Third Edition
GRAPHICS FOR ENGINEERS
AutoCAD® Release 11
JAMES H. EARLE Texas A&M University
• T
ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY
Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California . New York Don Mills, Ontario • Wokingham, England . Amsterdam • Bonn . Sydney
Singapore . Tokyo • Madrid • San Juan . Milan . Paris
Contents
Introductipn to Engineering and Technology 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Engineering graphics 1
1.3 The technological team 2
1.4 Engineering fields 5
1.5 Technologists and technicians 12
1.6 Drafters 12
Problems 13
The Design Process 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Hunting seat— problem identification 18
2.3 Hunting seat—preliminary ideas 20
2.4 Hunting seat—refinement 21
2.5 Hunting seat—analysis 22
2.6 Hunting seat—decision 25
2.7 Hunting seat—implementation 27
2.8 Introduction to design problems 29
The Computer in Design and Drafting 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Computer-aided design 41
3 .3 Applications of Computer graphics
3 .4 CAD/CAM 43
3 .5 Hardware Systems 43
3 .6 CAD Software for the microcomputer 47
4 Lettering 48
4 .1 Lettering 48
4 .2 Tools of lettering 48
4 . 3 Gothic lettering 49
4 .4 Guidelines 49
1 4 . 5 Vertical letters 50
1 4 . 6 Inclined letters 51
4 .7 Spacing numerals and letters 52
4 . 8 Mechanical lettering 53
4 . 9 Lettering by Computer 54
Problems 56
Xlv CONTENTS
5 Drawing Instruments 57
5.1 Introduction 57
5.2 Pencil 57
5 .3 Papers and drafting media
5.4 T-square and board 59
5.5 Drafting machines 59
5.6 Alphabet of lines 60
5.7 Horizontal lines 60
5.8 Vertical lines 61
5.9 Drafting triangles 61
5 . 1 0 Protractor 62
5.11 Parallel lines 62
5 .12 Perpendicular lines 62
5 . 1 3 Irregulär curves 63
5 . 1 4 Erasing 63
5 . 1 5 Scales 63
5 . 1 6 Metrie scales 68
5 .17 The instrument set 70
5 . 1 8 Ink drawing 72
5 . 1 9 Solutions of problems 75
Problems 75
58
6 6 6 6 6 a point 85
16 Division of lines 83
17 Ares through three points
18 Parallel lines 85
19 Points of tangency 85
2 0 Line tangent to an arc 85
21 Arc tangent to a line from
84
22 Are tangent to two lines 87
2 3 Arc tangent to an arc and a line
2 4 Arc tangent to two arcs 89
2 5 Ogee curves 92
2 6 Curve of arcs 92
2 7 Rectifying arcs 92
2 8 Conic sections 93
2 9 Ellipses 93
3 0 Parabolas 95
3 1 Hyperbolas 96
3 2 Spirals 96
3 3 Helixes 96
3 4 Involutes 98
89
Problems 98
6 Geometrie Construction 7 Multiview Sketching
77
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9
77
78
Introduction
Angles 77
Triangles 77
Quadrilaterals
Polygons 78
Elements of circles 78
Geometrie solids 79
Constructing triangles 80
Constructing polygons 80
6 .10 Hexagons 81
6.11 Octagons 81
6 .12 Pentagons 81
6 . 1 3 Bisecting lines and angles 81
6 . 1 4 Revolution of figures 83
6 . 1 5 Enlargement and reduetion of figures 83
106
7.1 The purpose of sketching
7.2 Shape description 106
7.3 Six-view drawings 107
