 showing no of settlements along the coast.

Map 3.1a showing the southern States of India.

Map 3.1b showing recent Tsunami & impact on Coastal districts of Tamil Nadu.

Map 3.2 showing affected villages of Nagapattinam district.

Map 4.2 showing the location of chinnangudi village in Nagapattinam district.

Map4.3 showing the settlements around Chinnangudi.

Map 4.4 a showing the reg. connectivity of chinnangudi in Nagapattinam district.

Map 4.4 b showing the hierarchy of fishing settlements in Nagapattinam district.

Map 4.5 showing the Pillaiperumal Nallur Panchayat with chinnangudi Settlement.

Map 4.6 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi and adjoining villages.

Map 4.7 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi village.

Map 4.8 showing the evolution of the chinnangudi settlement.

Map 5.1 showing the inundated area during recent tsunami.

Map 5.2 showing extend of the damage during recent tsunami.

Map 6.1 showing zones of different zones of inundation.

Map 6.2 showing houses with different type of roof.

Map 6.3 showing houses with different type of wall.

Map 6.4 showing houses with different type of floors.

Map 6.5 showing zones of different zones of inundation.

Map 6.6 showing distance of houses from the coast.

23

Map 7.1 showing concept of work and dormant settlement

Map 7.2 showing concept buffer zone.

LIST OF CHARTS Chart 4.1 showing the housing typology in Chinnangudi settlement.

Chart 7.1 Showing distributions of floor materials.

Chart 7.2 Showing distribution of plinth area in Sq.ft.

Chart 7.3 Showing distribution of wall material.

Chart 7.4 Showing distributions of roof materials.

Chart 7.5 Showing distribution of plot Area.

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 shows the impact of various hazards on a coastal area.

Figure 1.2 shows the relationship between Risk, Vulnerability and Disaster and its cycle. Figure 2.1 Conceptual arrival of a worst-case scenario.

Figure 2.2 picture showing delft hydraulics as accessed by internet user.

24

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Coastal areas are biologically rich and aesthetically pleasing. Contains the

majority of world’s population, possesses some of the highest grade agricultural land,

accounts for the lion’s share of tourist trade and it is the growth pole of expanding

economic activity. India has a coastline of about 7,500 kms. Of which the mainland

accounts for 5,400.Nearly 250 million people live within a distance of 50 kms. From the

coast. Hence there is a great demand for the use of the coastal land. Especially the

fishing community owing to the nature of their work had depended on the coast for

livelihood and most of the fishing settlements are very near to the coast. There were

natural hazards like cyclone, Storm surges, incessant rains, sea erosion and sea level

increase which always made our coast vulnerable but the magnitude of this event was

too large...

Figure 1.1 shows the impact of various hazards on a coastal area.

MAP4.4 A SHOWING THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF CHINNANGUDI IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

FIGURE 1.2 SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK, VULNERABILITY AND DISASTER AND ITS CYCLE.

Relation Between Risk, Vulnerability And Disaster

WhereR is the risk (number of killed people.H is the hazard, which depends on the frequency and strength of a given hazardPop is the population living in a given exposed areaVul is the vulnerability and depends on the socio-political- economical context of this population

R = H • Pop • Vul

RISK DIAGRAM ,SCOURCE :RANDOLPH (2002)

25

1.2 DECEMBER 2004 TSUNAMI A large tsunami triggered due to an earthquake Offshore Sumatra at 7:58:53 AM

local time on 26 December 2004 created havoc in several countries of the Indian Ocean,

primarily Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Andaman–Nicobar (India), East Coast of India,

Sri Lanka, Somalia, Madagascar and several small islands in this area. It caused

maximum loss in terms of affected area, leaving millions of people homeless. More than

200,000 human lives are reported to have been lost and millions have been injured;

thousands are reported missing. It has affected the citizens of more than 50 countries.

The loss of property is so large that even UN officials hesitate to make an estimate and

suggest that it may take decades to normalize the situation in the affected regions.

Map1.1 shows impact of tsunami on the Indian Ocean.

1.3 NEED FOR THE STUDY From the observations we had from the recent tsunami we get to know the

inadequacies of the normal planning process as it does not consider the relevant factors

which makes the coastal settlement vulnerable during a disaster* (Tsunami). So, there is

a need to develop a planning tool, which will help us to address the vulnerability issues

on the coastal areas.

HOW CAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING INCORPORATE DISASTER RISK?

• Decisions taken today will configure disaster risk in the future

• Population movements are changing the context of disaster risk

• Development processes modify natural hazard

• Risk accumulates before being released in a disaster

• Large disasters are made up of many smaller disasters Figure 1.2 shows the relationship between Risk, Vulnerability And Disaster and its cycle.

*In this context the author has stated as post tsunami (after the recent tsunami) context in the

planning of the coastal areas as the title. Since, the recent Tsunami has given us different

dimension on the parameters to be considered for planning.

MAP 1.1 SHOWS IMPACT OF TSUNAMI ON THE INDIAN OCEAN

26

1.4 AIM & OBJECTIVE

TO DEVELOP BUILDING AND HUMAN VULNERABILITY INDICES (FOR TSUNAMI) THAT INCLUDES ALL RELAVANT PARAMETERS AND TO DERIVE PLANNING IMPLICATIONS OUT OF IT.

Objectives

-To estimate a worst case scenario

-To identify a study area

-To identify parameters that may contribute to vulnerability and to formulate vulnerability

indices.

-To assess coastal population and buildings (study area) vulnerable to tsunami

-To work with vulnerability parameters in resettlement planning

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk reduction

initiatives along the coastal belt. It will be difficult to present a balanced coverage of such

a broad and diverse subject, and there will be inevitable gaps and this being a new

phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to our conditions is very limited.

Nevertheless, the thesis will be of literature as well as evidence-based. The descriptions

and discussions are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the range

and diversity of practical approaches that can be used.

1.6 METHODOLOGY To achieve the objectives stated above a conceptual framework and

methodology is formulated as shown below :

29

coast of Chile can be given; however, all coastal towns between the 36th and 44th

(latitude) parallels either were destroyed or heavily damaged by the action of the waves

and the quake. The combined Tsunami and earthquake toll included 2,000 killed, 3000

injured 2,000,000 homeless and $550 million damages. Off Corral, the waves were

estimated to be 20.4 meters (67 feet) high. The Tsunami caused 61 deaths in Hawaii,

20 in the Philippines, and 100 or more in Japan. Wave heights varied from slight

oscillations in some areas to range of 12.2 meters (40 feet) at Pitcairn Islands; 10.7

meters (35 feet) at Hilo, Hawaii and 6.1 meters (20 feet) at various places in Japan.

YEAR PLACE NUMBER OF LIVES LOST

1692 Port Royal, Jamaica 3000

1703 Tsunamis in Honshu, Japan following a

large earthquake

5000

1707 38 foot Tsunami, Japan 30,000

1741 Following Volcanic eruptions 30 feet wave

in Japan

1400

1753 Combine effect of an earthquake and

Tsunami in Lisbon, Portugal

50,000

1783 A Tsunami in Italy 30,000

1868 Tsunami Chile and Hawaii More than 25000

1883 Krakatoa Volcanic explosion and Tsunami

in Indonesia

36,000

1896 Tsunami Sanrika, Japan 27,000

1933 Tsunami, Sanrika Japan 3000

1946 32 foot high waves in Hilo, Hawaii 159

May 22, 1960 Along the coast of Chille Approx. 2000.

1946 Honsu, Japan Earthquake Spawan

Tsunami

2000

1964 195 foot waves engulf Kodiak, Alaska

after the Good Friday Earthquake

131

17 August 1976 Philippines 8000

19 August 1977 Indonesia 189

18 July 1979 Indonesia 540

Table2.2. A global list of some historical tsunami deaths

27

CHAPTER 2: WORST CASE SCENARIO Big earthquakes sometimes occur in clusters (for example, seven of the ten giant

earthquakes of the twentieth century occurred between 1950 and 1965,) Giant faults in

the Aceh–Andaman neighborhood have been dormant for a very long time, it is quite

possible that the recent giant earthquake and tsunami may not be the only disastrous

twenty-first-century manifestation (KERRY SIEH, March 2005, Aceh–Andaman

earthquake: What happened and what's next?, Nature 434, 573 - 574). So a worst-case

scenario is to be identified.

Year Magnitude Country

1960 9.5 Chile 1964 9.2 Prince William Sound, Alaska

1957 9.1 Andrean of Islands, Alaska

1952 9.0 Kamchatka

2004 9.0 Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Map 2.1 showing potential population affected in recent tsunami inundation zone. Map 2.2 showing major earth quakes in Indian Ocean region.

The purpose of thesis is to identify and quantify the vulnerability to a hypothetical tsunami

achieving a particular wave height in a probabilistic way and not to consider physical mechanisms

or hydrodynamic characteristics of tsunami during generation, propagation or inundation.

SOURCE: NEIC 2004,http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/10maps_world.html

Table 2.1 Five largest earthquakes in the world since 1900

MAP 2.1 SHOWING POTENTIAL POPULATION AFFECTED IN TSUNAMI INUNDATION ZONE

MAP 2.2 SHOWING MAJOR EARTHQUAKE IN INDIAN OCEAN REGION

Major Earthquakes, 1995-2004

Magnitude 7.0 - 7.9 8.0 - 8.9 9.0

The sole 9.0 earthquake shown is the Northern Sumatra earthquake of December 26, 2004.

Eastern hemisphere

28

AIM:

To establish the probability that a tsunami of particular magnitude will occur and

therefore, that tsunami pose a major threat to Tamil Nadu.

2.1 PREVIOUS RECORDS OF TSUNAMI Prior to the Tsunami of 26 December 2004, the most destructive Pacific-wide

Tsunami of recent history was generated along the coast of Chile on May 22, 1960. No

accurate assessment of the damage and deaths attributable to this Tsunami along the

Fig 2.1 Conceptual arrival of a worst-case scenario

Recurrence periods of Tsunami

30

12 Sep’ 1979 New Guinea 100

12 Dec’ 1979 Columbia 500

26 May 1983 Sea of Japan Approx. 100

1998 Papua New Guinea 26 Dec. 2004 Earthquake 9.1 in Richter Scale. The Bay

of Bengal. Powerful Tsunami which swept

several coastal areas of South East Asia

Approx. 170000 (+ 130000

missing)

The hydrographic survey in Japan after the great Kwato earthquake of

September 1, 1923 showed that vertical displacements of the order of 100 meters had

occurred over a large area of sea floor. Tsunamis are very common over the Pacific

Ocean because it is surrounded on all sides by a seismically active belt. In the Hawain

Islands, Tsunamis approach from all directions, namely, from Japan, the Aleutian Islands

and from South America.

2.2 INDIAN CONTEXT The Indian coastal belt has not recorded many Tsunamis in the past. Waves

accompanying earthquake activity have been reported over the North Bay of Bengal.

During an earthquake in 1881 which had its epicenter near the centre of the Bay of

Bengal, Tsunamis were reported. The earthquake of 1941 in Bay of Bengal caused

some damage in Andaman region. This was unusual because most Tsunamis are

generated by shocks which occur at or near the flanks of continental slopes. During the

earthquakes of 1819 and 1845 near the Rann of Kutch, there were rapid movements of

water into the sea. There is no mention of waves resulting from these earthquakes

along the coast adjacent to the Arabian Sea, and it is unlikely that Tsunamis were

generated. Further west, in the Persian Gulf, the 1945 Mekran earthquake (magnitude

8.1) generated Tsunami of 12 to 15 meters height. This caused a huge deluge, with

considerable loss of life and property at Ormara and Pasi. The estimated height of

Tsunami at Gulf of Combay was 15m but no report of damage is available. The

estimated height of waves was about 2 meters at Mumbai, where boats were taken

away from their moorings and casualties occurred.

31

2.3 PREVIOUS RECORDS ON INDIAN OCEAN

DATE REMARKS 326 B.C. Alexander the Great

Between 1st April

and 9th May 1008 Tsunami on the Iranian coast from a local earthquake

August 27th 1883 Karatoa 1.5 m Tsunami at Madras, 06 am at

Nagapattinam, 0.2 m at Arden

1884 Earthquake in the western part of the Bay of Bengal

Tsunamis at Port Blair, Doublet (mouth of Hoogly River)

26th June 1941

8.1 quake in the Andaman Sea at 12.90 N,92.5o E

Tsunamis on the east coast of India with amplitudes from 0.75 to 1.25 m.

Some damage from East Coast was reported.

1945

Mekran Earthquake (Magnitude 8.1 ). 12 to 15 M wave height in Ormara in

Pasi (Mekran coast) Considerable damage in Mekran coast. In Gulf of

Cambay of Gujarat wave heights of 15 meter was estimated. Damage

report from Gujarat coast was not available. The estimated height of

waves at Mumbai was about 2 meters,

27th November

1945

8.25 quake 70 km south of Karachi at 24.5o N, 63.0o E Tsunami amplitude

at Kutch was 11.0 to 11.5m?

26th December

2004

Earthquake of magnitude 9.1 off north Sumatra coast generated

devastated Tsunami waves affecting several countries in South East Asia.

In India Andaman & Nicobar Island, Tamil Nadu, Pondichery, Andhra

Pradesh, Kerala and Lakshdweep have been affected about 9700 people

lose their lives and about 6000 more reported missing.

