Thirteen English Colonies

Essential Topics/Questions

What factors shaped each of the four colonial areas – economically, socially, politically culturally?

Compare and contrast the Chesapeake and New England colonies.

How do precedents from the colonial period impact or shape the development of American society?

What are the ideas of liberty that emerge? What are rights of Englishmen?

Analysis

S – social and cultural P – political R – religious I –intellectual T- technological E – economicD - diplomatic

VIRGINIAMARYLAND

Chesapeake Colonies

TheTheLondonLondon

Company,Company,16061606

TheTheLondonLondon

Company,Company,16061606

Jamestown Settlement 1609

Jamestown Fort & SettlementJamestown Fort & Settlement(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Jamestown Fort & SettlementJamestown Fort & Settlement(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Jamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown Housing

Powhatan: Choices

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

John Smith

Martial Law Work

Colonial Salvation: Tobacco

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco

• 16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

• 16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

• 16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

• 16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Unfree Labor: Indentured Servitude

Headright System

Opportunity

• HeadrightHeadright System: System:– Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person

whose passage they paidwhose passage they paid

Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:

5-7 years.5-7 years.

Promised “freedom dues” Promised “freedom dues” [land, $][land, $]

Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured outlived their indentured contracts!contracts!

High Mortality Rates• POPULATION:POPULATION:• 1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists• By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived• 1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants• By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived• 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants• 1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200• Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years• Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%• After 1680 -1690 more stablity, After 1680 -1690 more stablity,

declining death ratesdeclining death rates

WidowarchyWidowarchyWidowarchyWidowarchyHigh mortality High mortality

among husbands among husbands and fathers left and fathers left many women many women in the Chesapeake in the Chesapeake colonies with colonies with unusual autonomy unusual autonomy and wealthand wealth

Choice in marriageChoice in marriage

Control over propertyControl over property

1619 PrecedentsHouse of Burgesses First Slave Ship Women

Opechancanough’s Uprising 1622

One fifth of Virginia’s population killed Virginia Company bankrupt –colony

royalized

English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660

Settlement Patterns:1620-1660

River Settlements Large plantations –

100 acresSpread out – more

than 5 milesEconomic and

Social problems

17c Population17c Populationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

17c Population17c Populationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1607 1630 1650 1670 1690

White

Black

Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-

17501750 Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-

17501750

Conditions of Unrest

Falling tobacco prices

Shrinking opportunity

Decreased political opportunity

Increased serviceFrontier tensionsCivil unrest,

mutinies

Tobacco Prices

Bacon’s Rebellion 1676

GovernorGovernorWilliam William

BerkeleyBerkeley

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

Causes of Bacon’s Rebellion

Internal power struggles Who has access to land and wealth –

opportunity Diminished opportunity for freed

landless – indentured servantsLimited political participation Defense against IndiansDiffering priorities backcountry

(frontier) and tidewater

Significance

Class differences minimized by emphasis on race – but wide class differences remain

Resistance to royal authorityContinued tidewater v frontier disputesOpened some political participation for

small farmers“All that saved white society from

renewed crisis and conflict was the growth of black slavery.”

Colonization of MarylandColonization of MarylandColonization of MarylandColonization of Maryland

Act Concerning Religion - 1649

Freedom of Worship for all Christians Why – Roman Catholic concerns – they

will become a minority & limitedPrecedent

Coode’s Rebellion 1689

part of the readjustment following the Glorious Revolution.