7.4 Sketching techniques 107
7.5 Three-view sketch 108
7.6 Circular features 112
7.7 Isometric sketching 115
Problems 118
106
Multiview Drawing with Instruments 122
8.1 Introduction 122
8.2 Orthographie projeetion 122
CONTENTS
8.3 Alphabet of lines 124
8.4 Six-view drawings 125
8.5 Three-view drawings 126
8.6 Arrangement of views 127
8.7 Selection of views 127
8.8 Line techniques 129
8.9 Point numbering 129
8 .10 Line and planes 130
8.11 Alternate arrangement of views 130
8 .12 Laying out three-view drawings 130
8 . 1 3 Two-view drawings 133
8 . 1 4 One-view drawings 134
8 . 1 5 Incomplete and removed views 134
8 .16 Curve plotting 135
8 .17 Partial views 135
8 .18 Conventional revolutions 136
8 .19 Intersections 136
8 .20 Fillets and rounds 138
8.21 Left-hand and right-hand views 141
8 .22 First-angle projection 142
Problems 142
Auxiliary Views 152
9.1 Introduction 152
9.2 Folding-line approach 152
9.3 Auxiliaries projected from the top view 153
9.4 Auxiliaries from the top view— folding-line method 155
9.5 Auxiliaries from the top view— reference-plane method 155
9.6 Auxiliaries from the front view— folding-line method 156
9.7 Auxiliaries from the front view— reference-plane method 159
9.8 Auxiliaries from the profiie view— folding-line method 159
9.9 Auxiliaries from the profiie— reference-plane method 159
9 .10 Auxiliaries of curved shapes 159
9.11 Partial views 160
9 . 1 2 Auxiliary sections 160
9 . 1 3 Secondary auxiliary views 161
9 . 1 4 Elliptical features 163
Problems 163
1 0 Sections 170
10.1 Introduction 170
10.2 Sectioning Symbols 171
10.3 Sectioning assemblies 173
10 .4 Füll sections 173
I 10 .5 Parts not section-lined 174
1 10 .6 Ribs in section 175
10.7 Half sections 176
10.8 Partial views 176
10 .9 Offset sections 178
1 0 . 1 0 Revolved sections 178
I 10 .11 Removed sections 179
1 0 . 1 2 Broken-out sections 181
' 1 0 . 1 3 Phantom (ghost) sections 181
1 1 0 . 1 4 Conventional breaks 181
1 0 . 1 5 Conventional revolutions 182
1 0 . 1 6 Auxiliary sections 184
Problems 185
1 1 Screws, Fasteners, and Springs 189
11.1 Threaded fasteners 189
11.2 Definitions of thread terminology 189
1 1 . 3 Thread specifications (English System) 190
1 11 .4 Using thread tables 192
1 1 . 5 Metrie thread specifications (ISO) 193
CONTENTS
11.6 Thread representation 196
11.7 Detailed UN/UNR threads 196
11.8 Detailed Square threads 197
11 .9 Detailed Acme threads 199
1 1 . 1 0 Schematic threads 199
; 11 .11 Simplified threads 200
11 .12 Drawing small threads 200
1 1 . 1 3 Nutsandbolts 201
11 .14 Drawing Square bolt heads 203
11 .15 Drawing hexagon bolt heads 203
11 .16 Drawing nuts 205
11 .17 Drawing nuts and bolts in combination 206
11 .18 Cap screws 206
; 1 1 . 1 9 Machine screws 206
11 . 20 Set screws 207
11.21 Miscellaneous screws 208
1 1 . 2 2 Wood screws 209
1 1 . 2 3 Tapping a hole 210
: 1 1 . 2 4 Washers, lock washers, and pins 210
1 1 . 2 5 Pipe threads 211
1 1 . 2 6 Keys 212