Above facts indicate the coastal region of Gujarat is vulnerable to Tsunamis from

great earthquakes in Mekran coast. Earthquake of magnitude 7 or more may be

dangerous. It may be noted that all earthquake do not generate Tsunami. Research is

still being undertaken in this field. For the Indian region, two potential sources have

been identified, namely Mekran coast and Andaman to Sumatra region.

Table2.3 list of tsunami that affected India

32

2.3 IDENTIFYING FAULT LINES (OTHER THAN RECENT TSUNAMI 2.4 IDENTIFYING FAULT LINES WHICH MAKES TN COAST VULNERABLE To identify fault lines, which make the TN coast vulnerable, the DELFT

Hydraulics is used on which latitudes and longitudes are fed along with various

magnitudes (hypothetical values). The results show whether those lat/long can create a

tsunami and it maps out the distance until which the tsunami will spread across. Map 2.2

showing possible fault lines in Indian Ocean

DELFT MODEL

DELFT Model is a compilation as part of the overall effort that the Joint Research

Centre of the European Commission, dedicating to the Asian Tsunami event.

It aims at the presentation of the calculations, which have been performed soon after the

26th December Tsunami. Very detailed 3d models have been used worldwide to try to

explain the observed behavior of the event. In order to compare how many these models

were able to predict the real behavior they have performed a detailed analysis of the

reports and news and have reconstructed an assessed table of the events. The

Table 2.4 Run-up level during recent tsunami at selected locations along Tamil Nadu

Source: Department of Ocean Development Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Chennai

(June 2005) Preliminary Assessment of Impact of Tsunami in Selected Coastal Areas of India

FIGURE 2.2 PICTURE SHOWING DELFT HYDRAULICS AS ACCESSED BY INTERNET USER

The input data page for the Tsunami model as it appears in the Tsunami web site. It is possible to select Longitude, Latitude and Magnitude of the earthquake.

33

performance of the adopted models is very good with a small deviation between

calculated and actual timings.

This is further extended to the development of a new model which can be used

by the international community and in particular within the JRC Global Alert System for

the prediction of the arrival time of the Tsunami along the affected coasts. The model

and the accompanying calculation procedure are able to predict with a high level of

accuracy the correct time of arrival of the wave. The advantage of such system is that it

runs in almost null CPU time (10-15 s).

Fig 2.2 Picture showing delft hydraulics as accessed by internet user

To identify the points in the fault line which makes the Tamil Nadu coast

Vulnerable could be cumbersome and time consuming as it involves thousands of points

to be analyzed. Alternately the JRC Tsunami models yearly report can be used which

exhibits the details of all the users who have tried out various latitude, longitude and

magnitudes.

JRC TSUNAMI MODEL YEARLY REPORT FOR THE YEAR: 2005

This bulletin provides information on the use of the JRC Tsunami model as automatic

earthquake analysis system, based on USGS data events, and as users generated

events.

Number of total events analyzed 15819

Events occurred under water 7542

Too low magnitude (<6.5) 7506

Low probability (6.5-7.0) 27

Medium probability (7.0-7.5) 7

High probability (>7.5) 2

Table 2.5Summary of events analyzed

MAP 2.4 SHOWING NO OF SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE COAST

34

Source Location Mag Calculation summary

USGS northern Sumatra,

Indonesia 8.7 High Tsunami probability, calc. performed


Indonesia 8.5 High Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS CELEBES SEA 7.1 Medium probability, calc. Done

USGS CELEBES SEA 7.1 Medium Tsunami probability, calc.

performed

USGS off the coast of Northern

California 7.4

Medium Tsunami probability, calc.

performed

USGS Nicobar Islands, India

region 7.2


performed

EMSC Near East Eastern

Honshu 7.2


performed

USGS New Ireland region,

Papua New Guinea 7.3


performed

USGS off the east coast of

Honshu, Japan 7.3


performed

USGS

ANATAHAN REG.,

NORTHERN MARIANA

ISLANDS

6.6 Low probability, calc. done

USGS VANUATU 6.8 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS VANUATU 6.8 Low probability, calc. done

USGS KEPULAUAN TALAUD,

INDONESIA 6.6 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS SOUTHERN MID-

ATLANTIC RIDGE 6.6 Low probability, calc. done

USGS SIMEULUE, INDONESIA 6.8 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed


SIMEULUE, INDONESIA 6.8 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS SIMEULUE, INDONESIA 6.8 Low probability, calc. done

Table 2.6 List of low / medium / high probability events

35


USGS Korea Strait 6.7 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS Kepulauan Mentawai

region, Indonesia 6.8 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS southeast of the Loyalty

Islands 6.7 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS south of Panama 6.9 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS Nias region, Indonesia 6.8 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS south of the Kermadec

Islands 6.6 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed


USGS Rat Islands, Aleutian

Islands, Alaska 6.6 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS off the coast of Northern

California 6.9 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS near the coast of

Nicaragua 6.7 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed



Indonesia 6.8 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS near the east coast of

Honshu, Japan 7.0 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS New Britain region, Papua

New Guinea 6.8 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS northeast of Taiwan 6.6 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

EMSC Eastern New Guinea 6.7 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

USGS New Britain region, Papua

New Guinea 7.0 Low Tsunami probability, calc. performed

SOURCE:JRC Tsunami Model: http://tsunami.jrc.it/model

36

Out of 15,819 events analyzed by different uses for the last one year more than

half of the latitude and longitude do not create potential tsunami. Only 36 events have

probabilities of tsunami out of which 27 have low probability, 7 events have medium

probability and only two has high probability. So it could be concluded that an

earthquake of 8.7 Richter scale is the worst case magnitude in the Indian Ocean for

which detailed calculation is performed.

2.5 EXPOSURE TO TSUNAMIS Coastlines have always been a favored location for human settlements. Because

of the attractiveness of coastal locations and the long gaps between devastating tsunami

events, coastal communities have continued to develop in recent times with new

housing, maritime facilities, and resort developments. As a result, the destructive force of

tsunamis threatens more people and facilities.

Map 2.4 Showing No of Settlements along the Coast

2.6 RECURRANCE TIME PERIOD OF TSUNAMI IS THE 2004 EVENT THE WORST CASE SCENARIO? None of us can answer

the question, what is the worst case scenario to be considered for the coastal

communities of the Indian Ocean. (Shunichi KOSHIMURA and Masasuke TAKASHIMA,

Remote Sensing, GIS, and Modeling Technologies Enhance the Synergic Capability to

Comprehend the Impact of Great Tsunami Disaster)

The number of population exposed against the arbitrary height of tsunami along

the coast, so that actual number of casualties by the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster


Indonesia 8.7

High Tsunami probability, calc.

performed

Table 2.7 showing possible worst case earth quakes

37

corresponds to population obtained within the affected area considered by maximum

tsunami height, distance from the shoreline and land elevation. PTE is defined as the

equation (1), the population count, that is exposed against the arbitrary height of tsunami

‘η’ within an evaluation area ‘i’ which is expressed as the aggregation of evaluation unit

area ‘j ’.

j=1

(Potential Tsunami Exposure) PTE (η) i = JΣ Pij

The author calculates vulnerability threshold index for the recent further goes in detail to

create an estimate for four possible scenarios.

Map 2.5 showing hypothetical earthquake scenario’s along the Indian Ocean The present analysis suggests an estimate.

ESTIMATED CASUALTY

(THRESHOLD: 2.07M) ESTIMATED CASUALTY

(THRESHOLD: 5.71M)

SCENARIO (1) 3,310,923 708,323

SCENARIO (2) 1,223,236 121,574

SCENARIO (3) 1,538,711 631,332

SCENARIO (4) 1,362,972 447,135

ENTIRE INDIAN OCEAN

INDONESIA

SRI LANKA

INDIA

THAILAND

REPORTED CASUALTIES 297,046 236,169 35,672

16,416

8,388

VULNERABILITY (M) 4.09 2.07 5.38 5.86 5.92

Table 2.8 Vulnerabilities against tsunami disaster along the Indian ocean in case of the 2004 event.

Table 2.9 Estimated casualties by the hypothetical tsunami scenarios.

MAP 2.5 SHOWING HYPOTHETICAL EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO’S ALONG THE INDIAN OCEAN

38

As the author states this tsunami need not be the last devastating one we will get into

the recurrence period of tsunami to Tamil Nadu coast.

If Tsunami is a 100-year event, designer can determine the probability of one or

more occurrences of that event. From the Table, assuming the lifespan of the building as

50 years, the chances of a tsunami equaling or exceeding during its lifetime is 39%. If

the useful life of the building is only 30 years, the chances of a tsunami equaling or

exceeding during its lifetime is 26 %.( Benny Kuriakose, Habitat Mapping Of

Chinnangudi).

Therefore, there is quarter chance that a person could experience tsunami.

Putting the estimated devastation for various scenarios given by the other author and

recurrence period seriousness of the issue is self explanatory. Nevertheless, designing

for tsunami gives the added advantage of facing the storm surges and other coastal

hazards, which frequent these settlements very often.

Table 2.10 Showing natural hazard probabilities during periods of various lengths

2.7 CONCLUSIONS From the above findings we can establish the probability that a tsunami of particular

magnitude will occur and therefore, that tsunami pose a major threat to Tamil Nadu

(Chances for tsunami to reoccur in a persons life time is 39% and if so the worst case

could be 8.7 Richter scale with a wave height of 4 meters with an inundation distance of

750 mts.)

TABLE 2.10 SHOWING NATURAL HAZARD PROBABILITIES DURING PERIODS OF VARIOUS LENGTHS

FREQUENCY- RECURRENCE INTERVAL

LENGTHOFPERIODS

(YEARS)10- YEAR

EVENT25-YEAREVENT

50- YEAR EVENT

100- YEAR EVENT

500- YEAREVENT

1 10% 4% 2% 1% 0.2%

10 65% 34% 18% 10% 2%

20 88% 56% 33% 18% 5%

25 93% 64% 40% 22% 5%

30 96% 71% 45% 26% 6%

50 99+% 87% 64% 39% 10%

70 99.94+% 94% 76% 50% 13%

100 99.99+% 98% 87% 63% 18%

*The percentages shown represent the probabilities of one or more occurrences of an event of a given magnitude or larger within the specified period. The formula for determining these probabilities is Pn = 1-(1-Pa) n, where Pa = the annual probability and n= the length of the period.

Source: Coastal Construction Manual published by Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA

39

CHAPTER 3: IDENTIFICATION OF STUDY AREA The main idea of the study is to formulate and test the vulnerability indices for

Buildings and Human and this can be achieved only by identifying a representative

coastal segment. Emphasis of this chapter is on finding the worst affected segment of

the Indian coast.

In India there are thirteen states abutting the coastline of which four states were

badly affected during the recent Tsunami. Tamil Nadu took the major death toll of eight

thousand followed by Kerala and Andra Pradesh.

3.1 TSUNAMI ON TAMIL NADU COAST

Tamil Nadu was the worst affected state in India .The loss was to an

unprecedented extent the whole nation reaped in sorrow.

Map 3.1a Showing the southern states of India

3.2 DISTRICTS AFFECTED BY TSUNAMI

Thirteen Coastal districts of Tamil Nadu were affected in which Nagapattinam is

the worst affected district in with 6065 deaths. Length of coastal line in Tamil Nadu –

1076 Kms about 12% of coastal length of the country. Coastline in Nagapattinam 187.9

km about 15% of re coast line of Tamil Nadu.

The following table shows various coastal districts of Tamil Nadu got affected by

tsunami.

Map3.1b showing recent tsunami wave and its impact on various coastal districts of Tamil Nadu.

Table3.1 showing recent tsunami wave and its impact on population in Tamil Nadu coastal districts

MAP 3.1b SHOWING RECENT TSUNAMI WAVE AND ITS IMPACT ON VARIOUS COASTAL DISTRICTS OF TAMIL NADU.

MAP 3.1a SHOWING THE SOUTHERN STATES OF INDIA.

TABLE3.1 SHOWING RECENT TSUNAMI WAVE AND ITS IMPACT ON POPULATION IN TAMIL NADU COASTAL DISTRICTS

Sl. No.

Districts affected

No. of Villages

affected

Population affected

Houses/ huts damaged

Human Lives Lost

No. injured

1 Chennai 25 65322 17805 206 9

2 Kancheepuram 44 100000 7043 128 11

3 Tiruvallur 6 15600 4147 29 0

4 Cuddalore 51 99704 15200 617 214

5 Villupuram 33 78240 9500 47 30

6 Nagapattinam 73 196184 36860 6065 1922

7 Tiruvarur 0 0 0 21 0

8 Thanjavur 22 29278 3 30 421

9 Kanniyakumari 33 187650 31175 824 525

10 Thoothukudi 23 30505 735 3 0

11 Tirunelveli 10 27948 630 4 4

Source: www.nagapattinam.nic.in

40

3.3 STUDY AREA Nagapattinam district, The Land of religious harmony, known for its rich religious

heritage was carved out bifurcating the composite Thanjavur district. It lies on the shores

of the Bay of Bengal between N. Lat. 10.7906 deg. and 79.8428 Deg. E. Long. An area

of 2715.83 Square kilometers in its fold. The District capital, 'Nagapattinam' lies on the

eastern coast, 350 kilometers down south from the State capital 'Chennai'. Poompuhar

(Sirkazhi block), Tharangampadi (Sembanarkoil block), Velankanni (Velankanni block),

Nagore (Nagapattinam block) and Point Calimere (Vedaranniyam block) are the main

tourist spots in the district. The first 4 tourist spots are visited throughout the year and

the last tourist spot is visited from August to March. The foreign tourist arrivals have

fluctuations and domestic tourist arrivals have been steadily increasing except in the

years 1992-93 and the tourist arrivals both domestic and foreign are estimated at 2,

99,150 during 1996.