Power struggle with in the gentry over Protestant/Catholic control of the government

Slavery in the New World

• Children born into slavery and remained

• Lifetime • Tied to race • Tied to agricultural labor • No legal protections

Images from Slave Trade

Factors that caused the shift to slavery for “unfree” labor

Decreased number of indentured servants

Increased supply of slaves – decreased price

Decreasing mortality rates – better profitability and investment

chronic shortage of labor and capital meant “unfree” labor – now filled by slavery

Evolution of Slavery

Slavery = initially fluid – becomes codified – by 1690 to be black = slave

Antonio Johnson“Seasoning”

The Middle Passage

ImpactRacism was used to create solidarity

among whites.Racism reinforced the position of the

Planter Elite Pattern – benefits of slavery accrue to a

few – socioeconomic inequality persisted

Gentry emergesSlavery emerges as social and legal

institution and brings stability

The Restoration Colonies: Carolinas and Georgia

• Utopian ideas • SC – ties with Barbados – strong

plantation/staple crop base (sugar and slavery) West Indies impact; SC – rice and slavery

• NC – Ablemarle – Scot-Irish from Va. – poor economy

• 1701 –divided• Georgia as a place for the “deserving

poor.” Diverse population.

Restoration Colonies

Settlement

Charleston Port City

Staple Crops of South Carolina

Indigo Rice

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-1775from SC & GA: 1698-1775

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-1775from SC & GA: 1698-1775

Early Instability in Carolinas

1715 - Yamasee War- Cherokee save- destructive Indian slave trade

royalization 1730 Dense slave population greater sense of

“fear” and stricter codes Richer and more divided than the

Chesapeake

Davidson’s assessment

“And everywhere in the American South and the Southwest, white people’s lingering dreams were realized only through the labor of the least free members of colonial society.”

Indians in SW – Spanish African Americans in S - English

New England Colonies

Plymouth – Pilgrims 1620 Massachusetts Bay –Puritans – 1630 Connecticut Rhode Island New HampshireVermontMaine (part of M Bay)

New England Colonies

Pilgrims/Puritans

The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

Pilgrims & PuritansPilgrims –

separatists LMC/LCBradfordMayflower Compact

–self government; majority rule

• Puritans – “purify”• MC/UMC• Winthrop • “City on a Hill” –

not theocracy; not democracy – utopian

• Great Migration – 1630-1642 – whole villages and families

Winthrop – Liberty

Natural – “false” freedom – acting w/o restraint – do as one chooses

Christian/moral – freedom to obey God’s will – “visible saints” – submit to authority

Sources of Puritan MigrationSources of Puritan Migration

Colonizing New EnglandColonizing New England

Population of the New England ColoniesPopulation of the New England Colonies

Basis of Stability and ProblemsFamily – came

together –low mortality rates -tribalism

Church – conversion Halfway Covenant

Puritan ActivismTown – local

government, participatory

Education – public – scripture reading – clergy training

Idea of Puritan Values

Focus on unity and social glue

Lawes and LibertiesHeresy = any

challenge to the normThreatens unity Division and tension

over religious beliefsCreates new colonies-

RI/CN – Hooker Fundamental Orders of CN

Overtime more secular society – influence of commercialization & distance from original community

Population Comparisons:New England v. the Chesapeake

Population Comparisons:New England v. the Chesapeake

Colonial NE Plantation

Economics

Diverse Village system FarmingFishing Naval storesShippingFamily – economic unit

Puritan HereticsPuritan Heretics

Dissent and Division

WilliamsSeparation of

church and state Religious toleration Challenges charter

– pay IndiansRhode Island

HutchinsonAntinominianism –

spiritual awareness without scripture, clergy (Quakers)

Challenges patriarchy

Rhode Island

Women’s RolesFamily = economic unit – women key

part “deputy husband” – economic proxy “Necessary Good” – helpmateNo legal rights Equality w/in the church “uppity, independent, older” – threat; witches label

Slavery Slaves were present -RIProfit in trade

Relationships with Indians

1637 – Pequot War 1640s – New England Confederation 1675-1676 – Metacom’s (King Philip’s)

War Issue = land encroachment Devastating to Indians and whites Dominion of New England

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

Metacom/King Philip

King Philip’s War,King Philip’s War,1675 – 1676)1675 – 1676)

King Philip’s War,King Philip’s War,1675 – 1676)1675 – 1676)

