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The Skeletal and The Skeletal and Muscular Muscular SystemsSystems
Five Senior High School Five Senior High School
corycory
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Evolutionary Development Evolutionary Development of the of the
Skeletal SystemSkeletal System Throughout life, animals have Throughout life, animals have
specialized into several different specialized into several different types of skeletonstypes of skeletons
HydrostaticHydrostatic
ExoskeletonsExoskeletons
EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons
Hydrostatic SkeletonsHydrostatic Skeletons Hydrostatic Hydrostatic
Skeletons are mostly Skeletons are mostly found in soft bodied found in soft bodied in vertebrates in vertebrates
A fluid fill cavity is A fluid fill cavity is surrounded by surrounded by muscle which moves muscle which moves and changes the and changes the shape of this cavityshape of this cavity
This allows the This allows the creature to movecreature to move
ExoskeletonsExoskeletons
Exoskeletons Exoskeletons surround the body surround the body with a hard casewith a hard case
This provides great This provides great protectionprotection
However, during However, during growth, the animal growth, the animal must molt and shed must molt and shed its old exoskeleton its old exoskeleton leaving the animal leaving the animal exposedexposed
EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons
Endoskeletons are found in vertebrates and echinodermsEndoskeletons are found in vertebrates and echinoderms They consist of an internal skeleton that is connected to a They consist of an internal skeleton that is connected to a
system of musclessystem of muscles The animals often have a flexible exterior to The animals often have a flexible exterior to
accommodate movement accommodate movement This skeleton is typically composed of cartilage and/or This skeleton is typically composed of cartilage and/or
bonebone
Purpose of the Skeletal Purpose of the Skeletal SystemSystem
Cells in the bones Cells in the bones produce immune cells produce immune cells and cellular and cellular components of the components of the bloodblood
Bone also helps Bone also helps regulate blood regulate blood calcium levelscalcium levels
In addition, the In addition, the skeleton helps the skeleton helps the body to keep its body to keep its shape and stay shape and stay supported supported
Structures and Functions of Structures and Functions of the the
Skeletal SystemSkeletal System There are several main components There are several main components
to the skeletal system to the skeletal system axial skeletonaxial skeleton
bones that form the axis of the body bones that form the axis of the body protect the organs in the head, protect the organs in the head,
neck, and trunkneck, and trunk appendicular skeletonappendicular skeleton
bones that anchor the appendages bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeletonto the axial skeleton
Structures and Functions of Structures and Functions of the the
Skeletal SystemSkeletal System Within these groups, there are Within these groups, there are
several types of bonesseveral types of bones Long BonesLong Bones Short BonesShort Bones Flat BonesFlat Bones Irregular BonesIrregular Bones
Long BonesLong Bones
Bones that are Bones that are typically longer typically longer then they are widethen they are wide
Hard outer casing Hard outer casing with spongy bone with spongy bone in the centre in the centre
Short BonesShort Bones
Short BonesShort Bones are are about as wide as about as wide as they’re longthey’re long
These bones These bones contain a large contain a large about of bone about of bone marrow for making marrow for making blood cellsblood cells
Flat BonesFlat Bones
Flat bones are flat Flat bones are flat strong bone strong bone structures used for structures used for support and support and muscle attachmentmuscle attachment
Irregular Bones Irregular Bones
Irregular bones do Irregular bones do not fit into any not fit into any other categoryother category
These bones often These bones often have an unusual have an unusual shape as wellshape as well
The Structure of Bones The Structure of Bones
Ossification Ossification
When we are born, our bones are When we are born, our bones are primarily composed of cartilage primarily composed of cartilage
This cartilage is turned into bone This cartilage is turned into bone through Ossification through Ossification
Video of bone growthVideo of bone growth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X
6E5Rz9tOKE&feature=related
Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton
The Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton consists of the consists of the areas commonly areas commonly known as spinal known as spinal cord, skull, and cord, skull, and ribcageribcage
Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton
The Upper The Upper ExtremitiesExtremities
The Lower The Lower ExtremitiesExtremities
The Shoulder The Shoulder GirdleGirdle
The Pelvic GirdleThe Pelvic Girdle
JointsJoints
Like many other things in the Like many other things in the skeletal system, there are a couple skeletal system, there are a couple of different types of joints as well of different types of joints as well
Immoveable jointsImmoveable joints Slightly Movable JointsSlightly Movable Joints Freely Moveable Joints Freely Moveable Joints
Immoveable jointsImmoveable joints
Joints in the Joints in the skeleton that skeleton that cannot be moved cannot be moved at all. (..duh)at all. (..duh)
Ex. Sutures that Ex. Sutures that join together the join together the skull (Fibrous skull (Fibrous connective tissue) connective tissue)
Slightly Movable JointsSlightly Movable Joints
This includes This includes bones that have bones that have joints bridged by joints bridged by cartilage cartilage
An example of this An example of this would be the would be the intervertebral intervertebral discs that allow discs that allow movement in the movement in the spine spine
Freely Moveable Joints Freely Moveable Joints
There are many types of joints that may There are many types of joints that may fit into the description of Freely Moveable fit into the description of Freely Moveable Joints Joints
These are also known as synovial jointsThese are also known as synovial joints The ends of the bones are held in a synovial The ends of the bones are held in a synovial
capsule filled with a lubricating fluid capsule filled with a lubricating fluid The ends of the bone are then capped with The ends of the bone are then capped with
cartilage cartilage The structure of this joint dictates the The structure of this joint dictates the
movement of the jointmovement of the joint
Freely Moveable JointsFreely Moveable Joints
Interdependence of Interdependence of Skeletal systemSkeletal system
The skeleton relies The skeleton relies extremely heavily on the extremely heavily on the muscular system muscular system
With out these muscles, With out these muscles, movement of the movement of the skeleton would not be skeleton would not be possible possible
The origin of the muscle The origin of the muscle attaches to the part of attaches to the part of the bone that does not the bone that does not movemove
The insertion is the part The insertion is the part of the muscle that of the muscle that attaches to the moving attaches to the moving bone bone
Diseases and disorders of Diseases and disorders of the Skeletal system the Skeletal system
Osteoporosis Osteoporosis loss of bone tissue caused by a lowered loss of bone tissue caused by a lowered
level of calciumlevel of calcium Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis
The wearing out of a joint; known as a The wearing out of a joint; known as a degenerative joint disease degenerative joint disease
Tendinitis Tendinitis stiffness or pain in the muscles or joints stiffness or pain in the muscles or joints
The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System
Evolutionary Development Evolutionary Development of the of the
Muscular SystemMuscular System Locomotion occurs in many forms Locomotion occurs in many forms
throughout the worldthroughout the world Different species have had to adapt Different species have had to adapt
their bodies different ways though their bodies different ways though evolution to adapt to their evolution to adapt to their environment environment Land: LegsLand: Legs Air: WingsAir: Wings Water: Fins, tail, ect… Water: Fins, tail, ect…
Purpose of the Muscular Purpose of the Muscular SystemSystem
The primary purpose of the The primary purpose of the muscular system is to allow muscular system is to allow locomotion, movement of bones, and locomotion, movement of bones, and the internal movement of parts of the internal movement of parts of organs within the body! organs within the body!