1. Total Area 2.7 lakh hectares.

2. Total Population 14.88 Lakhs

3. Urban Population 3.3 Lakhs

4. Rural Population 11.58 Lakhs

6. Number of affected Revenue villages 38

7. No. of affected coastal habitation 73

8. Total Coastal length in Nagapattinam 187.90 Km

Reasons for extensive damage on Nagapattinam coast was,

A) It is believed that the dual wave effect (straight waves plus diffracted waves from Sri

Lankan coast),

B) Gentle slope of continental shelf and

C) Gentle elevation of hinterland

Table3.2 Showing profile of Nagapattinam District

41

D) The presence of Uppanar River and Vedaraniyam canal in the southern side. The run

up level in the northern part of Nagapattinam near Light House is close to 4 m with a

maximum inundation up to 750 mts from the coast.

Map3.2 showing affected villages of Nagapattinam district

Table 3.3 b Breakup of dead in Nagapattinam

Table 3.3 a Scale of tsunami disaster in Nagapattinam

3.4 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE STUDY AREA: Nagapattinam was one of the most affected districts of the state.

It has a long historical record of water inundation during floods.

Nagapattinam has a strong fishing economic base where by dependency to the coast is

high.

It is also an important pilgrim / tourist attraction center.

On the first level, Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu is chosen on which a next level

analysis of the settlements which got affected by the recent Tsunami is done. After this

analysis the fishing settlement of Chinnangudi is chosen. The reasons are stated in the

next chapter.

Statistics reveal that almost all the coastal villages of Nagapattinam were evenly

affected during Tsunami with major death toll on urban areas. The type of study warrants

details of every household and with the given constrains for data collection in urban

areas (population being enormous) rural settlement is chosen for the study. Chinnangudi

in particular had the peculiarity of perpendicular growth from the coast. Logically the

death toll should have been very less compared to other settlements. But, the presence

of the river on one side and low lying area on the other side and flat terrain of the coast

made water to engulf from all the four sides.

MAP 3.2 SHOWING AFFECTED VILLAGES OF NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

HUMAN LOSS

MISSING

UNIDENTIFIED

INJURED

NO. OF PERSONS EVACUATED

DETAILS

1126

1769

3446

4.70 LAKH

TAMIL NADU

8018

NAGAPATTINAM

791

1686

1922

1.9 LAKH

6065

%

70

95

56

42

76

SCALE OF TSUNAMI DISASTER IN NAGAPATTINAM

MALE

FEMALE

CHILDREN

TOTAL

DETAILS

2406

887 M/889 F

6065

TAMIL NADU

1883

BREAKUP OF DEAD IN NAGAPATTINAM

39

30

%

31



TABLE 3.3a SCALE OF TSUNAMI DISASTER IN NAGAPATTINAM

TABLE 3.3b BREAKUP OF DEAD IN NAGAPATTINAM

42

CHAPTER 4: ABOUT THE STUDY AREA Community Development Blocks in the district are: Sirkazhi, Kollidam,

Sembanarkoil, Kuttalam, Mayiladuthurai, Thirumarugal, Nagapattinam, Kilvelur,

Talanayar, and Vedaranniyam. The Nagapattinam district comprises 6 Taluks, 11 Blocks

and 497 Villages. As regards the hierarchy of administrative arrangement, there are 3

Municipalities, 10 Town Panchayat and 433 Village Panchayat in the district.

Map 4.1 a showing various blocks of Nagapattinam district Map 4.1 b showing various blocks of Nagapattinam district

4.1 LOCATION AND REGIONAL SETTING

Chinnangudi is 6 Kms from Akkur, and 35 Kms north of Karaikal…Surrounded by

4 villages in the area Chinnangudi, Kilangal, Mundirithoppu, Kumaragudi and

Chinnamedu. Akkur is the nearest major road network where busses are available

although the district. Chinnangudi solidarity with other fishing communities along the

coast has been a critical aspect of its community life for generations.

Map4.2 showing the location of chinnangudi village in Nagapattinam district.

Name of the Village: Chinnangudi Name of the Panchayat:Pillaiperumal Nallur

Name of the Block: Sembanarkoil Location: Chinnangudi is 6 kms from Akkur, and 35 kms north of

Karaikal.

MAP4.2 SHOWING THE LOCATION OF CHINNANGUDI VILLAGE IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT.

INDIA

CHINNANGUDI

43

The fishing villages along the Nagapattinam coast are organized into units of

around 16 vilages.Tharangambady is the head village of a unit that Chinnangudi is a

member. For a group of 4 such units along the Nagapattinam coast, Nambiar Nagar is

the head village. Therefore, Nambiar Nagar represents the next tier of leadership as the

leader of the four head villages.

Map 4.4 a showing the regional connectivity of chinnangudi in Nagapattinam district Map 4.4 b showing the hierarchy of fishing settlements in Nagapattinam district

These formations exist even today, and have played a critical role in facilitating the

interactions between different fishing communities throughout Nagapattinam.

Map4.3 showing the settlements around Chinnangudi

CHINNANGUDI

AKKUR CHINNAMEDU

KILANGALMUNDIRITHOPU

KUMARAGUDI

MAP4.4 A SHOWING THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF CHINNANGUDI IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICTMAP 4.4 a SHOWING THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF CHINNANGUDI IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

CHINNANGUDI

TARANGAMBADI

NAGAPATTINAM

THIRUKOVILUR

AKKUR

NAMBIAR NAGAR

Nambiar nagar

Tarangambadi

Chinnangudi

Three tier of hierarchy

MAP 4.4 b SHOWING THE HIERARCHY OF FISHING SETTLEMENTS IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

44

4.2 GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY

In chinnangudi, there are houses as close as 50 meters from the sea. There is

approximately 150 meters between the sea and the main road. Although along the shore

there are groups of sand dunes, most of those were affected during the tsunami. Along

the western side of the village there is approximately 50 acres of agricultural land.

Map 4.5 showing the pillaiperumal nallur panchayat with chinnangudi settlement Map 4.6 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi and adjoining villages

The agricultural lands are in and around the cyclone shelter, which is at a distance of 1.5

Kms from the center of the village. There is also a river called Amman Aaru, which flows

alongside the southern side of the village and runs into the sea. This is commonly

utilized for fishing during the rough season.

Map 4.7 showing the contour map of the chinnangudi village

4.3 EVOLUTION OF THE SETTLEMENT The existence of the village dates back at least up to 150 years. The make-up of the

village has changed significantly as the community has seen incredible growth over the

last 60 years. Physically the households used to be along the shore with the temple also

on the coast. At that time there were 150 households, 3 of which were tiled.

Map 4.8 showing the evolution of the chinnangudi settlements

Picture showing the chinnangudi settlement from the coastline


MAP 4.5 SHOWING THE PILLAIPERUMAL NALLUR PANCHAYAT WITH CHINNANGUDI SETTLEMENT


MAP 4.6 SHOWING THE CONTOUR MAP OF THE CHINNANGUDI AND ADJOINING VILLAGES

46

This dominant political force of the panchayat has been exercised in a number of

different fashions through the years. The panchayat not only prescribes the set of

principles that the entire village follows, but they also have the power to raise funds

intended for the entire village. One typical manner of collection in the past was for the

panchayat to declare a podu. As the fishermen are returning from the sea, the

panchayat declares a podu and all proceeds of the day’s catch are given directly to the

panchayat.

The streets in Chinnangudi are perpendicular to the beach in east - west direction. There

is an arterial road which is tarred and it connects the village with the nearby towns. The

village has expanded on both sides of the road. Two other streets which run in east west

direction are also quite wide. The other streets are quite narrow.

The pathways and streets together play a very important role in the social life of the

village. People sit on the verandahs fronting the streets and discuss everything from

fishing to politics. Kids have no other place to play but the streets of their village which

are free from vehicular traffic and therefore safe. Women use the streets and pathways

to meet others in the village. A child playing in the street is a quite common sight.

4.4 DEMOGRAPHY

Chinnangudi has a population of 2475 as per the Praxis report which was taken

in 2005 and this was updated by us which shows an increase of 40 numbers in one year.

There were lots of remarriages after the recent Tsunami.

Photo showing main spine road running from east to west perpendicular to sea

47

Total Population 2515 Men 1295

Women 1220

Total Households 563

No. of children up to 1 year of age 102

No. of children between 1-5 years of age 238

No. of children above 5 years of age (up to 14) 596

No. of elderly people over 60 years of age 112

Total number of fish vendors 361

Total number of fishermen 597

Number of Widowers 9

No. of Widows 64

4.5 OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN FISHING

The dynamics of the fishing community are at the core of Chinnangudi social and

economic functioning. The political economy of the fishing community would be best

understood by differentiating between livelihood fishery and investment fishery. The

‘artisanal’ or ‘traditional’ fisher folk would fall into the category of livelihood fishery while

trawler fishing would fall into investment fishery.

Photo showing the future generation of chinnangudi.

MAP4.4 A SHOWING THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF CHINNANGUDI IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICTMAP 4.4 a SHOWING THE REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF CHINNANGUDI IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

CHINNANGUDI

TARANGAMBADI

NAGAPATTINAM

THIRUKOVILUR

AKKUR

NAMBIAR NAGAR

Nambiar nagar

Tarangambadi

Chinnangudi

Three tier of hierarchy

MAP 4.4 b SHOWING THE HIERARCHY OF FISHING SETTLEMENTS IN NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT

48

The term ‘artisanal’ would better describe the 597 men who are fishing in Chinnangudi,

even though the use of motors and new nets has modernized their equipment a great

deal.

“Artisanal” fishermen broadly use three types of equipment:

(a) Sail Kattumaram,

(b) Kattumaram with Out-Board Motor (OBM), and

(c) Fiberglass boats with engines.

The investments for these various categories would be in the order of 15-16 thousand,

1.5 Lakhs and 2 - 2.5 lakhs, respectively.

Despite differences in income, they form one single group where mobility from one

category to the other is quite common.

In fishing, equipment is only one part of the game. In actuality, the three critical

components that influence returns are:

(a) Hard work

(b) Skill and knowledge, and

(c) Chance. Hence, having additional equipment does not necessarily

Translate into higher returns.

Photo showing the fisherman on chinnangudi coast

49

FISH FOR LOCAL MARKETS THE FISHERMEN THEMSELVES auction the fish that are reserved for local

markets.

The buyers of these fish are typically:

1) Local Women Fish Vendors,

2) Women Fish Vendors from other villages, and

Photo showing the fisherwoman drying fish and vending fish

Photo showing the fisherman on construction and maintenance of fishing accessories

51

AGRICULTURE

Apart from fishery, some Chinnangudi villagers do have agricultural lands at the

outskirts of this village. It is estimated that there is approximately 50 acres of land

holdings that the villagers possess. The community members are not directly involved in

the cultivation of land, but instead view the land as an investment. The land-owning

fishermen of Chinnangudi employ laborers from the Dalit community of the next village

to tend the land. Normally agriculture work commences in the end of September and

cultivation is completed by December.

4.6 HOUSING TYPOLOGY

The government carried out a colony housing scheme in the village in the early

eighties. More than 200 houses were built in brick and cement for the walls and

reinforced concrete for the roof. Because of the poor quality of construction, many of

them deteriorated very fast. In many cases, the villagers changed the RCC roof into

thatch or tiled according to their financial capacity.

A few houses have been abandoned by their owners. Now there are only 53

houses which survive more or less in the original condition. All these 53 houses are in a

very bad shape today, but people are living in them because of no alternative. Other

than this most of the houses are tiled and thatched except few concrete houses.

Chart 4.1 showing the housing typology in Chinnangudi settlement.

50

3) Cycle Vendors.

Considering the limited period when fish is fresh, vendors often partake in the

process of fish drying, when the local market is unable to absorb a catch. This occurs

when a particular day’s catch is not sold or when there is a “bumper catch”. A “bumper

catch” refers to an unusually high catch. Since the demand for fresh fish will not

significantly increase despite variations of supply, when there is an abundant catch, the

drying of fish becomes quite popular. Typically, the process of fish drying is undertaken

by larger fish vendors, because of the investment that is required to hold stock during

the lag-time of drying. Dried fish last for a period of 6 months to one year, and merchants

come to Chinnangudi to purchase the dry fish from local vendors.