Impact

Economic and physical devastation of Indians and whites in NE

Post war tightening of Royal control – the Dominion of New England - Andros

Middle Colonies

Pennsylvania DelawareNew York New Jersey

New Netherlands and New Sweden

New York Land Grants

Partoonships – feudal land grants

Liberty of conscience

Loss of legal rights for women

New York harbor

New Amsterdam

New York’s Hudson RiverDutch colony – New NetherlandsTrade center

Pennsylvania

• Holy Experiment • Pluralistic, diverse –

open colonization • Paid Indians for

land• Charter of Liberties • Open and fractious

government –tensions

• Bread colony • Trade – Delaware as

port

• Penn

Penn and native Peoples

Purchase of landChain of Friendship

League of the Iroquois

1570 confederation Great Binding LawMiddle Ground Balance of PowerThe LonghouseWomen – political

powerBeaver Wars

Flag of the Five Nations

Iroquois Lands & European Trade Iroquois Lands & European Trade CentersCenters

Iroquois Lands & European Trade Iroquois Lands & European Trade CentersCenters

Hackett Fischer Albion’s Seed

Hegemonic liberty – Virginia – power

Reciprocal liberty –Quakers – tolerance

Natural liberty – backcountry – no interference, no government

“Ordered” liberty – NE

Of the community Liberties – social

class Soul liberty – must

worship – in Puritan way

Freedom from want and need – protection of members of society

Rights of Englishmen

Liberties – right of privileged groups Levellers – equal rights ; Diggers –

shared ownershipRights of Englishmen

Habeas corpus Trial by jury Right to confront witnesses

Mercantilism

CharacteristicsFavorable balance

of trade (BOT)Accumulation of

specie – gold and silver

Self sufficiency

Goals POWER – for

mother country Navigation Acts –

control shipping and trade

Navigation Acts

Shipping on English Ships w/ English captain and crew

Imports through English ports

Listed “enumerated” items can only be traded w/ England

Royal Control

Dominion of New England Andros - alienatesEnforcement of Navigation Acts

Glorious Revolution 1688

William and Mary Parliament over Crown

Impact in Colonies

Profit = Key English concernAdmiralty courtsColonial governors more power in

theory than reality Assembly – responsive and participatory

–gave power to gentry in each colony Benign (salutary) neglect – high

degree of colonial autonomy in local affairs

Internal Adjustments

Coode’s Rebellion – 1689 MD Catholic-Protestant rivalry

Leisler’s Rebellion – 1689 – NY Anglo-Dutch rivalry

Salem Witch Trial – 1691 Internal social and political tensions

Images of the Witch Trials

Which of the following helped make Virginia a successful colony in the 17th century?

I. the headright system which increased land ownershipII. allowing for the export of tobacco to EnglandIII. limiting land ownership to members of the Church of EnglandIV. providing a representative assembly

A)  I and II onlyB)   II, III, and IV onlyC)   I, II, and IV onlyD)  all of the aboveE)  none of the above

Which of the following helped make Virginia a successful colony in the 17th century?

I. the headright system which increased land ownershipII. allowing for the export of tobacco to EnglandIII. limiting land ownership to members of the Church of EnglandIV. providing a representative assembly

A)  I and II onlyB)   II, III, and IV onlyC)   I, II, and IV onlyD)  all of the aboveE)  none of the above

Which of the following helped make Virginia a successful colony in the 17th century?

I. the headright system which increased land ownershipII. allowing for the export of tobacco to EnglandIII. limiting land ownership to members of the Church of EnglandIV. providing a representative assembly

A)  I and II onlyB)   II, III, and IV onlyC)   I, II, and IV onlyD)  all of the aboveE)  none of the above

Which of the following helped make Virginia a successful colony in the 17th century?

I. the headright system which increased land ownershipII. allowing for the export of tobacco to EnglandIII. limiting land ownership to members of the Church of EnglandIV. providing a representative assembly

A)  I and II onlyB)   II, III, and IV onlyC)   I, II, and IV onlyD)  all of the aboveE)  none of the above