Thinking About Psychology - norwellschools.org€¦ · Teacher Information • Hyperlink Slides -...

Thinking About Psychology

Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. ErnstPowerPoint Presentation Slides

by Kent Korek Germantown High SchoolWorth Publishers, © 2012

Monday, November 10, 14

Biopsychology Domain

•Andreas Pollok/the Image Bank/Getty images


Biological Bases of Behavior

Davies and Starr/The Image Bank/Getty Images


The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

Module 04


Module Overview• Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous

System• How Neurons Communicate• The Structure of the Nervous System• The Endocrine System

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.Monday, November 10, 14

Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous

System

Module 04: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System


Nervous System

• The electrochemical communication system of the body

• Sends messages from the brain to the body for movement

• Brings information to the brain from the senses


Neuron• A nerve cell; • the basic building

block of the nervous system.

• Neurons perform three basic tasks–Receive information–Carry the information


Parts of the Neuron


Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites

• Dendrite – The branching extensions of a neuron that receive information and conduct impulses toward the cell body (soma).


Parts of the Neuron - Soma

• Soma – The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy


Parts of the Neuron - Axon

• Axon – The extension of a neuron through which neural impulses are sent.


Parts of the Neuron – Myelin Sheath

• Myelin Sheath – protects the axon and influences the speed of the neural impulse.


Parts of the Neuron - Terminals

• Axon terminals – The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored.


How Neurons Communicate



How Neurons Communicate:

The Neural Impulse



Action Potential

• A neural impulse; • a brief electrical charge that travels

down the axon of a neuron.• Considered an “on” condition of the

neuron


Action Potential


Refractory Period

• The “recharging phase” during which a a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential

• Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again


Refractory Period


Resting Potential

• The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential.

• The neuron is set and ready to fire


Resting Potential


All-or-None Principle

• The principle stating that if a neuron fires, then it always fires at the same intensity;

• all action potentials have the same strength.

• A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.



Communication Between Neurons



Synapse

• The tiny, fluid-filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another.

• The action potential cannot jump the gap


Neurotransmitters

• A chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next and influences whether a neuron will generate an action potential.


Neurotransmitters




Neurotransmitters


Excitatory Effect

• A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire.”

• The second neuron is more likely to fire.


Inhibitory Effect

• A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire.”

• The second neuron is less likely to fire.



The Neural Chain



Receptor Cells

• Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials (neural impulses) that the brain can process.

• Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands.


Sensory Nerves

• Nerves that carry information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain.

• Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord


Interneurons

• Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information.

• Related to sensory input and motor output


Motor Nerves

• Nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

• Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body


A Neural Chain


A Neural Chain


A Neural Chain


A Neural Chain


A Neural Chain


The Structure of the Nervous System



The Nervous System


Central Nervous System (CNS)

• The brain and spinal cord.• The brain is the location of most

information processing.• The spinal cord is the main pathway to

and from the brain.


Divisions of the Nervous System


Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• The sensory and motor nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body.

• Peripheral means “outer region”• The system is subdivided into the

somatic and autonomic nervous systems.




Somatic Nervous System

• The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.

• Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles




Autonomic Nervous System

• The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs;

• its subdivisions are the sympathetic (arousing) division and the parasympathetic (calming) division.

• Monitors the autonomic functions• Controls breathing, blood pressure, and

digestive processes




Sympathetic Nervous System

• The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats.

• Fight or flight response




Parasympathetic Nervous System

• The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body.

• Brings the body back down to a relaxed state




The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System














The Endocrine System



Endocrine System

• One of the body’s two communication systems;

• a set of glands that produce hormones, chemical messengers that circulate in the blood.


Hormone

• A chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood.

• Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers

• Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects


Pituitary Gland

• The endocrine system’s “master gland” that,

• in conjunction with adjacent the brain area, controls the other endocrine glands.

• Called the “master gland”• Located at the base of the brain and

connects to the hypothalamus


Endocrine System – Pituitary Gland


Hypothalamus

• the brain region controlling the pituitary.


Endocrine System – Pituitary Gland


Thyroid Gland

• Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body

• Located in the neck


Endocrine System – Thyroid Gland


Adrenal Gland

• Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress

• Located just above the kidneys• Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)


Endocrine System – Adrenal Gland


Pancreatic Gland

• Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood


Endocrine System – Pancreatic Gland


Sex Glands

• Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the glands that influence emotion and physical development.

• Testosterone – primary males hormone• Estrogen – primary female hormone• Males and females have both estrogen

and testosterone in their systems.


Endocrine System – Sex Glands


The End


Teacher Information• Types of Files

– This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint.

• Animation– Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none

of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible.

• Adding slides to this presentation– Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal

teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.


Teacher Information• Domain Coding

– Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards.

• Scientific Inquiry Domain• Biopsychology Domain• Development and Learning Domain• Social Context Domain• Cognition Domain• Individual Variation Domain• Applications of Psychological Science Domain

• Key Terms and Definitions in Red– To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their

definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.


Teacher Information• Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually

slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection.

• Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.

• By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.

• By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.• To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to

think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.

• Please feel free to contact me at [email protected] with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent KorekGermantown High SchoolGermantown, WI 53022


mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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