Local Market Vending Patterns

1 SMAL L WOMEN FISH VENDORS

a. Travel a maximum of 5 kilometers by foot

b. Sell to nearby villages

c. Typically occasional sellers in the market

d. Off-take will be between Rs. 100-1000 daily

e. Short-term credit is available

2 LARGE WOMEN FISH VENDORS

a. Travel by bus up to a distance of 50 kms away (Kumbakonam)

b. Typically daily fish sellers (but also occasional as well)

c. Off-take will be between Rs. 500-5000 daily

d. Short-term credit is available

3 CYCLE VENDORS

a. Travel by moped up to a distance of 50 kms away

b. No credit is available - occasionally a local resident will stand as a

Guarantor for the vendor which will allow them to receive credit

c. Typically Dalits

53

The water they receive through the taps is used for drinking and cooking only, because

the water is very salty and not potable. The families complained that the water that they

get (2 or 3 pots on an average) is not enough for all their household needs. A family of 5

needs at least 10 pots per day to cover all their needs like drinking, cooking, bathing,

washing, etc. It is the women who fetch water from the taps. They spend at least an hour

fetching water everyday. Many people in Chinnangudi do not bathe in fresh water

everyday. If they stay in the village itself they use the salt water from the hand pumps to

wash themselves.

52

4.7 INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION The connectivity to Chinnangudi is quite good. Every half an hour there is a bus

servicing Chinnangudi between 5:30 am to 6 pm. In addition to government buses, there

is also a mini-bus and private bus regularly providing service. The availability of transport

facilities has allowed a number of the Chinnangudi women to partake in vending. The

Chinnangudi bus stop is located at the center of the village across from the ration shop.

In terms of communication facilities, there are 40 private telephone connections within

the community. There are also 15 community members that have mobile phones. Yet,

there is no public telephone facility in the village.

Chinnangudi is equipped with a public address facility that is in the temple.

WATER FACILITIES In chinnangudi, there are two water tanks and 54 piped connections throughout the

village. There is an average of 5 tap connections on every street.

The water they receive comes from Madapuram which is about 10 Kms from

Chinnangudi. A bore hole there pumps water to 5 villages in the area Chinnangudi,

Kilangal, Mundirithoppu, Kumaragudi and Chinnamedu.

Photo showing water tank in the settlement

54

CHAPTER 5: IMPACT OF TSUNAMI

Chinnangudi was devastated by the tsunami with 137 houses fully destroyed,

and an additional 131 partially damaged. Houses were damaged along with Lakhs worth

of fishing gear and nets. These material losses are trivial in comparison to the 48 deaths

which the village suffered, 22 of which were children.

5.1 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE- AFTER TSUNAMI Total Households 563

Women headed households 110

No. of houses partially destroyed 123

No. of houses fully destroyed 134

No. of Total Deaths by Tsunami 48

5.2 RESPONSE TO THE TSUNAMI

The enormity of the emergency was very slow to sink in for both the government

and civil society. Like in most emergencies, the government was slow to step in. Civil

society including NGOs, the public, religious groups, immediately swung into initially

chaotic and later more organized relief work. After the immediate search and clearing

operation was over, NGOs have stepped in with a variety of relief measures ranging

from providing food, shelter, water, etc. to psycho-social counseling.

Photo showing tsunami devastation

55

The government has constructed 140 temporary shelters, while NGOs have established

an additional 45 shelters.

SIFFS and SNEHA have made a commitment to the rehabilitation of the village and

have begun initiating some long-term livelihood programming.

Additional NGO’s such as EFFICOR, KNH- Germany, and CCYA Bangalore have also

initiated post tsunami reconstruction activities. Source: www, praxis.org,

TSUNAMI WAVE

The water flow pattern of the wave was dictated by the topography of the land to

a considerable extent. The core of the village is on higher ground compared to the

peripheral areas of the village, which caused the wave to rush in faster around the

northern and southern peripheries of the village. These waters came in with great force

(unimpeded, due the flat profile of the land, the lack of any obstruction in the form of

vegetation or man made structures) and met each other at the far end of the village

(close to the temple) causing great damage to life and property.

Map 5.1 showing the inundated area during recent tsunami

This analysis is validated by the data on death pattern vis-à-vis the spread of dead

bodies which shows that 60% of the dead bodies were found at the seaward end of the

village (with which the wave made first contact) and the 40% at the western end of the

Photo showing tsunami temporary shelters and reconstruction activity.

MAP 5.1 SHOWING THE INUNDATED AREA DURING RECENT TSUNAMI

LEGEND

HOUSES

CONTOUR LINES

25MTS GRID

SEA

TSUNAMI INUNDATION

WATER UNENTERED

AREA

WATER UNENTERED AREA

Amman Aaru

BAY

OF

BENGAL

56

village, close to the temple area. The built environment and open spaces also had a role

to play in dictating the inundation pattern.

Map 5.2 showing the extend of damage during recent tsunami

5.3 PEOPLES PERCEPTION

For generations the fishing community has been in possession of the coastal

land of chinnangudi. Considering the nature of the fishing community’s history, many of

its members do not possess “official paperwork” in reference to the land that they have

inhabited for generations. In the chaos following the tsunami, it is critical that the fishing

community retains possession of their land. In all likelihood, the politicians and private

companies may manipulate this tragedy to gain control of the precious land that has

rightfully been out of their reach for years. The government has already pressured the

fisher folk to sign a paper testifying that they are willing to move off of their land if new

housing is provided elsewhere.

The Chinnangudi community members are quite clear about how they want to approach

the controversial issue of resettlement. As they see it, they have an inalienable right to

the coastal land that has been with their community for generations, and is an

inseparable aspect of their lives and livelihood. On the other hand, after the events of the

tsunami they also see it as necessary to build secure houses for their families at a safe

distance away from the coast.

Photos showing reconstruction activities after tsunami

MAP 5.2 SHOWING THE EXTEND OF DAMAGE DURING RECENT TSUNAMI

Amman Aaru

BAY

OF

BENGAL

OHT

Damaged before Tsunami (Major)

Damaged before Tsunami (Minor)

Damaged afterTsunami (Major)

Damaged after Tsunami (Minor)

No damage

-

-

-

-

-

LEGEND

57

The following reasons explain Chinnangudi position towards resettlement:

TO RETAIN EXISTING LAND:

- Inalienable right to coastal land

- Sense of Belonging, lived there for generations

- Proximity to the sea is essential for fishing operations

-Storage of equipment

- On-shore activities (maintenance of nets, etc.)

TO BUI LD NEW SETTLEMENT:

- Safety

- The security of their families, while they are at sea

It is necessary for the fisher folk to retain their existing land in order to facilitate their

fishing activities. It is unfeasible for them to transport their boats

And nets, every morning at 2 am to the coast and prepares to go out to sea.

Therefore, it is essential that the community owns the coastal land in order to store the

equipment. At the same time, it is critical for their families to be living at a safe distance

from the sea.

The panchayat has established a unified position amongst the whole village,

Photo showing reminders of the recent tsunami

59

CHAPTER 6: VULNERABILITY INDICES

Examination of published tsunami risk maps indicates that tsunami flood risk

(and therefore damage to people and structures) is traditionally assumed to be uniform

within the expected flood zone. However, recent tsunami showed that population and

infrastructure within a given flood zone are not uniformly at risk (Papathoma, 2003;

Papathoma et al., 2003). This is because risk, that is the probability of damage, is

intimately related to vulnerability, which measures the potential for damage. Vulnerability

in turn, is related to a series of parameters that include amongst others: the presence of

on and off-shore protective barriers , distance from the shore, depth of flood water,

building construction standards, preparedness activities, socio-economic status and

means, level of understanding and hazard perception and amount of warning and ability

to move away from the flood zone.

6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE INUNDATION ZONE

This study is interested in applying a method that is easy to utilize by different

end-users and flexible enough to be applied in other places of the coast with minimal

changes. This study considers the identification of the inundation zone without taking

into consideration the tsunami source and offshore bathymetry in order to be simple,

easy and realistic.

60

The run-up does not equal the tsunami height on the shore and the run-up heights will

show variation along the coastline due to several factors (Camfield F. E.: Tsunami

effects on coastal structures, J. Coast. Res., Special Issue No 12, Coastal Hazards,

177–187, 1994.) .Since the run-up cannot be calculated, the safest option for the

identification of the potential inundation zone is to define it as the area between the

coastline and the contour of the highest recorded tsunami. Therefore in an area where

the highest recorded tsunami (in the settlement) was 2.5 m, the inundation zone will be

the area between the coastline and the 2.5m contour. It is understood that the depth of

water during a tsunami will differ according to the ground elevation.

Therefore, the inundation zone in chinnangudi village will be divided into Inundation

Depth Zones or

IDZs on the basis of the topographic contours:

High IDZ (ground elevation 0 − 1 m),

Medium IDZ (ground elevation 1−1.5m),

Low IDZ (ground elevation 1.5−2 m)

and Very Low IDZ (ground elevation 2 − 2.5 m).

The IDZ’s are used as a background for the maps that display the spatial distribution of

the vulnerability of individual buildings. It is understood that buildings located within the

high IDZ will have to be the priority of the local authorities/ planners etc. since the

damage of the buildings will be more significant.

Map 6.1 showing zones of different zones of inundation

6.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT THE VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS AND PEOPLE

Field surveys of tsunami events in previous Tsunami's (Maramai, A. and Tinti, S.:

Coastal effects and damage due to the 3rd June Java tsunami. in: Perspectives on

MAP 6.1 SHOWING ZONES OF DIFFERENT ZONES OF INUNDATION

ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

LEGENDPLOT BOUNDARY

HOUSES

CONTOUR LINES

25MTS GRID

SEA

RIVER

ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)

ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

Amman Aaru

BAY

OF

BENGAL

58

5.4 VIEWS ON RESETTLEMENT PLANNING FOR GENERATIONS THE fishing community has been in possession of the coastal

land of Chinnangudi.

The government has already pressured the fisher folk to sign a paper testifying that they

are willing to move off of their land if new housing is provided elsewhere.

It is unfeasible for them to transport their boats and nets, every morning at 2 am to the

coast and prepare to go out to sea.

Therefore, it is essential that the community should own the coastal land in order to store

the equipment. At the same time, it is critical for their families to be living at a safe

distance from the sea.

For the women, their premier concern is the safety of their children, and they believe

that living 1 km. from the sea is the best way to ensure that.

Keeping this in mind three situations are worked out of total, partial and no relocation of

the settlement and various aspects of legal, financial and functional are worked out.

Photo showing community gathering discussing on

issues of the recent tsunami

62

The importance of the criteria is connected with the mitigation measures that may

Be taken. This is why the criteria that are concerned with the condition of the house are

higher in the range of importance than the criteria that relate to the surroundings.

This is because it is felt that the condition of the house can change more easily and with

less cost than its location. Relocation of buildings, construction of break waters and sea

defenses or coastal engineering works is frequently very expensive. On the other hand,

reinforcement of buildings and protection with surrounding walls is easier and cheaper

and may protect the building from other types of natural disasters.

The vulnerability of each building (BV) in the inundation zone is then calculated as

follows:

Where:

(a) The standardized score that is related to the material of the building;

(b) The standardized score that is related to the elevation of the building from MSL;

(c) The standardized score that is related to the distance from sea of the building;

(d) The standardized score that is related to the number of floors;

(e) The standardized score that is related to the condition of the building (age);

(f) The standardized score that is related to the presence of surroundings in front of the

building and;

(g) The standardized score that is related to the natural barriers in front of the

settlement.

Building Vulnerability = {(7x a)+(6xb)+(5xc)+(4xd)+(3xe)+(2xf)+(1xg)}

(Where a,b,c,d,e,f,g-standardization score )

Population (house hold) = {A x male population +B x female population +C x

HV = BV x P (where HV- Human vulnerability, BV- Building Vulnerability ),

BV = (7xa)+(6xb)+(5xc)+(4xd)+(3xe)+(2xf)+(1xg)

63

children population}

It was evident from the recent Tsunami the entire population was not evenly affected.

Children were the most affected and next were female population and least was male

population. So the household population is also given a standardization score.

6.3 CALCULATING STANDARDIZATION SCORE

BUILDING COMPONENT

(a) The standardized score that is related to the material of the building;

Ultimately it depends on the building material type of the settlement. Lot of incidents

could be related from the recent Tsunami for examples a stretch of concrete houses very

near to the coast were un-affected because of the solidity of construction and materials.

At the same time building material is not the sole criteria for people to be saved from

tsunami.

a = summation of a1+a2+a3

Photo showing a typical thatched roof house

Photo showing a tiled roof house

61

Tsunami Hazard Reduction, edited by Hebenstreit, D., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1–

20, 1997.) demonstrate the importance of several characteristics of buildings that

contribute to their vulnerability. These characteristics were identified and collected for

each building within the potential inundation zone together with data concerning the

population, building use and so forth. The empirical data were collected from the field

survey. The entire settlement of 563 families was surveyed (scheduled interview).

The data collected for each building may be divided into three categories:

(A) Quantitative (population, population density, number of households);

(B) Qualitative (condition, building surroundings, natural environment, etc.) and

(c) Descriptive (e.g. land use).