11 .27 Rivets 212
11.28 Springs 214
11.29 Drawing Springs 215
Problems 216
Gears and Cams 220
12.1 Introduction to gears 220
12.2 Spur gear terminology 220
12 .3 Tooth forms 222
12.4 Gear ratios 222
12.5 Spur gear calculations 223
12.6 Drawing spur gears 224
12.7 Bevel gear terminology 224
12.8 Bevel gear calculations 225
12 .9 Drawing bevel gears 226
1 2 . 1 0 Worm gears 227
12 .11 Worm gear calculations 229
1 2 . 1 2 Drawing worm gears 229
1 2 . 1 3 Introduction to cams 230
12 .14 Cammotion 230
1 2 . 1 5 Construction of a plate cam 231
1 2 . 1 6 Construction of a cam with an offset follower 234
Problems 234
1 3 Materials and Processes 236
13.1 Introduction 236
13.2 Iron 236
13 .3 Steel 237
13 .4 Copper 238
1 13 .5 Aluminum 238
I 13 .6 Magnesium 239
13.7 Properties of materials 239
I 13 .8 Heat treatment of metals 239
1 13 .9 Castings 240
1 13 .10 Forgings 241
I 13 .11 Stamping 243
13 .12 Plastics and miscellaneous materials 244
1 3 . 1 3 Machining Operations 244
1 3 . 1 4 Surface finishing 248
Dimensioning 249
14.1 Introduction 249
14.2 Dimensioning terminology 249
14 .3 Units of measurement 250
14 .4 Bnglish/metric conversions 251
14.5 Dual dimensioning 251
14.6 Metrie designation 252
I 14 .7 Aligned and unidirectional numbers 252
14.8 Placement of dimensions 253
14.9 Dimensioning in limited Spaces 255
14 .10 Dimensioning symbology 256
14.11 Computer dimensioning 256
14 .12 Dimensioning prisms 257
14 .13 Dimensioning angles 259
14 .14 Dimensioning cylinders 259
14 .15 Measuring cylindrical parts 260
14 .16 Cylindrical holes 260
14 .17 Pyramids, cones, and spheres 262
14 .18 Leaders 262
14 .19 Dimensioning arcs 263
14 .20 Fillets and rounds and TYP 263
14.21 Curved surfaces 264
14 .22 Symmetrical objects 265
14 .23 Finished surfaces 265
14 .24 Location dimensions 266
14 .25 Location of holes 266
14 .26 Objects with rounded ends 268
14 .27 Machined holes 269
14 .28 Chamfers 271
1 4 . 2 9 Keyseats 271
14 .30 Knurling 271
14.31 Necks and undercuts 272
14 .32 Tapers 273
14 .33 Dimensioning sections 273
14 .34 Miscellaneous notes 274
Problems 274
Tolerances 277
15.1 Introduction 277
15.2 Tolerance dimensions 277
15.3 Mating parts 279
15.4 Terminology of tolerancing 280
15.5 Basic hole System 281
15.6 Basic shaft System 281
15.7 Metrie limits and fits 281
15.8 Preferred sizes and fits 283
15.9 Example problems— metric System 285
CONTENTS XVÜ
1 5 . 1 0 Preferred metric fits— nonpreferred sizes 287
15 .11 Standard fits—English units 287
1 5 . 1 2 Chain dimensions 288
1 5 . 1 3 Origin selection 288
1 5 . 1 4 Conical tapers 289
1 5 . 1 5 Tolerance notes 289
1 5 . 1 6 General tolerances—metric 289
1 5 . 1 7 Geometrie tolerances 291
1 5 . 1 8 Symbology of geometric tolerances 292
1 5 . 1 9 Limits of size 292
15 .20 Three rules of tolerances 293
15.21 Three-datum plane coneept 293
1 5 . 2 2 Cylindrical datum features 294
1 5 . 2 3 Datum features at RFS 295
15 .24 Datum targets 296