Structures and Functions of Structures and Functions of the the
Muscular SystemMuscular System Some of the main parts of the Some of the main parts of the
muscular system include: muscular system include: Skeletal MusclesSkeletal Muscles Smooth MusclesSmooth Muscles TendonsTendons LigamentsLigaments Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue
Skeletal MusclesSkeletal Muscles
Skeletal muscles are Skeletal muscles are muscles that muscles that connect to the connect to the various parts of the various parts of the skeletal system and skeletal system and allow it to move. allow it to move.
This are muscles This are muscles that can typically be that can typically be controlled controlled voluntarily by the voluntarily by the human mind human mind
Smooth MusclesSmooth Muscles
Smooth muscles are often said to be Smooth muscles are often said to be muscles that are controlled by the sub muscles that are controlled by the sub conscious parts of the human mind. conscious parts of the human mind.
They are often associated with the They are often associated with the stomach and intestines and the urinary stomach and intestines and the urinary system. system.
These tissues control blood flow in major These tissues control blood flow in major organs and are key in regulating blood organs and are key in regulating blood pressure in the circulatory system. pressure in the circulatory system.
TendonsTendons
Tendons are the Tendons are the connective muscle connective muscle between the between the skeletal muscles skeletal muscles and the parts of the and the parts of the skeleton they skeleton they control control
These muscles are These muscles are strong, flexible, and strong, flexible, and resistant to damageresistant to damage
LigamentsLigaments
Ligaments are Ligaments are fibrous material fibrous material that connects two that connects two bones that are bones that are moved by skeletal moved by skeletal musclesmuscles
Ligaments stabilize Ligaments stabilize bones both during bones both during movement and movement and during rest. during rest.
Adipose Tissue is Adipose Tissue is another critical another critical part of the part of the muscular system muscular system
This connective This connective tissue stores fat as tissue stores fat as well as cushions well as cushions joints joints
It is very important It is very important in protecting joints in protecting joints during strenuous during strenuous activity activity
Cardiac MusclesCardiac Muscles
Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle Cardiac Muscle is a type of muscle that is Cardiac Muscle is a type of muscle that is
only found in the heartonly found in the heart It is controlled by the autonomic nervous It is controlled by the autonomic nervous
system. system. Cardiac muscle is different from the other Cardiac muscle is different from the other
muscle types in that contraction can occur muscle types in that contraction can occur even without an initial nervous input. even without an initial nervous input.
The cells that produce the stimulation are The cells that produce the stimulation are called the pacemaker cells. called the pacemaker cells.
Muscle Contraction Muscle Contraction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ309LfHQ3M
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqCj-S6cQgk&feature=related
Generation of heat by Generation of heat by muscular contractionmuscular contraction
Skeletal muscle aids in heat Skeletal muscle aids in heat generation generation
During muscle contractions, muscle During muscle contractions, muscle cells use energycells use energy most is converted to heat.most is converted to heat.
The body releases heat from the blood The body releases heat from the blood and tissues through the skin and tissues through the skin
Shivering causes muscle contractions Shivering causes muscle contractions that create heatthat create heat
Interdependence of Interdependence of Muscular systemMuscular system
The muscular system The muscular system relies on the digestive relies on the digestive system and circulatory system and circulatory system to provide the system to provide the energy need for the energy need for the contraction of musclescontraction of muscles
In addition, the In addition, the skeletal system is skeletal system is needed for the most of needed for the most of the muscles in the the muscles in the body to be much use body to be much use to the body at allto the body at all
Diseases and disorders of Diseases and disorders of the Muscular systemthe Muscular system
Myasthenia Gravis: Impulse receptors in Myasthenia Gravis: Impulse receptors in muscles fail muscles fail Makes impulses sent from the brain ineffective Makes impulses sent from the brain ineffective
Drooping eyelids, difficulty eating, blurred vision, Drooping eyelids, difficulty eating, blurred vision, muscle fatiguemuscle fatigue
Cerebral Palsy: Occurs from the damage Cerebral Palsy: Occurs from the damage to muscle resistance control section of to muscle resistance control section of brainbrain
ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)) neurodegenerative disease that attacks motor neurodegenerative disease that attacks motor
neuronsneurons Causes degeneration of motor controlCauses degeneration of motor control