The qualitative data are used for the calculation of the vulnerability of individual

buildings. The first step is the standardization of the raw data collected using the

following formula:

Standardized score I = raw score I / maximum raw score Since the factors do not affect vulnerability equally, they have to be ranked according to

their importance. The criteria are arranged in order of importance and a weight factor is

applied

The criteria, their ranking and weight factor

CRITERIA WEIGHT FACTOR Building component(roof ,wall &floor) 7 Elevation of house from MSL 6 Row (distance from the sea ) 5 No of floors 4 Condition of ground floor (age of the building) 3 Surrounding (compound wall &vegetation) 2 Natural environment 1

64

ROOF: (a1)

Thatched, Palm leaves, etc. ---------- Raw Score -4

Tiled-------------------------------------- Raw Score -3

Asbestos------------------------------- Raw Score -2

Concrete-------------------------------- Raw Score- 1

Standardized Score for Thatched roof is = 4/4

Standardized Score for Tiled roof is = 3/4

Map 6.2 showing houses with different type of roof materials

WALL: (a2)

Thatched, Palm leaves, etc. ---- Raw Score -3

Mud wall-------------------------- Raw Score - 2

Brick ---------------------------------Raw Score -1

Standardized Score for Thatched wall = 3/3

Standardized Score for Mud wall = 2/3

Map 6.3 showing houses with different type of wall materials

FLOOR: (a3)

Mud --------------------------------- Raw Score -3

Cement----------------------------- Raw Score -2

Mosaic---------------------------- - Raw Score -1

Standardized Score for Mud floor is = 3/3

Photo showing a typical concrete house

MAP 6.2 SHOWING HOUSES WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF ROOF

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Amman Aaru

LEGEND

CONTOUR LINES

25MTS GRID

SEA

RIVER

THATCHED,PALMS

TILED

ASBESTORS

CONCRETE

MAP 6.3 SHOWING HOUSES WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF WALL

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Amman Aaru

LEGENDCONTOUR LINES

25MTS GRID

SEA

RIVER

THATCHED

MUD

BRICK WALL

65

Standardized Score for Cement floor = 2/3

Map 6.4 showing houses with different type of floors

ELEVATION OF HOUSE FROM MSL (b) The standardized score that is related to elevation of the building from MSL; Elevation and population affected have close relation during tsunami. Settlement, which

has elevation more than 3m, in cuddalore district, had no property damage or human

loss during recent TSUNAMI (sustainable development plan for tsunami affected coastal

stretch of Cuddalore, Planning Project -SAP, chennai, 2004)

FOUR ZONES ARE FORMULATED

Zone A (0-1m) ------------------ Raw Score -4

Zone B (1-1.5m) ---------------- Raw Score -3

Zone C (1.5-2m) ---------------- Raw Score -2

Zone D (2-2.5m) ---------------- Raw Score- 1

Standardized Score for Zone A is = 4/4

Standardized Score for Zone B is = ¾

Map 6.5 showing houses in different elevation zones

ROW (DISTANCE FROM THE SEA) (c) The standardized score that is related to the distance from sea of the building;

Maximum inundation on Tamil Nadu coast during recent tsunami was 1.2 Kms. Here

water entered into the settlement from all four direction which quite dissimilar from the

other settlements. So the general calculation of no of row of the house has to be slightly

modified.

DISTANCE OF HOUSE FROM HTL---- C

Row 1---------------Raw Score - 4

Row 2---------------Raw Score - 3

Row 3---------------Raw Score - 2

MAP 6.4 SHOWING HOUSES WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF FLOORS

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Amman Aaru

LEGEND

CONTOUR LINES

25MTS GRID

SEA

RIVER

CEMENT FLOORING

MUD /COW DUNG

MOSAIC,TILES

MAP 6.5 SHOWING ZONES OF DIFFERENT ZONES OF INUNDATION

ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

LEGENDPLOT BOUNDARY

HOUSES

CONTOUR LINES

25MTS GRID

SEA

RIVER

ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)

ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

Amman Aaru

BAY

OF

BENGAL

66

Row 4---------------Raw Score – 1

Standardized Score for Row 1 is = 4/4

Standardized Score for Row 2 is = 2/4

Map 6.6 showing distance of houses from the coast

NO OF FLOORS (d) The standardized score that is related to the number of floors;

The field survey has given us the details of building height and no. of floors. Settlement

being a village and the type of occupation and the housing typology they have gone for

did not warrant for a vertical growth of the buildings. Out of 563 houses less than 10

buildings had more than one floor.

CONDITION OF GROUND FLOOR (AGE OF THE BUILDING) (e) The standardized score that is related to the condition of the building (age);

FOUR ZONES ARE FORMULATED

A (15 years and above) ------------- Raw Score -4

B (10-15 years of age) -------------- Raw Score -3

C (5-10 years of age) --------------- Raw Score -2

D (0-5 years of age) ---------------- Raw Score- 1

Photo showing building which has a first floor-a rare case

MAP 6.6 SHOWING DISTANCE OF HOUSES FROM THE COAST

ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

Amman Aaru

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3Row 4

LEGENDPLOT BOUNDARY

HOUSES

CONTOUR LINES

25MTS GRID

SEA

RIVER

ZONE A (0-1 mtr.)

ZONE B (1-1.5 mtr.)

ZONE C (1.5-2 mtr.)

ZONE D (2-2.5 mtr.)

ROW 1

ROW 2

ROW 3

ROW 4

67

Standardized Score for A is = 4/4

Standardized Score for B is = ¾

SURROUNDING (COMPOUND WALL &VEGETATION) (f) The standardized score that is related to the presence of surroundings in front of the

building and;

VEGETATION AND COMPOUND WALL

No vegetation cover--------------- Raw Score - 3

Scrub and low vegetation---------------Raw Score - 2

Trees and dense scrub--------------- Raw Score - 1

Standardized Score for No vegetation is = 3/3

Standardized Score for Scrub & low veg. is = 2/3

Map 6.7 showing compound wall and vegetation of settlement

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT (g) The standardized score that is related to the natural barriers in front of the

settlement.

During the present episode of tsunami in the Indian coast, the following preliminary

observations are made:

a) The maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast.

b) High causalities are found in most thickly populated areas.

c) The mangroves, forests, sand dunes and coastal cliffs provided the best natural

barriers against the tsunami.

68

d) Heavy damage is reported in areas where sand dunes were heavily mined (e.g.

Nagapattinam & Kolachal) and where coastal vegetation was less.

Vegetation to a greater extent reduce the impact of tsunami

VEGETATION AND NATURAL BARRIERS:

No vegetation covers (high vulnerability).

Scrub and low vegetation (moderate vulnerability).

Trees and dense scrub (low vulnerability).

No vegetation cover--------------- Raw Score - 3

Scrub and low vegetation---------------Raw Score - 2

Trees and dense scrub--------------- Raw Score - 1

Standardized Score for No vegetation is = 3/3

Standardized Score for Scrub & low veg. is = 2/3

6.4 CALCULATING VULNERABILITY INDICES HUMAN VULNERABILITY = BUILDINGVULNERABILITY X POPULATION

Human vulnerability is a factor of building vulnerability and population .The recent

Tsunami reinstated very clearly that age and gender determined the degree of

vulnerability. With this as the basis the standardization score for the population is worked

for the entire settlement. For example if a household has a population of six members

with adult male population of two, adult female population of two and children population

of two. Then, the standardization score is:

Male population ---------- Raw score- 1

Female population ------ Raw score- 2

Children population ----- Raw score- 3

69

Standardization score for male population = 1/3

Standardization score for female population = 2/3

Standardization score for children population = 3/3

Calculation of the vulnerable population with respect to age and gender =

Male population X standardization score for male population

+ Female population X standardization score for Female population

+ Children population X stand. Score for Children population

For the above household with a population of six numbers the vulnerable

population is (i.e. age and gender) is,

= 2X 1/3 +2X 2/3 +2 X 3/3.

= 4.

Four members are vulnerable (i.e. age and gender) in that particular house which has

population of six.

Let us calculate the Human vulnerability of a house hold with the following: brick wall,

thatched roof, cement flooring, elevation zone of A, distance row 2, single floor, newly

built building and good surroundings (compound wall and trees), poor natural

surroundings.

BV = (7xa)+(6xb)+(5xc)+(4xd)+(3xe)+(2xf)+(1xg)

BV= (7x (1/3+3/3+2/3) + (6x3/3) + (5x2/4) + (4x2/2) + (3x1/4) + (2x2/3) + (1x2/3))

Building Vulnerability Index=29.3

Human vulnerability index = 29.3 x 4 = 117.3

Same way the building and human vulnerability index is calculated for the entire

settlement.

70

6.5 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING AND WORST CASE SCENARIO The existing situation refers to the Tsunami which occurred recently wherein we

had a wave height of 2.1 mts. in the chinnangudi settlement and a worst case scenario

refers to the situation wherein a hypothetical assumption of 4 mts wave height from the

mean sea level. For both the scenario the vulnerability index for human and buildings

are calculated. The parameter of the index mainly the elevation gets changed in both the

scenario. The results showing increase of vulnerability Index validates the assumption

on vulnerability index. Based on these analyses the issues are raised and the proposals

are worked out.

71

CHAPTER 7: ISSUES AND PROPOSALS 7.1 BUILDING VULNERABILITY From The analysis of the vulnerability indices for building vulnerability as

discussed in the previous chapter we have arrived at the following:

200 houses are very highly vulnerable (35%)

150 houses are highly vulnerable (27%)

100 houses are moderately vulnerable (18%)

113 houses are less vulnerable (20%)

Considering the above figures we conclude that 62% (35% + 27%) of the buildings are

extremely vulnerable in case of an occurrence of a tsunami.

7.2 HUMAN VULNERABILITY Human vulnerability in the context of tsunami depends both on spatial and

temporal factors. There is always a flux in the density of the population along the coastal

areas during the Day and night times, summer and winter, week days and week ends,

festive and non festive seasons.

Due to The limited scope of the study the assumptions for chinnangudi is that at any

given point of time, the entire household population is in the house (during night time).

When we consider the Human vulnerability for tsunami, gender and age of the

population play an important role as it was well seen in the recent tsunami. Even in the

case of Chinnangudi, the total death toll was 46, of which the numbers of children were

22.

Children, female, elderly and disabled were the most vulnerable.

As far as the land use pattern of Chinnangudi is considered, almost 98% of the

settlement area comes under Residential use wherein the building vulnerability is the

dominant deciding criteria for human vulnerability along with age and gender.

Human vulnerability as discussed in the previous chapters is a factor of building

72

vulnerability and population.

From The analysis of the vulnerability indices for human vulnerability as discussed in the

previous chapter we have arrived at the following:

800 people very highly vulnerable (32%)

700 people are highly vulnerable (28%)

400 people are moderately vulnerable (16%)

600 people are less vulnerable (24%)

Considering the above figures we conclude that 60% (32% + 28%) of the people are

extremely vulnerable in case of an occurrence of a tsunami.

7.3 RESETTLEMNT VIEWS Based on these findings and the perception of the people the planning issues

have to be addressed. After tsunami the major issues to be addressed is the

resettlement planning are

FOR GENERATIONS THE fishing community has been in possession of the coastal

land of Chinnangudi.

The government has already pressured the fisher folk to sign a paper testifying that they

are willing to move off of their land if new housing is provided elsewhere.

It is unfeasible for them to transport their boats and nets, every morning at 2 am to the

coast and prepare to go out to sea.

Therefore, it is essential that the community should own the coastal land in order to store

the equipment. At the same time, it is critical for their families to be living at a safe

distance from the sea.

For the women, their premier concern is the safety of their children, and they believe

that living 1 km. from the sea is the best way to ensure that.

73

The Author has done a detailed study on the current status of the Rehabilitation

measures and Resettlement proposals of all the settlements of Nagapattinam district.

Neatly tabulated in the ANNEXURE - 4.

It is very clear that ample of funds we available at disposal for the rehabilitation

measures. Most of them addressed the short term requirements of the fishing

settlement. The non governmental organizations played a key role in these activities.

When it comes to the issue of resettlement planning lot of questions are unanswered.

For any coastal resettlement planning after tsunami, three broad methods are

applicable:

TOTAL RELOCATION Total relocation is the idealistic way to battle against tsunami. With the assurance

and efforts made by the governmental and non governmental agencies to pool up funds

for the rehabilitation measures definitely opens scope for total relocation. But the real

question lies whether the entire coast afford for a total relocation. Nagapattinam alone

has more than 73 settlements which got affected by Tsunami.

ISSUE 1: Identification of land The issue starts in the identification of the new land. In chinnangudi the

government is willing to give a land (one km. from the coast) at free of cost for total

relocation. But that land (13 acres) alone will not be sufficient. Private land owners have

seen this as opportunity and raised their land value to many folds. Land alone will cost

around Six Crores as per the market value.

ISSUE 2: Allocation of plot area

Pie chart shows the size of land holdings of each household which on an

average is more than three cents. But there is mechanism or provisions to pay

compensation for people who have existing land of more than 3 cents. This amounts to

30 percent of the house hold who are strongly refusing for relocation.

74

ISSUE 3: Allocation of plinth area

Pie chart shows the plinth area sizes in existing settlement. Government is willing

to build 250-300 Sq.ft. of plinth area. But, majority of the houses have more plinth area

than 300 Sq.Ft.

ISSUE 4: How is the government going to protect the existing land when there is going to be total relocation of the settlement?

The total relocation can also lead to other complications like the protection the

existing land which the fishermen are not willing to give away. So, ultimately the issue of

safety is not going to be addressed. They will hold the existing land as well as get newly

proposed houses.

ISSUE 5: Transportation of fishing gear. As it was evident from the study of their fishing timing (they go and come back at

odd hours). Safety and transportation of their nets and motor will be a major issue. This

75

issue creates a need to develop a work area and dormant settlement concept.

