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Third ClassShared Rule
Main Questions:
Who governs whomLaw makingJudiciary
Who decides who should govern whomConstitution making
Procedure of decision making process ofElections
Main issue: Legitimacy
Legislatures
Legislatures are the first of the governance institutions
Others are:Head of States
ExecutivesCourts
Legislatures exist in both federal & unitary statesAll are necessarily affected by federalism
NB: need to consider both spheres
Competing Principles andValues:
Legitimacy:Democracy (representation of the people overall)Federalism (representation of the people federally organised)
Federalism versus Democracy or Democratic Fe-deralism?Effectiveness
Capacity to do the jobIn a way that reflects the federal character of the polity
Dependencies
Legislatures are affected by:Form of executive government
PresidentialParliamentaryDirectory and Other
Use of direct democracyChoice of electoral systemConcept of federal division of powerJurisdiction of the Judiciary
Tasks of Federal Legislatures
Make/approve lawRole in constitutional changeAuthorise tax/expenditure/budgetsAccountability roleTreaty ratification?Role in executive/judicial appointments? Other specifically federal functions?
Federal intervention; interstate compacts, grant distribution etc
What federal legislaturesDon’t do
Have final authority over all subjects of legislationHave final authority over the constituent unitsPreparation of Legislation
Other federal limits on the manner in which they exercise their powers?
Requirement of uniformity?Principle of federal comity?
Issues to design a federallegislature
Competing values:Legitimacy – EffectivenessDemocracy – FederalismInclusiveness – ExclusionEquality of individuals – equality of CollectivitiesCompromise as asset or as weaknessJustice versus winner takes all principle
Federal solutions:
- Self rule- A bicameral legislature,
A popular chamber, performing the traditional democratic roleA federal chamber, performing a specifi-cally federal roleElectorial system for the national chamber
- Directorial system
Unitary Legislatures
One Chamber – two chambersElectoral SystemFunction of Second ChamberDecentralization and local legislationDecentralization and ImplementationMinorities with regard to substantial interests
Forms of Federal Executives and Legislatures in Selected Federations
Federation
Executive Legislature
Head of Government
Head Fe- deration
Bicameral unic. Leg.
Austr. Cabinet Prime Mini. Monarch Bicamer.
Austria Cabinet Chancellor El. Presid. Bicamer.
Belgi. Cabinet Prime Mini. Monarch Bicamer.
Canada Cabinet Prime. Mini. Monarch Bicamer.
Germa. Cabinet Chancellor Pres. El. Assembly
Bicamer.
Malays. Cabinet Prime.Min. Sel. Her. rulers
Bicamer.
Spain Cabinet Prime.Min. Monarch Bicamer.
CH Fixed termExec.Dire.
Rot. Pres. Rot. Pres. Bicamer.
US Sep. Pres. Congress
President Pres. Elected
Bicamer.
Variations in Selection, Composition and Powers of
Second Chambers S. Watts
Selection Composition Powers Role
App. By Fed. Gov. CA Mal.63% Seats
Equal Regio.Repr. CA
Absol VetoMediation US, CH
Legislature CH; US, AT AU MY
App. By F.Gv. Nom. Provinc.
Equ. St. Re. AU, US,CH
Abs. Veto f. some Leg.
Legis.; int. Gvt Rel ZA
App. State Gov. GE
2 Cat. Of St. Repres. CH
Susp. Veto time ES MY
Interpret.Const. Ethi.
Ind. El. State legis. AT IN MY
Weighed. St. Repr. AU. IN.
Susp.Veto GE
Dir.El. Simpl. Plur. CH, US
Weighed St. Repr. IN, AT
Deadlock: joint Sitting
Dir. El. Prop. AU Ad.repr.for other IN,MY
Deadlock: Diss. Joint Sit.
Choice left to Cantons CH
Min. reg. repr. ES,BE
Money Bill Sus Veto IN,My
Mixed. BE.ES, MY
Repr. NationEhtiop.
Judic. Funct.Ethiop.
Executive Structure
Westminster System
Head of State
Cabinet
Parliament
Prime-min.
People
Interg
overn
menta
l Relatio
nship
Switzerland:CooperationOf powers
US:Checks and
Balances
Fixed Term Government
Two Cases:
Congress
House Senat PresidentSupreme
Court
USA
Legislative sovereingty Executivesovereignty
Judiciarysovereignty
Checks and Balances
One PersonOne Vote
Nation
One CantonOne Vote
Federal Assembly
NationalCouncil
StateCouncil
FederalCouncil Lobbies
Parties
Challenge forall Institutions
Conflict Management
Education
(semi-)direct democracy
initiative - Referendum
CH
CouncilHead of States
States
Councilof Ministers
Parliament
Peoples
Presi-dent
Commission
President
Foreign Aff.
European UnionConstitutional
Draft
People of the Union?
Challenge of the International Community
International Cooperation and Federalism
Implementation of International Law
LegislationJudicial actsDirectives
Federations as actors in international legalCases: e.g. European Court on Human Rights
Judiciary
Problems andIssues:
Power of the Courts
Jurisdiction of Courts
Procedure of Courts
Remedies to the Courts
Organisation of JudiciarySpecial Courts: Constitutional Courts Kelsen
Election / Appointment / Nomination of Judges
Common Law – Civil Law (Public Law)