15 .25 Tolerances of location 297
1 5 . 2 6 Tolerances of form 300
1 5 . 2 7 Tolerances of profile 300
15 .28 Tolerances of orientation 301
1 5 . 2 9 Tolerances of runout 302
1 5 . 3 0 Surface texture 303
Problems 307
W e l d i n g 312
16.1 Introduction 312
\ 16 .2 Weldjoints 314
16 .3 Welding Symbols 314
I 16 .4 Typesofwelds 315
1 16 .5 Application of Symbols 315
I 16 .6 Groove welds 316
16.7 Surface contoured welds 317
1 16 .8 Seam welds 318
16 .9 Built-up welds 319
1 6 . 1 0 Welding Standards 319
16 .11 Brazing 319
1 6 . 1 2 Soft soldering 319
XViil CONTENTS
17 Working Drawings 322
17.1 Introduction 322
17.2 Working drawings— inch System 322
17.3 Working drawings— metric System 325
17 .4 Working drawings—dual dimensions 327
17.5 Laying out a working drawing 328
17.6 Title blocks and parts lists 330
17.7 Scale specification 331
17.8 Tolerances 331
17 .9 Part names and numbers 331
17 .10 Checking a drawing 332
I 17 .11 Drafter's log 333
1 7 . 1 2 Assembly drawings 333
1 7 . 1 3 Freehand working drawings 334
17 .14 Castings and forged parts 336
1 7 . 1 5 Sheet metal drawings 337
Problems 338
1 8 Reproduction Methods and Drawing Shortcuts 363
18.1 Introduction 363
18.2 Reproduction of working drawings 363
18.3 Folding the drawing 365
18 .4 Overlay drafting techniques 366
18.5 Paste-on photos 366
18.6 Stick-on materials 367
18.7 Photo drafting 368
1 9 Pictorials 370
19.1 Introduction 370
19.2 Types of pictorials 370
19 .3 Oblique pictorials 370
19 .4 Oblique drawings 371
19.5 Constructing obliques 371
19.6 Angles in oblique 372
19.7 Cylinders in oblique 373
19.8 Circles in oblique 374
19 .9 Curves in oblique 375
1 9 . 1 0 Oblique sketching 376
19.11 Dimensioned obliques 376
1 9 . 1 2 Isometric pictorials 376
1 9 . 1 3 Angles in isometric 378
1 9 . 1 4 Circles in isometric 379
1 9 . 1 5 Cylinders in isometric 382
1 9 . 1 6 Partial circular features 382
19 .17 Measuring angles 383
1 9 . 1 8 Curves in isometric 384
1 9 . 1 9 Ellipses on nonisometric planes 386
1 9 . 2 0 Machine parts in isometric 386
19.21 Isometric sections 388
19 .22 Dimensioned isometrics 388
1 9 . 2 3 Fillets and rounds 388
19 .24 Isometric assemblies 388
19 .25 Axonometrie pictorials 390
1 9 . 2 6 Perspective pictorials 390
1 9 . 2 7 One-point perspectives 391
1 9 . 2 8 Two-point perspectives 393
1 9 . 2 9 Axonometrie pictorials by Computer 395
1 9 . 3 0 Perspectives by Computer 398 Problems 402
2 0 Descriptive Geometry 404
20 .1 Introduction 404
2 0 . 2 Techniques of labeling points, lines, and planes 404
: 2 0 . 3 Descriptive geometry by Computer 405
2 0 . 4 Orthographie protection of a point 406
2 0 . 5 Lines 407
2 0 . 6 Location of a point on a line 409
2 0 . 7 Intersecting and nonintersecting lines 409
2 0 . 8 Visibility of crossing lines 409
2 0 . 9 Visibility of a line and a plane 409
2 0 . 1 0 Planes 410
2 0 . 1 1 Primary auxiliary view of a line 411
2 0 . 1 2 Truelengthby analytical geometry 413
2 0 . 1 3 The true-length diagram 413