Conceptual sketch of this is shown in the map 7.1. Map 7.1 showing concept of work and dormant settlement

PARTIAL RELOCATION Around 136 houses got totally damaged in the recent tsunami which the NGO’s

and the governmental agencies have given a commitment to rebuild. But the problem

with the partial relocation is the separation of the settlement’s community living. 25 % of

the settlement will be relocated. As we have seen from the nature of the fishing

settlement to live close knitted and closer to the coast partial relocation also seems to be

questionable.

NO RELOCATION

The fabric of the settlement will be appreciated best when it regains its

existing form prior to tsunami since the settlement had taken years to evolve.

That is where the real challenge lies to the planners to not to disturb the existing

conditions as well as to protect the settlement from vulnerabilities.

As discussed above on the resettlement views considering the occupational

difficulties, legal difficulties. Ancestral attachment to their properties, cost involved in

total relocation, it seems practical to accept that total relocation cannot take place.

MAP 7.1 SHOWING CONCEPT OF WORK AND DORMANT SETTLEMENT

O

DORMANT SETTLEMENT

WORK AREA

EMBARKMENT

EMBARKMENT

AUCTION CENTRE

LEGEND

CONTOUR LINES

25MTS GRID

SEA

RIVER

WORK AREA

DORMANT SETTLEMENT

BAY

OF

BENGAL

MAP 7.2 SHOWING CONCEPT BUFFER ZONE

O

LEGEND

CONTOUR LINES

25MTS GRID

SEA

RIVER

CRZ 200 MTSCRZ 50 MTS

CASURINA VEGITATION

BAY

OF

BENGAL

MANGROVE VEGETATION

76

7.4 PROPOSALS The resettlement planning should focus on methods by which the vulnerability

indices can be brought down to acceptable levels through various planning measures.

This can be achieved through changes in the vulnerability index shown below.

BUILDING COMPONENT Floor, Wall and Roof are the basic components of a building. Weight ages to these

components in arriving at the human vulnerability are very high as the entire population

is assumed to be inside the building.

FLOOR MATERIAL Majority of the houses in chinnangudi are having cement flooring in their houses.

Cleanliness is the main reason for having cement as flooring material.

74% of the houses have cement and

Building component(roof ,wall &floor)

Elevation of house from MSL

Row (distance from the sea )

No of floors

Condition of ground floor (age of the building)

Surrounding (compound wall &vegetation)

Natural environment

Chart 7.1 Showing distribution of floor

77

mosaic flooring put together. To improvise the index against vulnerability only 26% of the

houses have to be reworked.

WALL MATERIAL

The superstructure of 75% of the houses in chinnangudi is built with bricks .the locally

available natural material. Remaining only 25% of the houses needs attention

Chart 7.2 Showing distribution of plinth area in sq.ft.

COST FOR CEMENT FLOORING

On a average the plinth area of the houses are 400 sq.ft.

26 % of the house amounts to 145 nos.

Cost of P.C.C. and cement flooring over it per square feet = 50 Rs/-

Total cost required – 145 X 50 X 400 – Approximately 25 lakh.

Chart 7.3 Showing distribution of wall

78

ROOF MATERIAL

About 59% of the houses are having thatch which are made from either coconut or palm

thatch. 19% of the houses are made of R.C.C. roof.

About 300 Houses Have To Be Provided With R.C.C. Roof. Out of which 140 houses

have been totally damaged by Tsunami any how that has to be rebuilt.

COST FOR BRICK WALL


25 % of the house amounts to 140 nos.

Cost of brick wall per square feet = 150 Rs/-( inclusive of foundation)

9” brick wall ( 10’ height) 120 Rft for 400 sq.ft

Total cost required – 140 X 600 Cft X 400 – Approximately 1 crore.

Chart 7.4 Showing distribution of roof materials

COST FOR R.C.C. ROOF


59 % of the house amounts to 300 nos minus 140 houses = 160 nos.

Cost of R.C.C. roof @ Rs. 125 per square feet

Total cost required – 160 X .375 X 400 X 125 – Approximately 3 crore.

79

ELEVATION Elevating the existing building is not practically possible. But there are around

140 houses which are totally damaged for which the elevation can be improved by

having them in stills. This gives the flexibility for water to pass through the event of

tsunami. Present average elevation of the settlement is about 1 mtr. From mean sea

level this can be improvised to 2- 2.5 mts. from mean sea level.

DISTANCE FROM SEA During recent Tsunami water entered from all four directions and this made the

settlement more vulnerable. Reasons for this are: Low lying wetland on the northern side

of the settlement and river on the southern side formed a channel for the water to

surround the village. If we can curtail the entry of the water from the river on the

southern side with bankment on northern side slightly higher (1 mtr. From other bank)

than southern side and from the lowlands on northern side by having mangrove

vegetation.

NUMBER OF FLOORS In the present less than 10 buildings out of 563 buildings have first floor to get elevated

during event of disaster. As we have planned to go for R.C.C. roof for the entire

settlement it creates scope to be used as mode of escape during tsunami.

COST FOR NEW HOUSES


140 houses to be reconstructed.

Cost of construction@ Rs. 300 per square feet

Total cost required – 300 X 400 X 140 – Approximately 1 crore.

MAP SHOWING THE PROPOSALS OF EMBANKMENT AND MANGROVE VEGETATION.

80

BUILDING SURROUNDINGS AND COMPOUND WALL Vegetation, scrubs, creepers can to a great extent reduce the impact of tsunami on

buildings. Compound wall has in-fact saved lot of houses on the southern side of the

settlement. Compound wall could be built for the entire settlement which will reduce the

direct impact of Tsunami on buildings. Already 20 % of the houses have compound wall

COST FOR BANKMENT AND MANGROVE CULTIVATION

Approximate area of mangrove a forestation 2 sq.km.

Cost of forestation @ Rs. 1 per square meter

Total cost required – Approximately 20 lakh.

Bankment for a length of 700 mts.( random rubble masonry)

Cost @ Rs/- 1000 per running meter.

Total cost required Rs/- 7,00,000

Chart 7.5 Showing distribution of plot Area

81

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL BARRIERS Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow rebuilding

on the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and how to rebuild

to minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of technical and

management options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall construction and

off shore breakers as artificial barriers.

ADVANTAGES OF SEA WALL CONSTRUCTION One town in Thailand that survived almost unscathed had built a sea wall of huge

concrete pyramids across their coastline. A new-type seawall constructed in Japan. This

seawall has a buffer zone to prevent coastal inundation due to overtopping waves. The

waves overtopped the front face of the seawall can permeate a buffer zone installed in

front of the original seawall

DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SEA WALL CONSTRUCTION

Among the major disadvantages are the high cost of building these structures,

particularly off shore breakwaters and seawalls. Maintaining these structures is

expensive. Most of these structural coastal defenses also have a high impact on

shoreline sediment transport, coastal ecosystems and environmental assets such as

COST FOR BUILDING COMPOUND WALL

Assuming average plot size of 4 cents

Total running feet – 180

Compound wall height- 5 feet

Cost of hollow block construction with material @ Rs. 50 per sq.ft.

Total cost required –450 X 30 X 5X 180 Approximately 50 lakh.

82

scenic beaches. Encroachment of structures on sea access by local communities can

also impact livelihoods.

NATURAL BARRIERS

Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably reduced the impact of tsunami on the

coast.

With the importance of CRZ felt after this tsunami the vegetative cover and CRZ can be

utilized together to create tsunami forest to act as buffer. These tsunami forests should

be handed over to the local communities.

PHASE I [0-2 YEARS]: RECOVERING THE COAST

• Community projects may include the planting that will provide a vegetative buffer.

• Along with the extensive mangrove reforestation, planting of a variety of other coastal

species that have been lost

• Intercrops to be planted and harvested between trees to stabilize and protect the soil.

The species selected are saline resistant as the effect of salt intrusion after tsunami

would still be present in the soil and ground water and protect the soil.

PHASE II [2-5 YEARS]: ESTABLISHING YOUNG COASTAL FORESTS

• Forest biomass increases as plants and tree species mature.

• Salt content in the soil and aquifers may go down due to leeching and other natural

phenomena.

• planting of mesophytic vegetation as an inter crop to the existing salt resistant trees.

PHASE III [5-10 YEARS]: MATURING COASTAL FORESTS • Trees like coconut, casuarinas etc are ready to harvest.

• The new trees to be planted on the leeward side.

• Slowly, the salt resistant varieties to be phased out and • commercially & ecologically

beneficial species to be planted

83

84

CHAPTER 08- ANNEXURE ANNEXURE - 1

Ravi Shankar.S, (DEC’ -2005), PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI, Dissertation, School of architecture and Planning, Anna university

ABSTRACT

The recent Tsunami has made us to understand that the planning of coastal

areas involves more care than the normal land use planning since our coast is

vulnerable to natural disasters. This Review is above all a practical document. However,

it is not a manual. Its Emphasis is on the process of planning and implementing risk

reduction initiatives along the coastal belt. It focuses on key issues and decision points

and how to address them. It has been difficult to present a balanced coverage of such a

broad and diverse subject, and there are inevitable gaps and this being a new

phenomenon to our Indian coast studies done to our conditions is very limited.

Nevertheless, the book is literature evidence-based. The descriptions and discussions

are supported by case studies, which aim to give a sense of the range and diversity of

practical approaches that can be used.

Disasters triggered by natural hazards are a major threat to life and to sustainable

development, especially in developing countries. The human and economic cost of

disasters is rising, mainly because societies are becoming more vulnerable to hazards.

Socio-economic vulnerability is complex and often deep-rooted. The weaker groups in

society suffer most from disasters. Many persistent myths about disasters should be

discarded. Disaster reduction strategies are important to address future disasters.

The key factors to reduce potential losses due to tsunami are AWARENESS and

PREPAREDNESS. The practical applications of this tsunami risk assessment, in both

quantitative and qualitative terms, for implementation into mitigation strategies.

In the context of CRZ provisions, during the present episode of tsunami in the Indian

coast the maximum damage has occurred in low lying areas near the coast and High

85

causalities are found in most thickly populated areas, mangroves, forests, sand dunes

and coastal cliffs provided the best natural barriers against the tsunami. Validation of the

CRZ after the recent Tsunami is to be viewed seriously.

Today, nations around the Indian Ocean are trying to decide whether to allow rebuilding

on the coast, which structures to rebuild and which ones to relocate, and how to rebuild

to minimize losses in future tsunamis. There are a wide range of technical and

management options for coastal protection, which include the sea wall construction and

off shore breakers as artificial barriers. Sea walls should be viewed as an option in areas

which are well developed, densely populated, low lying and very near the coast. (Density

of coastal area of Kerala is 2147 per sq.km. in Pondicherry settlement starts 20-30 mts

from the coast North Chennai high density and absence of lengthier coast). Critical

infrastructure facilities which require foreshore can be guarded with sea walls. Sea wall

could never be an option for the entire coast.

Places that had healthy coral reefs and intact mangroves, which act as natural buffers,

were less badly hit by the tsunami than those where the reefs had been damaged and

mangroves ripped out and replaced by prawn farms and poorly planned beachfront

hotels. Mangroves and vegetative cover had considerably reduced the impact of tsunami

on the coast. With the importance of CRZ felt after this tsunami the vegetative cover and

CRZ can be utilized together to create tsunami forest to act as buffer. This tsunami

forest should be handed over to the local communities. The rebuilding of the forest could

be phased in stages.

Connectivity played an important role during the recent Tsunami. The settlements with

better connectivity suffered less loss. Better connectivity in terms of roads facilitated

immediate relief measures.

Avoiding or minimizing the exposure of people and property through land use planning

can mitigate tsunami risk most effectively. Development should be prevented in high-

hazard areas wherever possible. Where development cannot be prevented, land use

intensity, building value, and occupancy should be kept to a minimum.

86

In areas where it is not feasible to restrict land to open-space uses, other land use

planning measures can be used. These include strategically controlling the type of

development and uses allowed in hazard areas, and avoiding high-value and high-occupancy uses to the greatest degree possible.

Land use policies and programs should address tsunami hazards as part of a

comprehensive tsunami mitigation program. Such an update should focus on the

location and vulnerability to damage of existing and planned land uses.

The infrastructure facilities have to be segregated as non critical and critical

infrastructure with respect to Tsunami and compatibility analysis of these infra. With

respect to coast and CRZ. .To formulate list of infrastructure to be permitted along the

coast.

87

ANNEXURE 2 NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT AREAS TSUNAMI AFFECTED VILLAGE

SL. No

Taluk Serial No.

Name of Taluk TSUNAMI AFFECTED VILLAGES

1

1 Nagapattinam

North Poiyur

2 Akkaraipettai

3 Keechankuppam

4 Theederkuppam

5 Velipalayam

6 Nambiyarnagar

7 Velipalayam Beach

8 Ariyanattu Street

9 Nalliyanthottam

10 Pattinacherry

11 Palpannaicherry

12 Samanthappettai

13 Silladi

14 Pandagasalai Street

15 Beerodum Street

SL. No

Taluk Serial No.


16

2 Keevelur

Vellankani

17 South Poigainallur

18 Kallar

19 Veerangudikadu

20 Prathamaramapuram

21 Seruthur

22 Kameshwaram

23 Vairavankadu

88

24 Manaimedu

25 Vilunthamavadi

SL. No

Taluk Serial No.


26

3 Vedaranyam

Pudupalli

27 Vettaikkaraniruppu

28 Vanavanmadevi

29 Vellapallam

30 Naluvedapathy

31 Kovilpathu

32 Pushpavanam

33 Periyakuthagai

34 Arkattuthurai

35 Kollitheevu

36 Maniyantheevu

37 Mottandithoppu

38 Agasthiyampalli

39 Kodiyakkadu

40 Kodiyakkarai

SL. No

Taluk Serial No.


41

4 Sirkali

Thirumulaivasal

42 Thoduvai

43 Valuthalagudi

44 Thianthottam

45 Vanagiri

46 Poombukar

89

47 Pudukuppam

48 Vellapallam

49 76.Perunthottam

50 Nayakkarkuppam/Chavadikuppam

51 Kosalakuppam

52 Kadaikkadu

53 Keelamoovarkarai

54 Melamoovarkarai

55 Koolaiyar

56 Palaiyar

57 Madavamadu

58 Kettavaimadu

59 Olakattaimedu

60 Kottaimedu

61 Kodiyampalayam

62 Chinnurpettai

63

5 Tarangampadi

Chandrapadi

64 Tarangampadi

65 Perumlpettai

66 Vellakoil

67 Perumlpettai

68 Thalampettai

69 Kuttiyandiyur

70 Veppancherry

71 Chinnangudi

72 Chinnamedu

90

ANNEXURE – 3 Case Study: Assessing tsunami vulnerability, example Greece, Crete: S•1 Identification of field site S•2 Estimation of worst case scenario The worse case scenario has an H

(m) max of c. +5 m and correlates

with a tsunami int. of Ko IV.

S•3 Parameters for vulnerability

Built environment (one floor / two

floor) Building materials, age,

design

Population density (day/ night)

Land use

Land cover/ barriers

Other indicators

S•4 GIS base map and generation of database Spatial data (aerial photo & topo map) 1:5000

Attribute data (for parameters)

S•5 Results Disaster Planners, Local Authorities, Insurance Co

P•4 vulnerability

map

STUDY AREA OF TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP GREECE, CRETE

TSUNAMI VULNERAIBILITY MAP GREECE, CRETE

91

ANNEXURE – 4

Village wise Activities Undertaken and Proposed to be Undertaken by NGOs

No Village Agency Activity

1 North Poiganallur 1.International Association for Human

Values (IAHV) Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counseling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.

2. Salvation Army 50 permanent shelters 3. World Vision 500 permanent shelters 2 Akkaraipettai 1.KK Shah Charitable Trust 146 temporary shelters

2.World Vision India

250 permanent shelters, temporary shelters(256), infrastructure devlopment,livelihood restoration

3.SOS 40 temporary shelters

4.National Monument Trust 5.Tata Relief Committee 900 permanent shelters

6.TMSSS-GGF

Permanent Shelter-300,temporary shelter-350,relief materials, play materials, trauma counseling, healthcare and education,

rehabilitation of orphans,semi-orphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area, livelihood infrastructure

7.Gandeepam global 180 temporary shelters, a monument erecting

8.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust)

100 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counseling, Education for children &Promoting child center.

9. Alternative for India Devpt. information centre, mobile health clinic

10.Welfare Organization for Rural Development

100 temporary shelters,100 houses, mangrove plantation, social forestry, baseline survey,counselling,health and sanitation

11.TAPWA 50 houses

12.Society of DMI Voluntary Organisation

mobile clinics,evening classes,skill training, intend to build & fullfledged medicare

13.International Association for Human Values (IAHV)

Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.

14.Environment Conservation Group (ECG) water and sanitation 15.Sethu Seva Sangh 16.Seva Bharati

17.Help a Child of India food grains,micro credit program,nets and boats repairing,medical care

3 Keechankuppam 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.Seva Bharati

3.World Vision permanent shelter,infrastructure devlopment,livelihood restoration

4.Sethu Seva Sangh 5.National Monument Trust


150 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center.

92

7.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinic

8.Welfare Organisation for Rural Development

100 temporary shelters,100 houses,mangrove plantation,social forestry

9.TAPWA 50 houses and one school





12.SIFFS

supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,engines,computer education and scholerships

13.Environment Conservation Group (ECG) water and sanitation 14.Red Swastik Society 1150 temporary shleters


4 Theederkuppam

Welfare Organisation for Rural Development 50 temporary shelters,50 houses

5

Velipalayam 1.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of Development Trust)

permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children &Promoting child center.

2.International Association for Human

Values (IAHV) Relief Materials, Trauma care, Counselling, Medical Camps & Livelihood.

3.Dist.Women & Children Development

Society permanent shelter, health,education,water and sanitation

6 Nambiyarnagar 1.TMSSS

Permanent Shelter-615,temporary shelter-330,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education,

rehabilitation of orphans,semi-orphans,disabled and widows,afforestation of coastal area,livelihood infrastructure



3.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinic

4.Welfare Organisation for Rural Development

50 temporary shelters,50 houses,mangrov plantation,social forestry

5.CSI Day Care Centre, Kadambadi

100 houses,livelihood support for six years,sponsorship for orphan and semi-orphan,school fees and other provisions

6.TAPWA 50 houses

7.EFICOR

152 toilets,38 individual bathrooms for women,3 common bathroom for men, houses,health supplements



9.Dist.Women & Children Development Society

permanent shelter, health,education,water and sanitation

10.World Vision India temporary shelthers-280

7 Velipalayam Beach 1.IID/KAVIRI (Indian Institute of

Development Trust)

100 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling, Education for children

& Promoting child center.



8 Ariyanaatu Street 1.TMSSS


93




3.TTK-LIG Limited Construction of permanent houses 4.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinic



6.Dist.Women & Children Development Society

permanent shelter, health,education,water and sanitation

7.World Vision 600 temporary shelters 8.EFICOR cash for work,health supplement 9.YMCA Southern Region 50 houses 9 Nalliyanthottam 1.EFFICOR cash for work,health supplement



10 Pattinacherry 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.EFICOR 100 temporary shelters, 60 toilets,18

bathrooms,houses,health supplements 3.World Vision 4.GOAL community klitchen



6.Matha Amrithananthamayi Madam 298 permanent shelters 7.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinic

8.Water Aid UK GRAMALAYA ECG-SELVALAYA

construction of children's toilets+toilet complexes, temporary shelters

9.TAPWA 50 houses and one school



11.Government temporary shelthers-300 11 Palpannaicherry 1.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinic





12 Samanthanpettai 1.TMSSS-DHURGA



2.EFICOR 52 toilets,14 individual + 1 common

bathrooms for gents,health supplements

3.ROTARY

permanent shelter(37.5 lacs),school building(28 lacs),orphanage building(12-13 lacs),students fee(8 lacs-2 years)


100 permanent houses, Relief items, Collection of Statistics, counselling,

94

Education for children

& Promoting child center.

5.Matha Amrithananthamayi Madam 449 permanent shelters 6.YMCA Southern Region 50 permanent houses 7.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinic





10.New Life Medical and Educational Trust 300 houses, clothing and utensils



12.ECI Relief Team temporary shelters-40

13.Impact International temporary shelters-40

14. Government of Chattisgarh 200 permanent shelters 14 Silladi 1.GOAL 2.NNCRHSC





15 Pandagasalai Street 16 Beerodum Street NNCRHSC

17

Velankanni 1.TMSSS



2.World Vision temporary shelters-500 3.Tata Relief Committee

4.All India Ambedkar Trust 50 permanent shelters,rehabilitation of 50 families

5.Poople's Dev Association permanent houses and other infrastructure 6.T-Re ART REAL 200 permanent houses 7.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinic



18

South Poigainallur

1.Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers Trust

Orientation Courses, Random Survey, Desalination, Fertilizing soil, Saline bed raising paddy cultivation, Soil & Water test .

19 Kallar 1.REAL 125 temporary shelters

2.World Vision permanent shelter,infrastructure devlopment,livelihood restoration

3.GOAL

95

4.SALVATION ARMY 50 houses

5.India Development &Relief Fund Inc.

Rehabilitation of 43 families

6.Karunakariya Trust health camps,tution sponsorship,long-term rehabilitation of children

7.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinics









12.Environment Conservation Group (ECG) water and sanitation

13.Hope Foundation,New Delhi boats-10,medical clinic,balavadi,vocational training centre

20 Veerangudikadu

21 Prathamaramapuram

22 Seruthur 1.Seva Bharati 2.Sethu Seva Sangh 3.National Monument Trust 4.Tata Relief Committee

5.Dayanand Education Trust temporary shelters-260, 200 permanent

houses and restructure of school building 6.Poople's Dev Association 25 houses and other infrastructure 7.Alternative for India Devpt. information centre,mobile health clinics





9.Center For Rural Education And Development (cred)

Boats & nets, construction of Permanent Shelter, Food matrials.

10.SIFFS


11.Gandeepan Global Foundation temporary shelters-150

12.Government temporary shelters-12


23 Kameshwaram 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS

Permanent Shelter-72,relief materials,play materials,trauma counseling,healthcare and education,


2.Tata Relief Committee 3.GOAL 4.Peoples Watch 5.Peoples Dev Association 25 houses and other infrastructure 6.Development Promotion Group 120 permanent shelters, 20 boats

96

7.KARAM, CODISSIA 105 housses



9.CEO Development Promotion YROYP.

Relief Items,Health Camps,Tution hall, Livelihood,Permanent shelter, Community Hall.

10.DHAN Foundation

desilting of clay in farm field, distributing nets and boats, agricultural inputs, health care support, internet centres in villages

11.Government 155 temporary shelters 24 Vairavankadu Tata Relief Committee 25 Manalmedu 1.Church's Auxiliary for S A 106 houses

2.Sawami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy

Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness program & Educational Program.

3.Social Welfare Foundation

Agricultural Reforms, 50 Temparorary Shellter & Permanent Shelter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education.

4.Physically Handicapped Association

Agricultural Reforms, 50 number of Temravory Shellter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education.

26 Vilunthamavadi 1.TMSSS



2.Tata Relief Committee 3.GOAL 4.Peoples Dev Association 30 houses and other infrastructure 5.The Rural Development Trust 6.Development Promotion Group 142 permanent shelters





9.Swami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy



Agricultural Reforms, 50 temporary Shellter & Permanent Shelter, Child care center,Balvadi awareness education.




13. CASA 200 permanent shelters

27

Pudupalli

1.Swami Vivekanandha Cultural Acadamy






28 Vettaikkaraniruppu 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

97







5.DHAN Foundation


29 Vanavanmadevi 1.TMSSS 2.World Vision 3.Peoples Dev Association 25 houses and other infrastructure 4.Church's Auxiliary-Social Act 200 permanent houses 5.Development Promotion Group 125 permanent shelters, 41 boats

6.Peace Trust 50 permanent shelters, Rlief Materials Health awareness programes medical relief..





9.DHAN Foundation


10.Government temporary shelters-58 11.TERT temporary shelters-140


30 Vellapallam 1.TMSSS



2.SIFFS


3.Peoples Dev Association temporary shelters-75,25 houses and other infrastructure

4.Development Promotion Group 100 permanent shelters, 40 boats

5.Peace Trust 50 Houses, 50 OBMS, Fishing nets. Health awareness programes medical relief.



7.DHAN Foundation


8.World Vision 9.Government temporary shelters-150


31 Naluvedapathy

1.DHAN Foundation


2.GOAL

98

32 Kovilpathu

DHAN Foundation


33 Pushpavanam 1.TMSSS



2.Peace Trust Rlief Materials Health awareness programes medical relief..

3.SIFFS


4.DHAN Foundation


5.Church's Auxillary for Social Action temporary shelters-75 6.Government temporary shelters -50


Periyakuthagai

1.DHAN Foundation


34 Arkattuthurai 1.SIFFS


2.Peace Trust Rlief Materials Health awareness programes medical relief..

3.TMSSS



4.World Vision 5.CREATE 125 temporary shelters Kollitheevu 36 Maniyantheevu 1.GOAL

2.DHAN Foundation


37 Mottandithoppu

38 Agasthiyampalli 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.ECI Relief Team 40 temporary shelters

39 Kodiyakkadu TMSSS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

40 Kodiyakkarai 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.SIFFS


3.GOAL

41 Thirumullaivasal 1.SIFFS


2.IGSSS 3.OXFAM GB 4.Church's Auxiliary-Social Act 100 permanent houses

5.Institute of Opthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital(TELC) houses, distribution of boats and nets

99

6.IID Trust-Indian Institute of Development

temporary shelters -380 7.Project Concern International temporary shelters-100 42 Thoduvai 1.OXFAM GB

2.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

3.Church's Auxiliary-Social Act 140 permanent houses

4.Grameena Social Service Society

permanent houses,temporary shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and fishing nets supply,childcare services

5.Jai Sangoyn temporary shelters-200 6.Project Concern International temporary shelters -102 43 Valuthalgudi 1.OXFAM GB



44 Thianthottam OXFAM GB

45 Vanagiri 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.SIFFS


3.Sethu Seva Sangh 4.National Monument Trust 5.IGSSS 6.OXFAM GB 7.EDISA 8.ISED-TALM 100 permanent houses 9.Foundation Life for All

10.Hope Kolkotta Foundation

100 permanent houses,170 temporary shelters,40 fibre boats,engines and 4 types of nets,64 units repaired,

trauma counseling,school furniture

11.Sevai

Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Counselling, Mini Health centers Health Camp, conducting PRA,

Vocational Training, Education & counselling for Children.