2 0 . 1 4 S lopeofal ine 414
2 0 . 1 5 Compass bearing of a line 415
2 0 . 1 6 Edge view of a plane 416
2 0 . 1 7 Dihedral angles 417
2 0 . 1 8 Piercing points by auxiliary views 417
2 0 . 1 9 Perpendicular to a plane 419
2 0 . 2 0 Intersections by auxiliary view 419
2 0 . 2 1 Slope of a plane 419
2 0 . 2 2 Successive auxiliary views 420
2 0 . 2 3 Point view of a line 420
2 0 . 2 4 Angle between planes 421
2 0 . 2 5 True size of a plane 422
2 0 . 2 6 Shortest distance from a point to a line 423
2 0 . 2 7 Shortest distance between skewed lines—line method 424
2 0 . 2 8 Angular distance to a line 425
2 0 . 2 9 Angle between a line and a plane— plane method 426
2 0 . 3 0 Intersections and developments 427
2 0 . 3 1 Intersections of lines and planes 428
2 0 . 3 2 Intersections between prisms 430
2 0 . 3 3 Intersection of a plane and cylinder 430
2 0 . 3 4 Intersections between cy linders and prisms 433
2 0 . 3 5 Intersections between two cylinders 434
2 0 . 3 6 Intersections between planes and cones 435
2 0 . 3 7 Intersections between cones and prisms 435
CONTENTS Xix
2 0 . 3 8 Intersections between pyramids and prisms 437
2 0 . 3 9 Principles of developments 438
2 0 . 4 0 Development of prisms 439
2 0 . 4 1 Development of oblique prisms 440
2 0 . 4 2 Development of cylinders 441
2 0 . 4 3 Development of oblique cylinders 442
2 0 . 4 4 Development of pyramids 443
2 0 . 4 5 Development of cones 444
2 0 . 4 6 Development of transition pieces 445
2 0 . 4 7 Solution of descriptive geometry problems 447
Problems 447
2 1 Civil Engineering Applications 455
21 .1 Introduction 455
2 1 . 2 Plotplans 455
2 1 . 3 Contour maps and profiles 458
2 1 . 4 Profiles 460
2 1 . 5 Plan profiles 461
2 1 . 6 Cut and fill 462
2 1 . 7 Design of a dam 463
2 1 . 8 Str ikeanddip 464
2 1 . 9 Distances from a point to a plane 466
2 1 . 1 0 Outcrop 466
Problems 467
2 2 Graphs 472
22 .1 Introduction 472
2 2 . 2 Size proportions of graphs 473
XX CONTENTS
2 2 . 3 Pie graphs 473
2 2 . 4 Bar graphs 473
2 2 . 5 Linear coordinate graphs 475
2 2 . 6 Logarithmic coordinate graphs 481
2 2 . 7 Semilogarithmic coordinate graphs 482
2 2 . 8 Polar graphs 484
2 2 . 9 Schematics 485
Problems 486
2 3 AutoCAD Computer Graphics 491
23 .1 Introduction 491
2 3 . 2 Starting up 492
2 3 . 3 Experimenting 492
2 3 . 4 Introduction to plotting 492
2 3 . 5 Shutting down 493
2 3 . 6 Drawing layers 494
1 2 3 . 7 Setting screen parameters 496
j 2 3 . 8 Utility commands 500
2 3 . 9 Custom-designed lines 501
| 2 3 . 1 0 Making a drawing—lines 502
2 3 . 1 1 Selection of entities 504
2 3 . 1 2 Erasing and breaking lines 505
2 3 . 1 3 UNDO command 506
i 2 3 . 1 4 TRACE command 507
2 3 . 1 5 POINT command 507
2 3 . 1 6 Drawing circles 508
2 3 . 1 7 Tangent options of the CIRCLE command 508
2 3 . 1 8 Drawing arcs 509
2 3 . 1 9 FILLET command 509
2 3 . 2 0 CHAMFER command 510
2 3 . 2 1 POLYGON command 511
2 3 . 2 2 Enlarging, reducing, and panning drawings 511