12.Covenant Centre for Development

village community centre for widows and orphans,boats and nets supply,support to dry fish vendors, land

reclamation efforts, crop diversification efforts, support to women SHGs

13.Ariya Samaji temporary shelters-100 14.HOPE Temporary shelters-150 15.NCC Temporary shelters-50 16.HOPE Foundation temporary shelters-150 17.Mega

46 Poombuhar 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.Seva Bharati 3.Sethu Seva Sangh 4.IGSSS 5.OXFAM GB

7.TVS Srinivasan Services Trust 300 temporary shelters, schooling,health services

47 Pudukuppam 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

100

2.Seva Bharati 3.Sethu Seva Sangh 4.National Monument Trust 5.OXFAM GB

6.SOS temporary shelters-143,160 permanent houses

7.ISED-TALM 100 permanent houses

8.GRACE Foundation

(Rs.25 lacs) temporary shelters, permanent shelters, medical centre, day care centre

9.SIFFS


48 Vellapallam OXFAM GB








6.Peoples Developments Association temporary shelters -75 7.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS Temporary shelters-150

49 76, Perunthottam 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.OXFAM GB

50

Nayakkarkuppam/Chavadikuppam 1.TMSSS-EDISA



2.World Vision 3.OXFAM GB 4.RSVK 5.ISED-TALM 50 permanent houses

6.EFICOR cash for work-286 families,health supplements




8.SIFFS


51 Kosalakuppam OXFAM GB 52 Kadaikkadu OXFAM GB

53 Keelamoovarkarai 1.TMSSS-EDISA



2.World Vision

101

3.SIFFS


4.OXFAM GB 5.TVS Motor Company 150 temporary houses

6.Institute of Opthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital(TELC) houses, distribution of boats and nets

7.TVS Srinivasan Services Trust

155 temporary shelters and 155 permanent shelters (Rs.50,000/- for each dwelling),schooling,health services


9.Sevai

Temporary &Permanent Shelters, Counselling, Mini Health centers Health Camp, PRA conducting





11.IGSSS 54 Madathukuppam 1.ISED-TALM 50 permanent houses





55 Melamoovarakarai 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.OXFAM GB

3.Sevai

Temporary shelters-14 &Permanent Shelltrs, Counselling, Mini Health centers Health Camp, PRA

conducting Vocational Training, Education & counselling for Children.

56 Koolaiyar 1.OXFAM GB 2.Church's Auxiliary-Social Act 60 permanent houses




4.Jai Sangoyn 60 temporary shelters 5.Project Concern International 60 temporary shelters

57 Palaiyar 1.OXFAM GB 2.IGSSS 3.Sri Chaitanya Seva Trust 50 permanent shelter s

4.SEVAI

Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Counselling, Mini Health centers Health Camp, PRA conducting


5.The Salvation Army India South Eastern Terrritory

Boat Purchase & Repairs, 50 no. of temravory & permanent Shelter, Vocational training .

6.CARE 1400 permanent shelters, 525 tempory shelthers

58 Madavamedu 1.OXFAM GB Distribution of kattumaram boats and

102

fishing nets for the entire families

2.RCDC



4.CARE 100 tempory shelters

59 Kottavaimedu OXFAM GB 60 Olakattaimedu OXFAM GB 61 Kottaimedu 1.OXFAM GB

2.CARE 100 temporary shelters 62 Kodiyampalayam OXFAM GB 63 Chinnurpettai 1.OXFAM GB

2.Shri.Vallabh Foundation Trust/TRUE Indian Institute of Development Trust rehabilitation of all families

3.EFICOR cash for work-75 families and health supplements

4.Gramiya Social Welfare Society

permanent houses-40,temporary shelters-40,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and fishing nets supply,childcare services


64 Chandrapadi 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.IGSSS 3.OXFAM GB

4.Institute of Opthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital(TELC) 75 houses, distribution of boats and nets

5.EFICOR cash for work-490 families and health supplements



7.BUILD permanent houses, temporary shelters-20

8.Bharat Mata Family Welfare Foundation 100 temporary shelters 9.Government 90 temporary shelters


65 Tharangambadi 1.SIFFS

1568 permanent shelters,temporary shelters-262,supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,

engines,computer education and scholerships ,

2.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

3.Tata Relief Committee 4.World Vision 5.Sethu Seva Sangh 6.Seva Bharati 150 temporary houses

7.Rotary Club,Thane Hills

100 permanent shelters,reconstruction of existing school,vocational training center, community centre,help to orphaned

children,fishing equipments new&repair,35 boats

8.TTK-LIG Limited

50 permanent houses,reconstruction of existing school,vocational training center, community centre



103

10.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service Society

construction of 10 temporary community gathering centres,vocational training,school enrolment

11.Marialaya

Retring of dead Bodies, Non-formal Education, Mobile Clinic, Villages sustable Program.



13.TNVHA(Tamil Nadu Village Housing Association) temporary shelter-20

14.Tnvha Gsws (Gramia Social Work Society) termpory shelters-27

15.Grama Shakthi Sharmajivi (GRASS) temporary shelters-276



18.HOPE Foundation,New Delhi boats,vocational training centre,medical clinic,balwadi.

66 Perumalpettai 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.World Vision 3.IGSSS



5.EFICOR 20 temporary shelter,health supplement,330 families-cash for work

6.Marialaya


7.SIFFS




9.SNEHA temporary shelters-100 10.Government temporary shelters-120


67 Puthupettai 1.EFICOR cash for work-366 families and health supplement



3.Disaster Mitigation Institute(DMI) temporary shelters - 100 4.Impact International temporary shelters - 40 5.Government tempoaray shelters - 100

68 Vellakoil 1.EFICOR 150 permanent houses,cash for work-123

families and health supplement 2.World Vision



4.Marialaya


5.Grameena Social Service Society permanent houses,temporary shelters,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and

104

fishing nets supply,childcare services


7.Tnvha Gsws ( Gramia Social Work Society ) temporary shelters -44

8.Tnvha temporary shelters-44


69 Thalampettai 1.TMSSS-CARITAS-CRS 50 houses, cash for work and food for work programme

2.EFICOR cash for work-153 families and health supplement



4.Marialaya


5.Government temporary shelters - 44


70 Kuttiyandiyur 1.OXFAM GB






5.DMI-Disaster Mitigation Group 103 temporary shelters

6.TNVHA-TN Village Housing Association 40 temporary shelters 7.Government 80 temporary shelters

8.Tnvha Gsws (Gramia Social Work Society) temporary shelthers -60

71 Veppancherry 1.Don Bosco Anbu Illam Social Service

Society



3.Marialaya


72 Chinnangudi 1.SIFFS

Temporary shelters, supply of FRP vallams, kattumarams and OBMs,repiar of boats,

engines,computer education and scholerships

2.IGSSS








105

6.Government 100 temporary shelters 7.SEVAI 100 temporary shelters

73 Chinnamedu 1.EFICOR cash for work and health supplement 2.Tata Relief Committee 138 temporary shelters





5.Government 60 temporary shelters

74 Ulavur Nagar Society of DMI Voluntary Organisation


75 Naga Thoppu Society of DMI Voluntary Organisation


76 Konayampattinam 1.Sevai

Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Counselling, Mini Health centers, Health Camp, PRA conducting

Vocational Training, Education

77 Neithal Vasal 1.Sevai

Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Counselling, Mini Health centers Health Camp, PRA conducting


78 Vedarajapuram 1.Gramium Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Health Awareness& Immunisation, Palwadi .

78 Kalasampadi 1.Gramium Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Health Awareness& Immunisation, Palwadi .

79 Cudalore 1.Gramium Temporary &Permanent Shelltrs, Health Awareness& Immunisation, Palwadi .

80 Kesavampalayam 1.Marialaya



permanent houses,temporary shelters-20,mobile clinic,counseling,boats and fishing nets supply,childcare services

3.DMI-Disaster Mitigation Institute 15 temporary shelters 4.Government 15 temporary shelters

5.Tnvha Gsws ( Gramia Social Work Society) temporary shelters-20

81 Valluvar Colony 1.Marialaya


82 Manickapangu 4.Covenant Centre for Development



83 Kottucherrymedu 1.SEVAI 40 temporary shelters 2.SNEHA 40 temporary shelters

106

ANNUXURE – 5

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

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Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH(2004), Risk analysis, a basis for disaster

risk management: Guidelines, GTZ,

Robert Shangle(2005), Southeast Asia Tsunami: One of the World's Greatest Natural

Disasters in Modern Times, Amer Products Corp.

Rajib Shaw and Kenji Okazaki (2004); The United Nations Centre for Regional

Development (UNCRD) Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office, Sustainable

Community Based Disaster Management (CBDM) Practices in Asia: a Users Guide,

UNCRD Publication.

Gordon McGranahan, Pedro Jacobi, Jacob Songsor, Charles Surjadi and Marianne

Kjellen (2001), The Citizens at Risk: From Urban Sanitation to Sustainable Cities,

Earthscan Publications.

Debarati Guha-Sapir, David Hargitt and Philippe Hoyois(2004) Thirty Years of Natural

Disasters 1974-2003: The Numbers, Presses universitaires de Louvain.

Walter C. Dudley and Min Lee (1998) , Tsunami!, University of Hawaii Press.

126

Benny Kuriakose , September 2005, South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies

HABITAT MAPPING OF CHINNANKUDI

International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC); Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission (Of UNESCO); International Co-Ordination Group For The Tsunami

Warning System In The Pacific (ICG/ITSU)(2005), Tsunami Glossary, ITIC,

Ravi Shankar.S, (DEC’ -2005), PLANNING COASTAL AREAS FOR TSUNAMI, Dissertation , School of architecture and Planning ,Anna university

U.S. Department of Commerce; National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA); National Weather Service (NWS); Intergovernmental

Oceanographic Commission (IOC); International Tsunami Information Center

(ITIC),( 2005) Tsunami: the Great Waves, IOC, Revised.

Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR),

World Conference on Disaster Reduction, 18-22 January 2005, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan: Proceedings of the Conference, Building Resilience of Nations and Communities

to Disasters, United Nations, 2005.

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)(2004)

, World Disaster Report 2004, IFRC,

Shunichi KOSHIMURA1 and Masasuke TAKASHIMA2, Remote Sensing, GIS, and

Modeling Technologies Enhance the Synergic Capability to Comprehend the Impact of

Great Tsunami Disaster

M. Papathoma1 and D. Dominey-Howes2 , Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences

(2003) 3: 733–747 © European Geosciences Union 2003 Tsunami vulnerability

assessment and its implications for coastal hazard analysis and disaster management

planning, Gulf of Corinth, Greece

127

WEBSITES

1. http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/intro.html University of Washington Geophysics Program - many links to other tsunami sites.

2. http://www.fema.gov/library/tsunamif.htm FEMA tsunami fact sheet and links.

3. www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/ Emergency Management Institute Independent Study Program 4. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/

NOAA/PMEL Web site, with links to inundation mapping, modeling, events,

forecasting and the National Tsunami Hazards Mitigation Program sites.

5. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami-hazard/links.html Important links to major tsunami sites.

6. http://www.redcross.org/disaster/safety/guide/tsunami.html Red Cross tsunami site, with overview, discussion of warning systems, and good

preparedness information.

7. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/1029/ The Tsunami Page of Dr. George P.C. (Pararas-Carayannis) Just about everything

you'd need to know about tsunamis!

8. http://www.fema.gov/mit/handbook Property Acquisition Handbook for Local Communities (FEMA 317).

9. http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/disasters/ Disaster preparedness and response

10. www.adpc.net ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand

11. www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

12. http://www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-index.htm International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ,Library

13. www.unep-wcmc.org/geo/geo3/ Global Environment Outlook 3: Past, Present and Future Perspectives (GEO-3)

14. http://www.eeri.org/lfe/clearinghouse/sumatra_tsunami/observ1.php SUMATRA-ANDAMAN ISLANDS Earthquake Virtual Clearinghouse – Observations

15. http://www.undp.org/bcpr/disred/tsunami/index.htm

128

UNDP -risk reduction into recovery and reconstruction programmes in the Asian

tsunami aftermath

16. http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/files2.php The International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific

(ICG/ITSU)

17. http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/library/ The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center (NHRAIC)

18. http://www.cidi.org/ Center for international disaster information 19.http://tsunamiannauniv.org Students project on tsunami rehabilitation

20.http://unosat.web.cern.ch/unosat/ Free satellite imagery for students and other social organization

21. http://tsunami.jrc.it/model/model.asp

DELFT Tsunami modeling

22.http:// www.pdc.org Pacific disaster centre for information dissemination

23.www.tarangambadi.in Web site on chinnangudi

24.www.siffs.org south India fisherman federation

25.www.paraxis.org

26. www.nagapattinam.nic.in

129

JOURNALS

A+D,,A JOUNAL ON INDIAN ARCHITECTURE,TRAILS OF TSUNAMI, VOL:XXII, NO:6,

JUNE 2005.

KERRY SIEH, March 2005 , Aceh–Andaman earthquake: What happened and what's next ?, Nature 434, 573 - 574 ; doi:10.1038/434573a)

SDR,VOL:12,NO.1 JAN-FEB 05,TSUNAMI

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