2 3 . 2 3 CHANGE command 512
2 3 . 2 4 CHPROP command 513
2 3 . 2 5 POLYLINE (PLINE) command 514
2 3 . 2 6 PEDIT command 515
2 3 . 2 7 HATCH command 517
2 3 . 2 8 Text and numerals 518
2 3 . 2 9 The STYLE command 520
2 3 . 3 0 Moving and copying drawings 521
2 3 . 3 1 Mirroring drawings 522
2 3 . 3 2 Mirrored text (MIRRTEXT) 522
2 3 . 3 3 OSNAP (object snap) 522
2 3 . 3 4 ARRAY command 524
2 3 . 3 5 DONUT command 524
2 3 . 3 6 SCALE command 524
2 3 . 3 7 STRETCH command 525
2 3 . 3 8 ROTATE command 526
2 3 . 3 9 TRIM command 526
2 3 . 4 0 EXTEND command 527
2 3 . 4 1 DIVIDE command 527
2 3 . 4 2 MEASURE command 528
2 3 . 4 3 OFFSET command 528
2 3 . 4 4 BLOCKS 529
2 3 . 4 5 External references 530
2 3 . 4 6 Transparent commands 531
2 3 . 4 7 VIEW command 531
2 3 . 4 8 Inquiry commands 532
2 3 . 4 9 Dimensioning principles 533
2 3 . 5 0 Dimensioning variables—introduction 534
2 3 . 5 1 Ordinate Dimensions 536
2 3 . 5 2 Dimensioning arcs and circles 537
2 3 . 5 3 Dimensioning angles 538
2 3 . 5 4 Dimensioning variables 539
2 3 . 5 5 Associative dimensioning 541
2 3 . 5 6 Special arrowheads 543
2 3 . 5 7 Toleranced dimensions 544
2 3 . 5 8 Oblique pictorials 544
2 3 . 5 9 Isometric pictorials 544
2 3 . 6 0 ELLIPSE command 546
2 3 . 6 1 Introduction to 3D extrusions 547
2 3 . 6 2 Fundamentals of 3D drawing 549
2 3 . 6 3 The coordinate Systems 550
2 3 . 6 4 The DVIEW command 553
2 3 . 6 5 Basic 3D forms 556
2 3 . 6 6 3D polygon meshes 558
2 3 . 6 7 The RULESURF command 559
2 3 . 6 8 The TABSURF command 559
2 3 . 6 9 The REVSURF command 560
CONTENTS » Ü
23.70 The EDGESURF command 560
23.71 The PFACE command 561
23.72 LINE, PLINE, and 3DPOLY commands 561
23.73 3DFACE command 562
23.74 XYZ Alters 564
23.75 New drawing in 3D 565
23.76 Object with an inclined surface
567
23.77 Model space and paper space 568
23.78 Drawing with Tilemode = 1 570
23.79 Drawing with Tilemode = 0 572
23.80 Drawing the meshes 575
23.81 Plotting a drawing 575
23.82 Attributes 578
23.83 Attribute extract (ATTEXT) 580
23.84 Grid rotation 581
23.85 Digitizing with the tablet 581
23.86 SKETCH command 582
23.87 Slide shows 582
23.88 SETVAR command 584
Problems 584
s Introduction to Solid M o d e l i n g 593
24.1 Introduction 593 1 2 4 . 2 Primitives: box (SOLBOX) 593
24.3 Primitives: cone (SOLCONE) 594
24.4 Primtives: cylinder (SOLCYL) 594
24.5 Primitives: sphere (SOLSPHERE) 594
24.6 Primitives: torus (SOLTORUS) 595
24.7 Primitives: wedge (SOLWEDGE) 595
24.8 Extrusions (SOLEXT) 595
24.9 Solid revolution (SOLREV) 596
24.10 Solidify command (SOLIDIFY) 596
24.11 Subtracting solids (SOLSUB) 596
24.12 Adding solids (SOLUNION) 596
24.13 Separating solids (SOLSEP) 596
24.14 Chamfer (SOLCHAM) 597
24.15 Fillet (SOLFILL) 598
24.16 Change solid (SOLCHP) 598
24.17 Solid move (SOLMOVE) 598
24.18 Sections (SOLHPAT and SOLSECT) 598
24.19 Solid inquiry commands 599
24.20 Solid representations 599
Appendixes A-l
Index 1-1
